Criterion of Causation

Time Order Continued What is Non Spuriousness? How did you use research it?

* on independent variable on dependent variable * When using a Non spuriousness, a use a causation An effect that is presumed to be independent (no causal connection):

What are the 5 Criterion for establishing Causal explanations?

.Context Association Time Order

What is a Causal Explanation?

An explanation for some Characteristic Attitude, Behavior, Group, Individuals or other entities

What is Association?

Association: an empirical or observed association between dependent and independent variables. For ex. Can determine whether an association exists between the independent and dependent variables in a "rue experiment" (Experimental group, Control group, Comparison group)

What is Context?

Context addresses the For whom, when, and in what conditions does this effect occur? Context addresses When relationships among variables differ across groups or geographic regions Context: A focus of idiographic causal explanation; A particular outcome is understood as part of a larger set of interrelated circumstances Not a criterion for a valid causal relationship but helps us to better understand the causal relationship

What is Statistical Control?

Method in which one variable is held constant so that the relationship between two or more other variables can be assessed without the influence of variation in the control variable.

What are the Two Types of Causal Explanation? What do they Mean?

Nomothetic causal explanation: belief that variation in the independent variable will be followed by variation in the dependent variable, when all other factors are equal. (Quantitative research) Ex.level of depressive symptoms is less for people who received cognitive behavioral therapy than it would be if they had not received cognitive behavioral therapy Idiographic causal explanation: the finding that a series of events following an initial set of conditions leads in a progressive manner to a particular event or outcome (Qualitative research) ex. Narrative explanation Case-oriented explanation

What is Causal Mechanism

Process that creates the connection between variation in an independent variable and the variation in the dependent variable it is hypothesized to cause. Examples of what they look like. intervening variables: aids in understanding health related to chest and sleep issue mediating variables: the independent variable impacts the mediating variable and mediating variable impacts families moderator variables: affects relationship between independent variable and dependent

What reduces the risk of spuriousness?

Randomization The different groups are likely to be equivalent in all respects at the outset of the experiment they are randomized . So it is important to set boundaries for him.

The greater number of cases randomly assigned to groups, the more likely they will be similar.

TRUE

What is Time Order? Are non experimental designs more harder or easier for time order? Give examples? What are the 4 conditions necessary for cross-sectional/Longitudinal research to have time order?

Time order is when the variation in the dependent variable occured AFTER the variation in the independent variable. True experiment: time order is determined by the researcher Non-experimental design: time order may be more difficult to establish depending on the type of design Examples: cross-sectional research design- do not have time order longitudinal research designs- can be order through time Necessary conditions for Cross Sectional Design 1. The independent variable is fixed at some point prior to the variation in the dependent variable 2.We believe that respondents can give us reliable reports of what happened to them or what they thought at some earlier point in time. 3. Our measures are based on records that contain information on cases in earlier periods. 4. We know that cases were equivalent on the dependent variable prior to the treatment.

Time Order continued What are the three types of Longitudinal studies? How can Longitudinal studies use time order?

Trend Studies: aka repeated cross sectional studies, involves gathering data from 2 or more points in time from SAME populations Panel Designs: (to see how much individuals have changed)shows how individual changes as well as the population. Cohort Studies: follow up samples (1 or more tx) are selected from SAME cohort. Ex. Birth cohorts, senior cohorts, By measuring the value of cases on an independent variable and a dependent variable at each of these different times, the researcher can determine whether change in the independent variable precedes change in the dependent variable

What is Mechanism?

a process that creates the connection between variation in an independent variable and the variation in the dependent variable