CRJ 100 Exam 2 Study Guide Chapters 6,7,8
ex post facto
A law punishing an act or behavior that was not criminal when it was committed. Ex post facto laws are prohibited under the U.S. Constitution because fairness requires that punishments can only be given when offenders have the opportunity to know that their behavior was criminalized. P.217
Statute of Limitations
A legal provision that sets time limits on how long after an incident court processes can be initiated. P.185
bill of attainder
A legislative act that declares someone guilty of a crime and imposes punishment for it in the absence of trial. The U.S. Constitution prohibits bills of attainder. P.216
Reasonable Suspicion
A lower burden of proof than probable cause in which officers can articulate facts and make inferences from them that criminal activity may be afoot. Required for stop and frisks and protective sweeps. P. 220
postmodernism
A philosophical perspective hiding that there are multiple equally valid realities, as individuals create their own narratives and understandings of what is real. P.165
civil justice
A process, separate from criminal justice, in which private wrongs are addressed through legal action. This generally occurs through the filing of lawsuits by one person, organization, group, etc. against another. A tort is one common type of civil justice action.P.185
standing
A requirement in law that only persons whose direct interests have been involved, or whose rights have been violated, may bring a case or a challenge to evidence in a case. That is, individuals cannot bring a lawsuit or challenge evidence on behalf of someone else. P.226
commutative justice
Defines justice as proportionality. Suggests that justice has been met when outcomes are allocated proportionally. P.166
utilitarian justice
Defines justice as that which provides the greatest good for the greatest number. Also draws upon cost-benefit analysis, comparing the costs and benefits of an action.P.166
routine activities theory
Views crime and victimization as a function of people's everyday behavior, habits, lifestyle, living conditions, and social interactions. Suggests that crime occurs when three elements converge: a motivated offender, suitable target, and lack of capable guardians. P.135
Psychologists and sociologists explain the development of conscience through socialization processes.
true
Putative backlash can redefine a behavior as deviant.
true
Rawls advocates that all persons should have equal access to the same basic rights and that society must provide equality of opportunity to all persons.
true
Rawls considers the veil of ignorance critical for deciding which policies are just.
true
Rawls judged that the criminal justice system follows the imperfect model of procedural justice.
true
Religious institutions are generally classified as ideological agents of social control.
true
Robert Agnew expanded the concept of strain theory by suggesting that it could apply to all persons, regardless of socioeconomic status.
true
Social psychological research argues that the key to procedural justice is the perception that the process is fair.
true
Steps takein after the abolition of apartheid in South Africa illustrate transitional justice.
true
That what people believe is real, becomes real to them, is one tenet of postmodernist justice.
true
The "fruit of the poisonous tree" doctrine mandates the exclusion of evidence located based on information acquired from prior illegal evidence.
true
The Jukes and Kallikak studies led to the movements toward eugenics and sterilization.
true
The Miranda warning alerts individuals of their rights against self-incrimination and of their right to have an attorney present, based on the Fifth and Sixth Amendments.
true
The concept of federalism allows states to develop their own laws in response to their own problems.
true
The gradation hypothesis suggests that cruelty to animals at an early age is a cause and step toward subsequent violence directed toward other persons.
true
The mechanical model of criminal justice focuses on compliance with law.
true
The requirement of standing means that a person can only challenge violations of the person's own constitutional rights.
true
The two triggers to Miranda are custody and interrogation.
true
The type of criminal justice system we prefer is based on our understandings of what justice is (or what justice is not).
true
There is less reliance on formal social control in societies with little stratification.
true
Those social norms that society feels most strongly about are usually codified into law.
true
While federal law defines marijuana as an illegal substance, some states legally permit its use in certain circumstances.
true
Social justice advocates consider the immigration law adopted in Arizona in 2010 to be socially just.
false
Social justice refers to a legal process.
false
Suspects cannot waive their Fourth Amendment rights.
false
The "exclusion of evil" refers to the idea that all deviant acts, of any type, are evil.
false
The Fifth Amendment requires that all defendants in state courts be indicted through a grand jury.
false
The Fourth Amendment contains a Reasonableness Clause and a Free Exercise Clause.
false
The Fourth Amendment specifies the right to an attorney.
false
The central idea of John Rawls's theory of justice is guaranteeing proportionality between crime and punishment.
false
The crime of murder would be considered a violation of a folkway.
false
The imperfect model of justice is focused on participation.
