critical thinking final exam

We can justifiably reject any argument or conclusion made or supported by an organization with views we reject. True False

False

When considering "arguments in the rough", all of the sentences and statements in a paragraph must be included in the argument. True False

False

The following sentence is a categorical statement. "Some students play on the baseball team." True False

True

There are FOUR standard forms of categorical statements. True False

True

When considering "arguments in the rough", we sometimes need to remove extraneous material -- including explanations. True False

True

The only way to show that an argument is unsound is to demonstrate that at least one premise is false. True False

False

A DEPENDENT PREMISE is defined as: A premise which supports the conclusion only with the help of another or premises. As a supporting premise. As a statement that is crucial to the argument. As supporting the conclusion without help from any other premises. a. 1 b. 4 c. 2 d. 3

A. 1

Choose the correct definition of "argument" as used in Critical Thinking. a. A group of statements in which some of them are intended to support another statement in the group. b. A resolution to a disagreement. c. The rational and emotional art of persuasion. d. None of the above.

A. A group of statements in which some of them are intended to support another statement in the group.

A DEPENDENT PREMISE is defined as: a. A premise that supports the conclusion only with the help of another premise or premises. b. a supporting premise. c. a statement that is crucial to the argument. d. a premise supporting the conclusion without help from any other premises.

A. A premise that supports the conclusion only with the help of another premise or premises

Which of the following is a philosophical obstacle to critical thinking? a. Subjective Relativism b. Appeal to Popularity c. Peer Pressure d. None of the above

A. Subjective Relativism

"All Porsches are fast cars." In this categorical statement, "Porsches" is the ________________. a. predicate term b. subject term c. fact d. statement

B. subject term

If claims conflict with our background knowledge, then: a. we have good reason to doubt the claims. b. we must revise our background knowledge. c. Skepticism is true. d. there is no way of knowing the truth.

A. we have good reason to doubt the claims

The origin of an argument alone provides a good reason for accepting it or rejecting it. True False

False

Which of the following is/are a correct translation of this statement: Andy will sing his lame song unless Carolina stops him. a. a --> c b. a v c c. a & c d. b and c are both correct

B. a v c

The fallacy of equivocation is when: a. two words or phrases mean the same thing. b. a word or phrase is used in two different senses. c. someone attacks the person making the argument instead of the argument. d. an argument is mispresented and this makes it easier to reject.

B. a word or phrase is used in two different senses

Background information is best defined as: a. our firm convictions. b. the collection of very well-supported beliefs that help us inform decisions. c. prejudice. d. contextual information and explanations.

B. the collection of very well-supported beliefs that help us inform decisions.

Which of the following are statements? a. Please, shut the door! b. Did you get eggs at the store? c. All animals feel pain and all animals should be treated humanely. d. b and c

C. All animals feel pain and all animals should be treated humanely.

A "Red Herring" fallacy can best be described as: a. Using two different senses of a word or phrase. b. Weakening your opponent's argument to make it easy to reject. c. Deliberately raising irrelevant issues during an argument. d. Making an inference with insufficient evidence.

C. Deliberately raising irrelevant issues during an argument

A strong inductive argument: a. Demonstrates that the conclusion is absolutely true. b. Is valid. c. Demonstrates that the truth of the conclusion is probable. d. All of the above

C. Demonstrates that the truth of the conclusion is probable.

Using the Square of Opposition, what type of relation to A-statements and O-statements have? a. They are sub-contraries. b. They are contraries. c. They are contradictories. d. The have a sound relation.

C. They are contradictories

An explanation is different than an argument because: a. An explanation is not in standard form. b. An explanation has sentences that are not statements. c. Unlike an argument, an explanation only tells the reader why a statement is true. d. Trick question! Arguments and explanations are the same thing.

C. Unlike an argument, an explanation only tells the reader why a statement is true.

1. George is going to the Buckeyes game or to Springfield. 2. George is not going to the Buckeyes game. 3. Therefore, George is going to Springfield. This argument is an example of: a. Affirming the Consequent b. Affirming the Antecedent c. a Disjunctive Syllogism d. a conditional statement

C. a disjunctive syllogism

According to your textbook: a. our perception and memory can be constructive. b. constructive memory and perception is a form of impairment. c. our minds can lead us to perceive what we expect to perceive and what is not really there. d. All of the above.

