Criminology Final

A crime has been committed on a popular college campus. Police have suspicions about who committed the crime, but a professor named William H. Sheldon offers his services. He explains to detectives that by looking at their suspects, he will almost certainly identify the culprit. Which suspect would Sheldon MOST likely pinpoint for the crime?

18 year old john, a tall muscular football player who weighs 170lbs

According to Stark, which area would be most likely to have a high crime rate?

A dense, mixed used neighborhood.

How is a balance made between getting justice for the victims and getting help for a mentally ill criminal?

A person can be found guilty but mentally ill and sent to a psych hospital for help.

What would be an example of a deviance that is not a crime?

A person who cuts in line at an amusement park.

After a long school day, Brianna gets on her bike to ride home. She does not have her helmet on because she forgot to bring it with her for the day. Brianna gets to the intersection by the school and presses the 'walk' button. She waits until the sign across the road tells her to 'walk' and begins to pedal across. At the same time, a woman is driving into the intersection. The sun is setting so low in the sky that the woman is having a hard time seeing the stoplight. As she drives through the intersection, she hits Brianna. Brianna's head hits the pavement, immediately causing her death. The woman who hits Brianna is distraught but so is Brianna's family. The woman ran a red light! What motive would the woman MOST likely offer to explain her actions?

Accident

While hunting in the woods, Andrew took aim at a buck. He was excited since this was his first chance ever to hunt with his father. As soon as Andrew pulled the trigger, he and his father heard a loud moan. The buck bounced off, unharmed. Racing to the area where Andrew was aiming, he and his father found a man in camouflage. The man was also a hunter but was not wearing reflective gear. Unfortunately, the man was dead. What motive would Andrew MOST likely offer for the shooting of this man?

Accident

Some statistics show that a boy who watches his father hit his mother is more likely to hit his own spouse when he grows up. Which criminologist from history would MOST likely agree with this data?

Albert Bandura

Criminologist

An individual who studies crime and criminals

Deviance

Any act that violates society's norms.

Social learning theory

Argue that crime like most human behavior is learned through watching other people and interacting with them.

Albert Bandura

Argued that aggressive behaviors have to be learned, although we are capable of violence.

Hans J. Eysenck

Argued that crime was related to particular personality types

Strain Theory

Argues that the way society is organized or structured produces deviance and crime, even among "normal" people.

Modeling Theory

Argues that we learn how to act by watching the actions of others

Zoe sees a well-dressed woman on the train with a pair of black laced boots. What action on Zoe's part would be the BEST example of deviant behavior?

Asking the women if she can try on her boots

Id

Base of our personality, unconscious drives our desires and urges.

Radical Criminology

Based on the conflict perspective and argues that the causes of crime are located in the social conditions of a society that empower the wealthy and disenfranchise the poor and others less fortunate.

Duress

Being forced to commit a crime.

Looking at a lineup of suspects to an armed robbery, Zoe is struggling to identify the man that she saw running from the scene. The suspects all look so alike to her, and she did not get a close look. Zoe concentrates on the faces of the suspects, noting that one suspect has very cold looking eyes. She decides that he must be the one who committed the crime. What kind of reasoning is Zoe using to identify the suspect?

Biological

Three men are detained following a bomb threat called into a city subway system. The first, 24-year-old Nolan, is a thin architect who wears glasses. The second, 34-year-old Luke, is an ex-rugby player who now works construction. The last is 23-year-old Asher, an overweight video game store owner. The investigator on the case takes one look at the three men and singles out Luke for questioning because he looks like the type who would commit a crime. What kind of theory is this investigator using to reach his conclusion?

Body type

Although the United States was founded on freedom, the original law stipulated that to be able to have a vote, a person must not only be male and white, but must own 50 acres of land. This kept the real power in the hands of the wealthier settlers. This law was an example of what?

Conflict theory.

Before the French Revolution, the king needed money. He went before the Estates General, a representative body of the people, to ask for it. The First Estate was made up of the clergy, the Second was the nobility, and the Third Estate was commoners. Only members of the Third Estate had to pay taxes. Since the members of the First and Second Estate were friends of the king, the budget passed. Taxes were raised to pay for the king's expenses. Since this directly affected the Third Estate, the common people revolted. Which theory is this law that raised the taxes of the poor to finance the rich an example of?

Conflict theory.

How would a jury determine that a person had no control of themselves when they committed a crime?

Consider the result of an irresistible-impulse test

Secondary Deviance

Continued deviance

Mens Rea

Criminal intent person had.

Elena has been hired by the mayor of a busy city to evaluate the latest crime statistics. He tells Elena that the city has seen a rise in violent crime, and he would like to know if there is a reason or pattern to it. What title would MOST likely describe Elena's profession?

Criminologist

Gabriel Tarde

Developed one of the earliest theories of learned behavior

After handling the accounts for a large restaurant for many years, it is discovered that Quinn has slowly embezzled $300,000 into her own account. Quinn says that she is a decent person but that she had fallen into difficult circumstances and was on the verge of losing her home. She had access to the restaurant's cash, which she used to make up the shortfall in her own account. What criminal theory does Quinn's behavior fall under?