false
The libertarian ideological perspective emphasizes the need for an active government to promote justice.
false
The medicalization of deviance increases penal social control and reduces therapeutic social control.
false
The medicalization of deviance places a greater emphasis on the conciliatory style of social control.
false
Therapeutic social control seeks to restore harmony via dispute resolution.
false
What produces the greatest good for the greatest number is a principle of commutative justice.
false
William Sheldon claimed that ectomorphs were most likely to engage in criminal behavior.
false
restorative justice
focuses on restoring the victim, offender, and society to the desirable conditions that existed before a criminal offense occurred. P.168
Victimless crime
A category of crime in which no direct victim is readily identifiable. This includes crimes such as drug possession, prostitution, illegal gambling, and others.P.184
Commerce Clause
A clause in the U.S Constitution that gives the federal government the power to regulate commerce with other nations and among other states. This clause has allowed the federal government to make and enforce a variety of criminal laws surrounding issues that involve interstate commerce, which may be very broadly defined. P 198
National Supremacy Clause
A clause in the U.S. Constitution that identifies the federal government as the supreme law of the land. This means if there is a conflict between a federal law and a state law, the federal law will take priority.P.197
subpoena
A court order commanding a witness to appear in court at a specificities date to provide sworn testimony in a case. P.231
transitional justice
Applies in the unique set of circumstances when a country's government changes and the new government seeks to move away from human rights abuses that occurred under the old government. The transition between governments is marked by a focus on human rights and just outcomes.P.162
crime control model
Assembly-line justice with a focus on getting an offender through the criminal justice process as quickly and efficiently as possible. This is one of Herbert Packer's two models of the criminal justice process. P.214
conciliatory social control
Attempts to create and preserve social harmony via dispute resolution. This is accomplished through practices such as mediation.P.108
double jeopardy
Bars the same governmental entity from criminally prosecuting someone twice for the same offense or from giving multiple punishments for the same offense. However, there are some exceptions to the general principles of double jeopardy. P.227
policy window
Based on John Kingdon's theory of public policy, it refers to a time when policy change is most likely to occur for an issue. For a policy window to open for any particular issue, that issue must have been identified as a problem, a solution must be available, and the political climate must support making a change.P.196
social justice
Considers issues of equality and inequality in society and whether benefits and risks are distributed in a manner that is fair and without discrimination. Argues that the pursuit of justice is the pursuit of equality. P.161
confrontation clause
The portion of the Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution which guarantees that, in a trial, witnesses must provide their testimony in open court and be subject to cross examination. P.231
agenda setting
The process by which an issue is identified as one that needs to be addressed through policy or law. This is often a political process. P.202
mental health courts
A specialized type of problem-solving court for offenders with mental illnesses. Mental health courts focus on therapeutic social control.P.120
A behavior or action.
Deviance refers to
different people create their own understandings of what real is
Postmodern justice argues that:
original position
Rawls believed that the only starting point to develop fair public policy would be from the
strain theory
A crime reduction program that assists young people in acquiring an education so they can better accomplish their goals without turning to illegal means would likely be based on
feminist criminology
A criminological perspective that examines the relationship between gender inequality, male dominance, and the exploitation of women under capitalism. Feminist criminologists focus on gender differences in crime, female offenders and victims, and gender inequities in the division of labor. P.145
fruit of the poisonous tree
A doctrine stipulating that further evidence acquired as a result of previously illegally obtained evidence may not be admissible in court. P.232
probable cause
A fair probability based on facts and known circumstances. probable cause is required for an arrest, for the issuance of search and arrest warrants, and for a case to proceed beyond the grand jury and preliminary hearing stages, among other decisions. P.219
marxist criminology
A form of conflict criminology which argues that there is a strong relationship between capitalism, class conflict, and crime. The theory suggests that persons with political power and wealth create laws to suppress the lower class.P.144
grand jury
A group of citizens impaneled to hear evidence presented by a prosecuting attorney with the purpose of determining whether sufficient evidence (probable cause) exists to bring to trial a person accused of committing a crime. P.226
subculture
A group that shares a set of norms that are different from those of the larger society. P102
tort
A harm that is classified as a civil wrong and that forms the basis for action under civil justice processes. P.186