D. all of the above

"All Porsches are fast cars." In this categorical statement, which word or phrase is the copula? a. All b. fast cars c. are d. Porsches

C. are

tu quoque: a. is a valid argument form. b. is a formal fallacy. c. is a fallacy where you accuse someone of hypocrisy d. None of the above

C. is a fallacy where you accuse someone of hypocrisy

In categorical logic, the basic unit of concern is _________________________. a. statements b. arguments c. the statement component d. none of the above

C. the statement component

Which of the following is a VALID argument form? Affirming the Consequent Denying the Antecedent Modus Tollens None of the above a. 1 b. 4 c. 2 d. 3

D. 3

A conditional statement expresses: a necessary condition a valid truth a sufficient condition both 1 and 3 a. 3 b. 2 c. 1 d. 4

D. 4

How many connectives do we have in sentential logic? a. 3 b. 2 c. 1 d. 4

D. 4

Critical thinking aids us in: a. combating prejudice. b. developing a coherent worldview. c. learning and discovery in other academic and professional fields. d. All of the above.

D. All of the above

If an argument is valid, then: a. The premises must be true. b. The conclusion must be true. c. If the conclusion is false, the argument is sound. d. If the premises are true, then the conclusion must be true.

D. If the premises are true, then the conclusion must be true.

If two statements are contradictories, then ________________________. a. They cannot both be true. b. They cannot both be false. c. They are also sub-contraries. d. a and b

D. a and b

"The Grand Valley College Vegetarian Society's arguments for changing the menu at the cafeteria to include more plant-based food cannot be accepted! These radical wannabes think that animals are more important than humans and that anyone who eats meat is no better than a murderer!" Which fallacy or fallacies is the author likely committing? a. ad hominem b. Division c. Straw Man d. a and c

D. a and c

Consider the following passage: Nancy Pelosi's criticism of the new tax plan is ridiculous -- she's a political dinosaur and doesn't know what she's talking about. Besides, she's a "tow-the-line" Democrat who always puppets whatever the DNC says and this case is no different. And we all know that the DNC never considers tax policy fairly. a. Ad hominem b. modus tollens c. Genetic Fallacy d. a and c

D. a and c

An ANTECEDENT and CONSEQUENT are always different parts of: a. an argument. b. a statement. c. a deductive argument. d. a conditional statement.

D. a conditional statement.

According to Carl Wieman, the elements which make up expertise include: a. how to organize and retrieve factual knowledge. b. the ability to monitor and self-evaluate one's thinking about a problem. c. many, sometimes thousands, of hours of learning and thinking about a particular subject area. d. All of the above.

D. all of the above

According to you textbook, when we evaluate sources we should: a. evaluate the author's credentials and affiliations. b. suspend judgment on claims you are unsure of. c. read news sources with which you generally disagree. d. All of the above.

D. all of the above

A "statement" is best defined as a. a sentence. b. a reason. c. a premise. d. an assertion that something is true or false.

D. an assertion that something is true or false.

According to the second Ted video, in order to free ourselves from the effects of filter bubbles: a. We need to use the internet more. b. We need information diversity. c. We need relationship diversity . d. b and c

D. b and c

An expert: a. is someone who is more knowledgeable, in general, than most people. b. is someone who is more knowledgeable, in a particular subject area, than most people. c. is better at judging the available information than most people. d. b and c

D. b and c

Denying the Consequent is __________________. a. always valid b. also known as "Modus tollens" c. always sound d. both a and b

D. both a and b

Consider the following argument: If the Fed lowers interest rates one more time, there is going to be a deep recession. I'm telling you, there's going to be a deep recession. This argument _________________________. a. is valid. b. is sound. c. is complete. d. relies on an implicit premise.

D. relies on an implicit premise

Consider the following passage: "Numerous sitcoms have tried to imitate the format of The Office, but as everyone knows, all of them turned out to be mediocre. No one seems to have the same charisma and comic timing as Steve Carell." The above passage provides _____________________________ for why other sitcoms are not as good as The Office. a. an argument b. an explanation c. two premises d. an argument, an explanation, and two premises

Either B. an explanation or C. two premises (unsure)

"The Democratic Party is opposed to the death penalty. Graciella is a member of the Democratic Party, so she must also oppose the death penalty." The speaker in this passage is committing which fallacy? a. Straw Man b. tu quoque c. Division d. Trick question! There is no fallacy in the passage.