Differential opportunity theory.

Matt has been a runner for several years but has never participated in a marathon. He decides to make that his goal, training hard to ready himself. Matt isn't interested in where he places in the race, just that he is able to accomplish his goal. According to Freud's theories, what part of Matt's personality is behind this self-improvement?

Ego

Folkways

Everyday customs or ways of doing things.

Criminology of Place

Examines how geographical location and features in that location affect crime

Social conditions

External forces that influence our actions and lives

Radical criminology theories argue that crime, like most human behavior, is learned through watching other people and interacting with them.

False

Criminal Justice

Focuses on the various components of the system including court of law and enforcement, as well as how the laws are applied.

Griffin studies people who have committed crimes. He is especially interested in their mental state, before and after the crime has been committed. Griffin believes that the motive behind most violent crimes has to do with mental illness or difficulty. What study is Griffin involved in?

Forensic Psychology

Laws

Formal norms. Written down and have formal consequences for breaking the norm.

Psychological profiling

Helps law enforcement better understand the individuals that they are seeking for serious crimes

Jaxson was involved in a hit and run accident during a bleak winter's afternoon. When questioned about his crime, Jaxson explains that he has been depressed and irritable. His doctor has just recently decided to prescribe some medication to boost Jaxson's serotonin levels. What kind of crime theory does Jaxson's explanation fall under?

Hormonal

Isaiah is doing a research paper on interactionist perspectives. What question would Isaiah's paper MOST likely address?

How do the people and events around a person efect their path.

Crime

Human actions that violate the formalized laws of a country, state, or local area.

Reteratism

In this adaptation, people reject goal and ways to reach it.

Social structure

Includes not only the physical structure of society (appearance of location) but also the organization of society(distribution of resources like power and wealth)

innovation

Individuals accept the societal goal but use new ways of reaching that goal.

Criminal Justice Professionals

Individuals who work within the criminal justice system in various roles

Growing up, Mike watched his dad struggle to put food on the table. He feels that there is no point in working hard at a regular job when you can never get ahead. Mike has figured out how to clone and sell credit card numbers. He is making more money doing that than his dad ever could working at a store! According to strain theory, what reaction is Mike having to the situation he finds himself in?

Innovation

Survey

Involves giving a questionnaire to a group of individuals.

When a defendant is accused of breaking the law, prosecutors must prove that he had criminal intent. What Latin phrase describes criminal intent?

Mens rea

Psychopathy

Mental disease

Mesomorphs

Muscular and athletic, large bone structure and muscle mass.

A well-known car dealership discovers that someone has stolen three of its brand-new models right off the lot. Investigators want to know if this is a one-time crime or if there have been similar ones in the surrounding counties. What FBI report would be MOST helpful in this instance?

NIBRS

If Amari wanted to create a comparison between the amount of crimes that happen with the amount of crimes that are reported to police, what report might she ask for, in addition to the Uniform Crime Report?

National Crime Victimization Survey

Anomie

Normlessness

Mores

Norms that have underlying shared assumption of approval or disapproval

Conformity

People continue to accept the goal and the means to achieve it.

What is one possible problem with the statistics in the NCVS?

People may not accurately report the crime that they experienced

Eli committed a gruesome crime, and during the trial, tells the jurors that he only did it because voices inside his head told him to. He insists that the voices are real and that he must always follow their directions, or they will hurt him. Psychologists have tried to explain to Eli that the voices are not real but that he is hallucinating them. Eli's motive for committing the crime is called:

Psychosis

How prevalent are crimes committed by people who have an overabundance of testosterone coupled with low levels of serotonin?

Relatively common because high testosterone levels can sometimes lead to aggressive behavior.

Social control

Restraints on people to keep them from breaking norms.

The crime statistics in a city have dropped substantially in the past four years. The mayor of the city credits this drop with his new policies on police behavior. Hailey is a criminologist who would like to study how the policies are affecting police and resident interactions. What kind of research would MOST likely provide the answers Hailey is looking for?

Riding along with police officers to observe their work

M'Naughten Rule

Says that a person can't be held responsible for a crime if they didn't know what they were doing at the time of the crime and didn't know what they were doing was wrong.

Differential Opportunity Theory

Says that people have differing amounts of access to illegitimate means of reaching society's goals

Criminology

Scientific study of crimes and criminals

At home alone late at night, elderly Grace thought she heard a noise in the kitchen. She tiptoed down to the kitchen in the dark, holding a small handgun. Grace saw the doorknob rattle. Very scared by this time, she called out in case it was her daughter trying to come inside. No one answered Grace but the door burst open. Grace fired the handgun. She did not know the person who lay in her doorway. What kind of motive would Grace MOST likely offer for this action?