preliminary hearing
A hearing held in front of a judge to determine whether or not there is probable cause to believe that a person committed the crime of which he or she stands accused. If probable cause is found, the judge binds over the defendant for trial. If probable cause is not found, the case may be dismissed. P226
insanity
A legal defense that refers to the defendants state of mind at the time a criminal offense is committed. Definitions of insanity vary by jurisdiction. P.110
parens patriae
A metaphor suggesting that the law (or the government through law) acts as a parent and protector to its subjects. This notion, grounded in the belief that society has a moral obligation to protect its citizens, underlies the theory of legal paternalism.P.184
mechanical model
A model of justice focusing neither on the needs of society nor on the needs of the offender. The intent of the model is to rigidly and rapidly follow laws and processes without discretion and without consideration of the outcomes they produce. P. 172
authoritarian model
A model of justice that focuses on the needs of society but not on the needs of the offender. Under the model, outcomes are highly important but process is not important. P. 174
participatory model
A model of justice that places a high value on both the needs of society and the needs of the offender. In this model, a variety of participants must work together to create, understand, and apply the law. P.175
compassionate model
A model of justice that places a higher emphasis on the offender's needs than on society's needs. The model suggests that justice is best achieved by identifying and correcting the needs of the offender that led him or her to commit crime.P.174
deinstitutionalization
A movement in the 1960's and 1970's in which persons were released from mental hospitals in favor of community-based, often therapeutic, social control. P. 116
rational choice theory
A person who chooses to commit crime after strategically assessing the risks and rewards is best described by
peacemaking criminology
A perspective arguing that the encouragement of communication and relationships can promote justice and heal social wrongs. Views traditional forms of punishment, such as incarceration, as counterproductive because they reflect an imbalance of power.P.145
retributive justice
A perspective of justice which holds that individuals who commit crime are due an unpleasant punishment.P.167
distributive justice
A perspective on justice that focuses on what individuals are due. As such, distributive justice focuses on the end results of how outcomes are distributed. P. 166
classical criminology
A set of explanations for crime based on the concept of free will, or the idea that individuals simply choose whether or not to commit a criminal act.P. 130
internal socialization
A teenager who decides NOT to steal because she believes it is wrong even though no one is looking would be guided by
psychodynamic theory
A theory of crime suggesting that human behavior, including crime, is controlled by a variety of mental processes. The theory was developed by Sigmund Freud based on the dynamics of the id ego and superego. P.137
Veil of Ignorance
A thought experiment used by John Rawls, in which a person is to assume that he or she knows nothing about his or her background. When under the metaphorical veil, individuals are in an original position. P.168
trial by jury
A trial in which guilt or innocence is determined by a jury of one's peers. The right to a trial by jury exists for felonies and some misdemeanors. P.230
bench trial
A trial in which the judge, rather than the jury, acts as finder of fact (e.g., determining guilt or innocence). Bench trials may occur for some misdemeanors for which trial by jury are not available or when a defendant waives his or her right to a trial by jury. P.230
medical model of deviance
A way of explaining deviance that underlies therapeutic social control. Under the model, deviance is defined objectively as a disease, and treatment of the disease is sought in accordance with the therapeutic style of social control.P.108
just world
A world where individuals receive what they deserve. The concept of and belief in a just world has been important in the psychological study of justice. P.157
ideology
A worldview to which a person subscribes. Under ideological justice, supporters of an ideology argue that society will not be able to achieve justice until policies are enacted that support their desired ideology. P163
indictment
A written statement issued by a grand jury to indicate that sufficient evidence (probable cause) exists to bring to trial a person accused of a crime.P.226
the punishment is in proportion to the crime
According to Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics, justice is achieved when
there is a motivated victim
According to Cohen and Felson, which of the following is not included in Routine Activities Theory?
the superego
According to Freud, which unconscious mental process is the moral compass?
extreme extroverts
According to Hans Eysenck, impulsive thrill seekers would be called
all of the above
According to John Kingdon, which of the following must exist to create a policy window?
both A and B
According to Rawls, which of the following would be an injustice?
a religious clergy
According to Smith and Pollack what is considered sinful behavior is often regulated by
an underdeveloped superego
According to psychologist August Aichorn, in psychodynamic theory, delinquency could be caused by a lack of parental love, creating
All of the above are differences between civil and criminal justice.
