Critical Thinking Ch. 3-4 Study Guide

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(TRUE/FALSE) Inaccurate or false memories can be as compelling and believable as real memories

True

(TRUE/FALSE) It is all too easy for people to fall into the "us versus them" mind-set, especially when they feel threatened

True

(TRUE/FALSE) Knowledge requires evidence

True

(TRUE/FALSE) Language can be used to manipulate others

True

(TRUE/FALSE) Lying derails honest communication and raises several ethical issues

True

(TRUE/FALSE) Most language serves multiple functions

True

(TRUE/FALSE) One function of expressive language is to bring about various emotional states in hearers

True

(TRUE/FALSE) A euphemism is a way of speaking in which someone conveys contempt by saying one thing while meaning something else

False

(TRUE/FALSE) A good definition includes emotive words

False

(TRUE/FALSE) A rationalist believes that all knowledge comes from reason alone

False

(TRUE/FALSE) Blogs should be used as references because they are reliable and often based on facts rather than opinion

False

(TRUE/FALSE) Complete certainty can be had about most things

False

(TRUE/FALSE) Directive Language is either true or false?

False

(TRUE/FALSE) Experts are never biased toward one particular view in their field of expertise

False

(TRUE/FALSE) Expressive language only serves the function of getting the listener to feel certain ways

False

(TRUE/FALSE) German Philosopher Immanuel Kant defended rationalism and rejected empiricism

False

(TRUE/FALSE) If a claim conflicts with our experience, then we have good reason to be suspicious of that experience since we can never directly experience the world

False

(TRUE/FALSE) A dysphemism replaces one word with another to create a positive effect

False

(TRUE/FALSE) If there us no evidence for a claim, then we must simply suspend belief (not believe the claim or deny the claim )

False

(TRUE/FALSE) In consensus seeking, the majority in a group is often unable to sway the whole group to its view

False

(TRUE/FALSE) Language is limited to spoken and written forms ?

False

(TRUE/FALSE) Memories are always reliable sources of evidence

False

(TRUE/FALSE) Miscommunication is always due to content

False

(TRUE/FALSE) Most people blame themselves when they fail

False

(TRUE/FALSE) Only language can be used to convey information

False

(TRUE/FALSE) Our brains give us an accurate representation of the world

False

(TRUE/FALSE) The belief that previous events affect the probability of current event is known as self-serving bias

False

(TRUE/FALSE) The belief that you are in control of a situation is always a good belief to have

False

(TRUE/FALSE) The connotative meaning of a word cannot vary from person to person or group to group

False

(TRUE/FALSE) The flexibility of language only serves to enhance communication

False

(TRUE/FALSE) The internet is never a reliable source of evidence

False

(TRUE/FALSE) We should always be skeptical of what others tell us

False

A deliberate attempt to mislead without the prior consent of the target is known as a(n)___________________

lie

(TRUE/FALSE) Politically correct language is often based on euphemisms in which terms such as " crippled" are replaced with neutral or more positive terms such as "physically challenged"

True

(TRUE/FALSE) Social pressures can sometimes lead to our making mistakes in reasoning

True

(TRUE/FALSE) The denotative meaning of a word expresses the characteristics of the object symbolized by the word

True

(TRUE/FALSE) We should usually be skeptical of what others tell us

True

Which of the following is true of good definitions? A. A good definition provides all of the essential characteristics of what is being defined B. A good definition uses the word being defined (or a variation of that word) as a part of the definition C. A good definition makes use of figurative language D. All of these answers are correct

A. A good definition provides all of the essential characteristics of what is being defined

Which of the following is a self-serving bias? A. An Individual believing that he or she is in control of things that are actually beyond their control B. A tendency to minimize our strengths C. A tendency to exaggerate one's weakness D. A tendency to underestimate oneself as compared to others

A. An Individual believing that he or she is in control of things that are actually beyond their control

In the context of evidence and experience, identify a true statement A. An experience can be used as evidence if other evidence does not contradict it B. Experience is always credible evidence for a claim regardless of what other evidence is available C. Experience can never be evidence for a claim D. None of these answers is correct

A. An experience can be used as evidence if other evidence does not contradict it

Identify a true statement about expert testimony A. An expert with a good reputation is generally reliable B. Expert testimony is generally unreliable C. Expert testimony is always reliable D. Experts never disagree

A. An expert with a good reputation is generally reliable

A true statement about empiricists is that they _______ A. Claim that one discovers truth primarily through his or her physical senses B. Accept the rationalists' claim that truth can be discerned through reason C. Reject the scientific method which involves making direct observations of the world and coming up with a hypothesis to explain the observations D. Claim that most human knowledge comes through reason

A. Claim that one discovers truth primarily through his or her physical senses

Which of the following is true of lexical definitions? A. Lexical Definitions cannot be found in dictionaries B. A word can have more than one lexical definition C. Lexical Definitions cannot be correct or incorrect D. Lexical Definitions never change

B. A word can have more than one lexical definition

Identify an accurate statement about ethnocentrism. A. It is the unjustified belief that one's group or culture is superior to that of others B. It is the tendency of people, when in a large group, to regard a problem as belonging to themselves rather than someone else C. It is the tendency of people to look only for evidence that confirms their assumptions and to resist evidence that contradicts them D. It is a phenomenon where people vividly recall events that never happened

A. It is the unjustified belief that one's group or culture is superior to that of others

The phenomenon of the moon appearing larger when it is near the horizon is known the __________________ A. Moon Illusion B. Moon Hoax C. McGurk Effect D. LOL effect