Self defense

Josiah is a very likeable person but has been in and out of trouble his whole life. He began drinking and taking drugs in high school. His parents sent him to a rehab clinic to break the addictions. Josiah did well for a while but then got caught up with some friends who were planning to break into a pharmacy to steal drugs. Josiah didn't want to go along with it but the idea of getting a large supply of painkillers was just too tempting. After the robbery, Josiah is arrested. His lawyer says that Josiah does know what is right and wrong, but he just can't stop himself from doing things that are bad. What crime theory is Josiah's lawyer using to explain his actions?

Self-control theory

Latrice and Camille just became college roommates. They decide to attend a party on campus to get to know the other students. On their way, a man driving a dark van slows down alongside them, offering them a ride. Camille is hesitant but Latrice boldly declines and confidently pulls Camille farther away from the road. If you were a subscriber to Stark's theory of deviant places, what statement would you MOST likely say is true?

She has been exposed to an area where crime is prevalent and knows how to avoid it

Franz Joseph Gall

Skull could predict their criminal tendency

The idea that Al Capone's crimes resulted from the time he spent working as a bootlegger under Johnny Torrio is an example of what criminal theory?

Social learning theory

Currently on trial for fraud, Camilla explains that when she was young, she watched her mother shoplift in local department stores. Her mother would sometimes use Camilla to distract the salesperson so that she could get away with the goods. Camilla learned how to use conversation to distract people in order to pick their pockets or to convince them to give her money. What criminal theory does Camilla's experience demonstrate?

Social learning theory.

Social pathology

Social sickness.

Criminalist

Someone who collects and examines evidence in actual crimes

Norms

Standards of behavior

Phrenology

Suggested that by seeing or feeling a person's skull, we could have insight into their personality and which characteristics were over or under developed

Coflict theory

Suggests that law is the overall struggle between those who have power and those who do not.

labeling theory

Suggests that the negative labels given to individuals by society may become a "self-fulfilling prophecy"

According to weather theory, what time of year is MOST likely to see an increase in shootings?

Summer

While grocery shopping, Hunter sees a bag of potato chips in another customer's shopping cart. It is a new flavor that he has never tried before. What action of Hunter's would be the BEST an example of a norm?

Telling the customer "Oh those look good, I might try them too."

Men who have a high level of what hormone are more likely to be aggressive?

Testosterone

Actus Reus

The actual act the person is accused of.

A crime has been committed at a dinner party. The police begin to take aside the guests to question them one by one. The suspects include a wealthy philanthropist, a famous actress, a professor at a prominent university, and the butler. According to the theory of radical criminology, who is MOST likely to be arrested for the crime?

The butler

Primary deviance

The initial act of deviance that a person might commit

Superego

The moral guide of our personality.

A group of strangers board an elevator early in the morning to carry them up to their jobs. The weather is rainy and cold outside, so it is nice to make it inside the building. What would be an example of a folkway one typically observes in this scenario?

The passengers riding to each floor in silence.

In a court of law, what is the person who is 'crying out' or complaining about a crime that has been committed against them called?

The plantiff

Conflict theorists argue that this group uses the law in order to reinforce their place in society:

The powerful.

Uniform Crime Reports

The primary source of crime statistics, collected by the FBI from the police in almost every part of the US.

Ego

The rational part of personality that is seeking to accomplish particular objectives.

Criminal Anthropology

The study of crime and physical attributes.

A young student is caught cheating on a test. They are usually an honest person but did not understand the subject matter well and was sure that they would fail. Their teacher asks the principal to think of an appropriate consequence without putting a mark on the student's permanent record. The teacher believes the same philosophy as that of Howard Becker. What is MOST likely reason the teacher has for wanting to keep a mark off the student's record?

The teacher that believes that the student might cheat again if they are labeled a cheater.

Police officers raided the site of an illegal card game. Among those participating were a famous singer and a local politician. According to the theory of radical criminology, what will MOST likely happen to these two suspects?

They will be let off with a warning because they are viewed as upstanding citizens.

Ectomorphs

Thin and frail.

Bourgeoisie

Those who own the means of production or things like factories, real estate, and tech.

Protoletariat

Those who work for the bourgeoisie.

Although most of Gall's theories have been debunked, he was the first to connect a person's personality with their brain instead of their heart, kidney, or other body part.

True

William H. Sheldon

Used somatotyping in his research with 200 boys between the ages of 15 and 21.

Elijah and Ava are in a warehouse store with their mother. They see several tables with samples of food on them. Elijah takes three samples of brownies. Ava is upset and threatens to tell their mother. Why might Elijah feel that his behavior is okay?

While it is not usually acceptable to take more than one sample, there is no law against it.

Brielle is studying environmental criminology. What question would Brielle MOST likely be assigned to research?

Why do some neighborhoods have a reputation for crime

Rebellion

With this adaptation, people reject both goal and means to reach it, but replace both.

Cesare Lombroso

father of criminology

Ritualism

reject goal, but continue to observe the means of reaching the goal.

Endomorphs

soft and round, large stomach, and overweight.