According to the text, which of the following is NOT a key difference between civil and criminal justice proceedings?
negative punishment
Although Johnny loves his cat, he is often too rough with it. To stop the behavior, the parents tell him they will take away his favorite toy. Based on operant conditioning this is considered
all of the above
American political culture is derived from
rational choice theory
An explanation for crime suggesting that offenders use a strategic thinking process to evaluate the potential rewards and risks from committing a crime and make their decision accordingly about whether or not to commit the crime. P.134
waiver of rights
An instance in which a person knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily gives up his or her constitutional rights, such as when allowing law enforcement officers to conduct a search or when choosing to answer questions after being advised of Miranda warnings. P.228
labeling theory
Assumes that once society places a label on a person, that individual will self identify with the label and behave accordingly. If a person is labeled as a delinquent, deviant, or criminal, the theory suggests that the person will accept that label and therefore engage in delinquent, deviant, or criminal activity. P.143
formal social control
Being arrested for spitting on the sidewalk would be an example of
The more informal control there is in a society, the less there is a need for formal control..
Black argues that there is an inverse relationship between informal and formal social control. What does this mean?
compensatory style
Black's style of formal social control that focuses on restoring the aggrieved victim financially is
social disorganization theory
Boston has recently had a high turnover of residents who lack bonds to the community. Which theory assumes this will lead to crime in the area?
social control theory
Brittany has a poor relationship with her parents, has no goals for the future, and participates in few extracurricular activities. Which theory assumes this can lead to deviance?
genetic influences on crime
Christiansen's twin studies sought to study
therapeutic
Creating drug courts in which offenders are required to complete treatment programs would reflect which one of Black's styles of social control?
criminal justice policies
Decisions a government makes about what should be done to address crime are
medicalization of deviance
Defining a deviant behavior as an illness or a symptom of an illness and then providing medical intervention to treat the illness. Incorporates elements of the medical model of deviance and therapeutic formal social control.P.109
stratification
Differences between members of a society that occur when persons and groups are divided in a hierarchical manner. Tis results in levels of inequality from which persons at the top of the hierarchy benefit, whereas those at the bottom suffer.P.107
extingent circumstances
Emergency circumstances when a reasonable person would believe prompt action was necessary to prevent harm, the destruction of evidence, escape, or other such consequences. exigent circumstances may permit exceptions to Fourth Amendment requirements. P.221
due process model
Focuses on the right of the accused and advocates formal decision making procedures, drawing upon the assumption that the accused us innocent proven guilty. This is one of Herbert Packers two models of the criminal justice process.P.215
individual justice
Focuses on whether outcomes that apply to individual persons are just.P.161
vigilante justice
Exacting justice on person, outside the criminal justice system, is described as
concentric zone theory
Explains criminality in cities by suggesting that multiple zones, diagramed as concentric circles, emerge from the city's center. The theory holds that crime is most likely to occur in the transitional zone, a residential area undergoing change and marked by social disorganization.P.140
life course theory
Explores how involvement in criminal activity changes as offenders grow older and encounter new life circumstances.P.145
compensatory social control
Focuses on providing restitution to the victim of a harmful act. This is typically accomplished through the civil justice system.P.108
social disorganization theory
Focuses on the community environmental factors that may lead to crime, including poverty, breakdown of family and social institutions, high turnover of residents, and lack of attachment to the community. P.140
federalism
Having more than one level of government, as in the United States, which has a national government as well as 50 state governments in addition to counties and cities. P.196
procedural justice
Holds that justice is achieved when the proper procedures are followed and addresses the fairness of the procedures used when applying the law. Procedural justice is grounded in the idea that fair procedures are the best guarantees for fair outcomes. P.161
Society will not punish were there is no basis for blame.
How did David Bazelon justify the insanity defense?
custody
Includes situations when someone is under formal arrest and also situations in which a reasonable person would not feel free to end questioning and leave. Miranda warnings must be given prior to custodial interrogation. P.227
Habeas Corpus
In a legal context, a writ of habeas corpus is a court order directed at someone who has custody of a person ordering the release of that person because his or her incarceration was achieved through unlawful processes. P.216
primary socialization
In early childhood, family members are generally responsible for the process of
society will criminalize less serious action
In regard to the function of deviance and society, what does Durkheim argue will happen if we eliminate all serious crime?
failure of socialization processes
It is widely accepted for sociologists to explain deviance as being caused by a
hedonists
Jeremy Bentham labeled people who are motivated by pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain
civil tort
Jim is suing Betty for medical expenses incurred when a car Betty was driving was in an accident. What type of justice process would apply?
appeal to higher loyalties
Kate admitted committing a crime but said that she did it to help out a close friend. According to Sykes and Matza, what technique of neutralization is represented?
informal social control
Looks of disgust directed at someone who has spit on the sidewalk would be an example of
formal social control
Mechanisms exercised by the government to control human behavior and to cause persons to conform to norms and obey laws. Criminal justice and criminal law are the most important tools of formal social control.P.104
an increase in the number of mentally ill persons in jails..