A. Moon Illusion

Which of the following is true of precising definitions? A. Precising definitions decrease the vagueness of a word B. Precising definitions are less exact than lexical definition C. Precising definitions are intended to increase confusion D. All of these answers are correct

A. Precising definitions decrease the vagueness of a word

Identify a true statement about experts and credibility A. Preconceived ideas can influence how experts interpret evidence B. Experts, paid by corporations who stand to gain financially from supporting a particular position are likely to be unbiased C. Expert testimonies are always foolproof D. Reputation among peers and accomplishments are inconsequential when seeking out experts

A. Preconceived ideas can influence how experts interpret evidence

Robert is an instructor in a music academy, he thinks John, a new student, lacks confidence to perform on stage. Therefore, he seldom lets John play on the stage and chooses other students over John. This results in John developing stage fright and losing confidence in his ability to perform on stage. This is an example of______________ A. Self-Fulfilling Prophecy B. Confirmation Bias C.A probability Error D. Diffusion of Responsibility

A. Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Which of the following is a possible negative consequence of stereotyping ? A. Using a stereotype can prevent us from seeing people as individuals B. Stereotyping helps break down resistance C.We may get a more accurate view of the stereotyped group D. None of these answers is correct

A. Using a stereotype can prevent us from seeing people as individuals

Identify the memorization strategy in which an individual constructs sentences about the objects or material they are trying to memorize. A.Verbal Elaboration B. Visualization Inspection C. Mental Imagery D. Memory Retrieval

A.Verbal Elaboration

Which of the following best describes a verbal dispute? A. A disagreement over what is factual B. An apparent disagreement in which two people believe they are disagreeing but in fact are only using the same words in different ways C. A disagreement over what words to use to describe a situation D. None of these answers is correct

B. An apparent disagreement in which two people believe they are disagreeing but in fact are only using the same words in different ways

Which of the following is a habit of a good researcher ? A. Refusing to consider evidence that contradicts beliefs already held by others B. Being able to draw a conclusion after considering all the evidence C. Only accepting opinions put forth in textbooks D. Assuming that all experts are equally reliable

B. Being able to draw a conclusion after considering all the evidence

Which of the following uses the ratio between a person's height and weight to determine the amount of fat and muscle present in the body? A. Basal Metabolic (BMR) B. Body Mass Index (BMI) C. Total Daily Energy Expenditure (TDEE) D. Non- Exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)

B. Body Mass Index (BMI)

Which of the following is NOT a type of social error or bias? A. Stereotyping B. Confirmation Bias C. "One of us/one of them" error D. Collective Delusion due to social expectation

B. Confirmation Bias

The common belief that dying individuals can delay their death past holidays and personally significant days illustrates the interplay of ______________________ A. Confirmation Bias and Godel effect B. Confirmation Bias and Memorable Events Error C. Memorable Events Error and Self -Serving Bias D. Memorable Events Error and Godel Effect

B. Confirmation Bias and Memorable Events Error

Which of the following, according to Albert Ellis, is the primary source of depression, rage, feelings of inadequacy and self hatred? A. Self Serving Bias B. Irrational Ideas C. Critical Thinking Courses D. Non of these answers is correct

B. Irrational Ideas

Which of the following is true about stipulative definitions? A. Stipulative definitions can only be given to new words or combinations of old words B. Stupilative definitions definitions often start off as jargon or slang and are initially limited to a particular group of people C. Stipulative definitions can be true or false D. Stipulative defiinitions are never useful

B. Stupilative definitions definitions often start off as jargon or slang and are initially limited to a particular group of people

Which of the following is true of theoretical definitions? A. They are used as a means to persuade others to accept our point of view B. They are a type of precising definitions used to explain the specific nature of a term C. They have only connotative meanings D. They are used to provide standardization in a data collection

B. They are a type of precising definitions used to explain the specific nature of a term

Which of the following is true of persuasive definitions? A. Persuasive definitions are never a barrier to effective critical thinking B.Persuasive definitions are often used to persuade others to adopt a particular view C. Persuasive definitions are a type of precising definition D. Persuasive definitions are a type of theoretical definition

B.Persuasive definitions are often used to persuade others to adopt a particular view

Identify an accurate statement about evidence A. Evidence has no important role to play in rationally evaluating arguments B. Evidence can only come from one source C. Evidence for a claim provides us with reason for believing that claim D. Evidence cannot be used to support premises in an argument

C. Evidence for a claim provides us with reason for believing that claim

Which of the following is true of the functions that language can serve? A. language can only be used to impart information B. Language can only serve one function at a time C. Language can be used as part of a formal ceremony D. Language cannot be used to express and impart emotions

C. Language can be used as part of a formal ceremony

Which of the following is NOT a common perceptual or cognitive error? A. Probability Error B. Self -Fulfilling Prophecy C. Schnekler's Error D. Gambler's Error

C. Schnekler's Error

Which of the following are true of liars? ( put all that apply) A. They often tend to backtrack to fill in forgotten or incorrect details B. They rarely experience cognitive or emotional overload C. They are likely to move less and blink less D. They tend to make fewer speech errors than do truth tellers

C. They are likely to move less and blink less D. They tend to make fewer speech errors than do truth tellers

Which of the following first received a lexical definition in the 2010s? A. Global warming B. AIDS C.Cybercast D.Democracy

C.Cybercast

Which of the following can be a barrier tp effective communication? A. Nonverbal cues such as body language B. Careless use of ambiguous words C. Cultural Differences D. All of these answers are correct