Either a. Straw man, or C. division (unsure)

Social Relativism: a. is necessary for tolerance. b. implies that every society is infallible. c. is the only rational view of morality because of diverse view and opinions. d. is a psychological obstacle to critical thinking.

Either a. is necessary for tolerance, b. implies that every society is infallible, or c. is the only rational view of morality because of diverse view and opinions (unsure)

Which of the following is the correct translation of this statement: If hungry men come to our diner or if wolverines attack, then we better have plenty of ham and bacon. a. m v w & hbr b. (m v w) → (h & b) c. (m v w) → h & b d. mw → hbr

Either a. or b (probably b but not sure)

What is the correct translation into a categorical form of the following sentence? "Hamburgers are the only entrees." a. Some hamburgers are entrees. b. All hamburgers are entrees. c. All entrees are hamburgers. d. none of the above

Either a. some hamburgers are entrees, c. all entrees are hamburgers, or d. none of the above (unsure)

"Fake News" only refers to fictional news stories from foreign governments. True False

False

A valid argument is defined as a logical argument with true premises. True False

False

A valid argument must have a true conclusion. True False

False

According to Eli Pariser in the TED talk we watched in class, Google and Facebook are social media tools that are helping to overcome "filter bubbles." True False

False

According to the assigned BBC video on conspiracy theories, psychology completely explains why people believe particular conspiracy theories. True False

False

Affirming the Antecedent is a formal fallacy. True False

False

All Venn Diagrams are made with two circles and express one categorical statement. True False

False

Any argument that appeals to your emotions commits the fallacy of "Appeal to Emotion." True False

False

Appealing to authority and using an expert's insight and knowledge is the same thing. True False

False

Because we are rational creatures, we always make good inferences. True False

False

Cogent arguments are truth-preserving because they are strong, inductive arguments. True False

False

Consider this categorical statement: "No dogs are bipeds." The subcontrary of this categorical statement is: "Some dogs are bipeds." True False

False

Critical thinking is the application of logical thought to questions only in ethics and morality. True False

False

Critical thinking skills are only important for educational and academic careers. True False

False

Fact and opinion are two words for the same thing. True False

False

If a claim is contrary to our background knowledge, it must be false. True False

False

In a Disjunctive Syllogism, the antecedent implies the consequent. True False

False

In a disjunctive syllogism, you affirm the antecedent to get the consequent. True False

False

Modus Tollens is an example of a formal fallacy. True False

False

Physicians are experts in all areas of medicine, such as knowing which treatments for Covid-19 are safe and effective. True False

False

Russell argues that the value of philosophy is found in the determinate answers it provides. True False

False

Some categorical statements only have a predicate term. True False

False

Straw Man is an effective way of showing the weaknesses of your opponent's argument. True False

False

In the following diagram, the premises of this argument have been diagrammed. Is this argument valid? "Yes" means you agree it is valid. "No" means you think the argument is invalid. 1.All cats are mammals. 2.NO CATS are brown animals. 3.Therefore, NO brown animals are mammals.

No

"Inference" refers to the process of reasoning from a premise or premises to a conclusion based on these premises. True False

True

A sound argument always has a true conclusion. True False

True

Ad hominem refers to the fallacy of attacking the man instead of the argument. True False

True

All premises are statements, but not all statements are premises. True False

True

An opinion can be also be a fact. True False

True

Both Subjectivism and Social Relativism are self-defeating. True False

True

Consider this categorical statement: "All eagles are large birds." The contradictory of this categorical statement is "Some eagles are not large birds." True False

True

If Subjective Relativism were true, then we would all be infallible. True False

True

In a conditional statement, if the CONSEQUENT is false, then it is impossible for the ANTECEDENT to be true. True False

True

One reason critical thinking is so important is that it is necessary to liberate us from the tyranny of custom True False

True

Which following can be said about an inductive argument? Choose ALL that apply. a. An inductive argument is SOUND. b. An inductive argument is STRONG. c. An inductive argument is COGENT. d. An inductive argument is WEAK.

a. An inductive argument is SOUND. b. An inductive argument is STRONG. c. An inductive argument is COGENT. d. An inductive argument is WEAK.