One result of the deinstitutionalization movement was
bureaucrats
Persons who work within the executive branch of government and agencies that comprise it. They are responsible for implementing policies. P.206
skull shape
Phrenology is based on the idea that criminal traits could be determined by the study of
Substantive due process
Protects against governmental infringement of fundamental rights, such as freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and the right to privacy. P.211
interrogation
Questions, statements, or actions that are designed to elicit an incriminating response from a suspect. Miranda warnings much be given prior to custodial interrogation. P.227
exoneration
Refers to a situation in which a person convicted of a crime is excused from legal consequences after the discovery of evidence of his or her innocence.P.158
Equality
Refers to protections that promote equal rights for all persons without discrimination regardless of characteristics such as race, gender, religion, disability status, veteran status, sexual orientation, income, and more. Equality is a fundamental component of American political culture. P.193
informal social controls such as educational and public service campaigns
Research has found that the most effective means of curtailing drunk driving appears to be
social norms
Societal judgements about what individuals should or should not do. Norms are based on widely shared values about what are good or bad, correct or incorrect, behaviors. P.101
Miranda rights
Suspects must be advised of the following rights prior to custodial interrogation: You have the right to remain silent. Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law. You have the right to an attorney present during questioning. If you cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed for you. P.227
it leads to the exclusion of evil
Which of the following is a negative consequence of medicalization of deviance?
privilege against self-incrimination
Specifies that a person may not be compelled to provide testimony against himself or herself.P.227
eugenics
Sterilizing individuals who were thought to have the genetic potential for criminality was related to the perspective of
exclusionary rule
Stipulates that illegally seized evidence may not be admissible at trial. Established by Supreme Court interpretations of the fourth amendment. There are, however, many exceptions to the exclusionary rule. P.232
social bond theory
Suggests that crime occurs when an individual's bonds to society are weak or broken. Bonds include attachment to prosocial persons and organizations, commitment to prosocial goals, involvement in prosocial activities, and belief in a common set of prosocial values and morals.P.143
strain theory
Suggests that crime occurs when members of society, predominantly the lower socioeconomic class, are unable to achieve goals valued by society (principally, the accumulation of wealth). Failure to achieve goals results in frustration, leading some to turn to criminal activity to achieve goals. P.141
justice
That which is just. There is no single agreed-upon definition of justice. Rather, conceptions of what does or does not constitute justice been influenced by culture, history, philosophical perspectives, and more. P.157
demonology
The Salem witch trials were an example of which historical perspective of criminal deviance?
political culture
The broad set of values that underlie a particular political system. As such, political culture shapes the development of law and policy. P.192
preponderance of evidence
The burden of proof used in deciding cases heard through civil justice processes(it is also used in some criminal justice hearings and in some administrative hearings). It means that the judge of jury believes it is more likely than not that an incident occurred or that one party caused harm to another. P.187
free will
The classical school of criminology is based on the concept of
Parens patriae.
The concept of crime being against the state rather than against individual victims has its roots in
certainty beyond aa reasonable doubt
The degree of proof required for a guilty verdict in the criminal justice system is
Bill of rights
The first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constution, which identify rights and liberties and retrain the powers of the government through both substantive and procedural due process. P.218
organization to provide social order
The focal point of mechanical criminal justice is
liberty
The freedom and the protection of rights as enumerated in the Constitution and Bill of Rights. Liberty is a fundamental component of American political culture. P.192
penal social control
The greater the stratification in a society, the greater the reliance on
public policy
The individual and accumulated designs made by governments (local, state, or federal) about what should be done to address any issue including crime. P.195
assembly line justice
The mechanical model of justice is also referred to as
therapeutic
The medical model of deviance advocates which style of social control?
treason
The only crime defined in the U.S. Constitution, which defines treason as making war against the United States or providing aid and comfort to enemies. P.217
financial awards
The outcome of a civil trial often involves
socialization
The process by which individuals learn a society or cultures norms and also learn to conform to them. P102
social control
The processes by which society controls individuals and group behaviors. The term is now often used to refer to the ways deviant behaviors are controlled, both informally and formally. P.104
equal protection clause
The provision in the fourteenth amendment to the U.S Constitution that serves to guarantee equality, requiring that the law treat similarly situated people in a similar manner without discrimination. P.232
Due process clause
The provision in the fourteenth amendment to the U.S. Constitution that makes nearly all the criminal procedural rights contained in the Bill of Rights applicable to the states and which serves as an independent source for rights not otherwise listed in the Constitution of Bill of Rights. P.231
legitimacy
The public's belief and faith in the government's right to govern refers to
criminology
The scientific study of crime trends, the nature of crime, and explanations for why persons committed crimes.P.130
guidance
Which of the following is not one of Miller's focal concerns of lower class culture?
informal social control
Tools used to control behavior in everyday social life, including social control exercised by peers, communities, families, and groups. This forms the basis of the socialization process. P.104
by depicting unrealistic amounts of murder
What is one way in which the mass media create inaccurate public perceptions of crime and the criminal justice system?
to restore the offender, victim, and society
What is the goal of restorative justice?
differential association theory
Twelve-year-old Molly is allowed to drink alcohol at home with her parents. Learning from these experiences, Molly then drinks when at her friends' houses. Which theory best explains her drinking behaviors?
penal
Use of the death penalty would be considered which of Black's styles of social control?
the participatory model
Which model of distributive justice focuses on mutualizing social and individual needs?
the compassionate model
Which model of distributive justice would advocate for a social program for at- risk teens?
therapeutic social control
Views the deviant person as someone who needs help to become non deviant or "normal." This is often accomplished through science and medicine.P.108
penal social control
Views the violator of a social norm that has been codified into criminal law as an offender who is deserving of official condemnation and punishment. This is accomplished through the criminal justice system. P.108
vindication
When a behavior is no longer viewed as deviant this is called
secondary deviance
When a person is labeled deviant and then commits a second crime because of this label, the series of behaviors is termed
the national supremacy clause
When there is a conflict between them, federal law trumps state law based on
executive
Which branch of government enforces the law?
feminist criminology
Which conflict theory would endorse a campaign for equal rights and equal pay for women for the sake of reducing criminality?
the authoritarian model
Which model of distributive justice emphasizes societal needs over that of individual needs?
Getting a physician's note to excuse you from final exams.
Which of the following provides the best example of medical collaboration?
justice is the greatest good for the most people
Which of the following statements would best describe utilitarian theory of justice?
procedural justice
Which perspective holds that justice is achieved when procedures in the Constitution, the Bill of Rights, and U.S. legal codes are properly followed?
the participatory model
Which philosophy of justice does community policing illustrate?
restorative justice
Which theory of justice would promote the use of sentencing circles to achieve justice?
Secondary deviance is the first act of deviance according to Edwin Lemert's labeling theory.
false
antisocial personality
a personality type associated with criminal activity and marked by failure to conform to norms, deceitfulness, impulsivity, aggressiveness, disregard for safety, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse. P.140
Discourse Perspective Justice
a perspective that emphasizes a public dialog or discourse in which the public then reaches consensus on what is or is not just. P. 164
criminologist
a scholar of criminology, studying crime trends and why persons commit criminal acts. P.125
positivist school of criminology
based on the concept of determinism, this perspective holds that criminal behaviors are influenced by outside forces such as biological, psychological, and sociological factors. P.131
deviance
behaviors that violate society's expectations, beliefs, standards, or values. As such, deviance refers to any departure from behaviors that are typical, acceptable, or accepted. Crime is one form of deviance. P.101
celebrated cases
cases and trials that draw substantial amounts of public attention and which are closely followed by the media. P.204
Primary socialization occurs mainly in late childhood and adolescence.
false
Psychology is focused on external influence of deviance.
false
Regardless of the severity of the crime, all defendants have a right to trial by jury.
false
Restorative justice places its primary emphasis on the punishment of individual offenders.
false
Searches at international borders require probable cause.
false
According to Steven Lab, politicians always adopt policies known to be effective in reducing crime.
false
Based on Shaw and McKay's concentric zone theory, Zone 4 (the "residential zone") typically has the most crime.
false
Because eyewitness testimony is the most accurate evidence possible, exonerations only occur in cases without eyewitnesses.
false
Changes in criminal justice policy are often quick and dramatic
false
In a criminal case, victims control whether charges will be brought against a defendant.
false
Individual justice theory is mainly concerned with group equality.
false
Individual offender rehabilitation is the central idea of the participatory model of justice.
false
Kai Erickson argued that crime is a normal and necessary part of society.
false
Miranda rights must be read at arrest or else a suspect must be released.
false
Modern biological researchers believe there is a single gene that causes criminality.
false
Persons with antisocial personality disorder usually isolate themselves from others.
false
social constructionism
in criminological theory, the idea that criminal activity is best understood by studying the processes through which behaviors are defined as deviant or acceptable. P 130
mesomorph
itch, who is very muscular and active, engages in criminal activity. What somatotype would he fit, according to William Sheldon?
vigilante justice
occurs when individuals bypass the criminal justice system in resolving a conflict by taking the law into their own hands. P.161
serial murderer
offenders who have killed two or more victims over time. P.124
interest groups
organized groups of individuals who advocate for a particular policy outcome. P.205
problem definition
refers to attempts by interested individuals and groups to advocate how a problem ought to be understood. this often occurs after an issue has been placed on the public agenda, as individuals and groups debate the causes of and solutions to the problem in question. P.202
Social justice
reflects concerns about fairness and equality
Dillon's Rule notes that
states have broad powers while local governments does not
conflict criminology
suggests that crime is a consequence of the oppression of the lower classes by rich and powerful elites. P.144
neutralization theory
suggests that crime occurs because offenders justify their criminal behavior through a series of neutralizations or excuses, including denial of responsibility, denial of injury, denial of the victim, condemnation of the condemners, and appeal to higher loyalties. P.138
differential association theory
suggests that criminal behavior occurs because offenders learn it from others. P.137
Parens patriae gives the government the responsibility of punishing crime.
true
People may engage in vigilante justice when they have little confidence in the established criminal justice system.
true
Police can stop and frisk a subject based on reasonable suspicion.
true
Procedural justice holds that justice is achieved when fair procedures are followed.
true
"Preponderance of the evidence" is the concept reflecting the belief that a defendant "more likely than not" injured the plaintiff.
true
"Taking the Fifth" can mean refusing to testify against oneself.
true
A biker gang would be an example of a subculture.
true
A hedonist, according to Bentham, is motivated by pleasure and avoidance of pain.
true
A smile or praise constitutes a form of informal social control.
true
According to Fradella, a defendant who is found not guilty by reason of insanity will often spend more time in an institution than if they were found guilty of the crime.
true
According to Lawrence Kohlberg, most people never achieve the justice stage of moral reasoning.
true
Being illegally incarcerated is grounds to petition for a writ of habeas corpus.
true
Cesare Lombroso deveoped the theory of atavism.
true
Cohen argued that when youths reject middle-class values and create their own norms to acquire status, gang affiliations or criminal activity may result.
true
Cohen's study of the costs of robbery is an example of seeking to achieve utilitarian justice in a mathematical function.
true
Community policing is a good example of the participatory model of justice.
true
Compensatory social control seeks to restore persons to their "status quo ante."
true
Constructivism takes its name from the view that societies continuously construct and reconstruct their own understandings about deviance and crime.
true
Demonology and patriarchal social norms are cited as explanations for the Salem witch trials.
true
Deviant behaviors are those that violate social norms.
true
Feminist criminology argues that traditional criminology ignores gender differences in criminal activity.
true
High school students who participate in extracurricular activities can be subjected to random drug tests without violating their rights.
true
Hirschi's social control theory focuses on bonds to society that keep a person law abiding.
true
In a civil case, the judge can order a defendant to pay the victim for emotional damages.
true
In the Buck v. Bell case, the U.S. Supreme Court approved of the forced sterilization of "feebleminded" persons.
true
In the Lovett case, the Supreme Court found that Congress had violated the Constitutional prohibition against a bill of attainder.
true
In the case of a hung jury, a defendant can be tried again without violating double jeopardy.
true
Low self-control is a stable trait according to Gottfredson and Hirschi.
true
Marxist criminology argues that individuals with political power and wealth create laws to control the lower classes.
true
Mental health courts seek to apply a therapeutic rather than adversarial model of justice.
true
Methadone as a treatment for drug addicts is an example of medical technology.
true
Obeying your parents is an example of a prescriptive norm.
true
One negative aspect of medicalization is that it takes power out of the hands of the public.
true