Crj test #4 Ch 12-14

false positives

"false positives" (or incorrect results)

Mempa v. Rhay

(1967) Both notice and a hearing are required before probation revocation, and the probationer should have the opportunity for representation by counsel before a deferred prison sentence is imposed.

deliberate indifference

(officials knowingly abusing the rights of inmates) A wanton disregard by correctional personnel for the well-being of inmates. Deliberate indifference requires both actual knowledge that a harm is occurring and disregard of the risk of harm. A prison official may be held liable under the Eighth Amendment for acting with deliberate indifference to inmate health or safety only if he or she knows that inmates face a substantial risk of serious harm and disregards that risk by failing to take reasonable measures to abate it.

lex talionis

(the law of retaliation) often expressed as "an eye for an eye" or "like for like." **extra** Under lex talionis, the convicted offender was sentenced to suffer a punishment that closely approximated the original injury. This rule of "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth," generally duplicated the offense. Hence, if a person blinded another, he was blinded in return. Murderers were executed, sometimes in a way tailored to approximate the method they had used in committing the crime.

how overcapacity is defined and measured

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The Industrial Era (1890-1935) -Know the different prison eras

- Reformatory era failed and inmate populations rose, costs soared. -An attractive option was found in the potential profitability of inmate labor, and that's when the era of the industrial was born. -Industrial prisons look like modern scary prisons today *** KEY know the six systems*** -I'm not sure if you need to know the definition- The following six systems of inmate labor were in use by the early twentieth century: Contract system- Private businesses paid to use inmate labor. They provided the raw materials and supervised the manufacturing process inside prison facilities. Piece-price system- Goods were produced for private businesses under the supervision of prison authorities. Prisons were paid according to the number and quality of the goods manufactured. Lease system- Prisoners were taken to the worksite under the supervision of armed guards. Once there, they were turned over to the private contractor, who employed them and maintained discipline. Public-account system- This system eliminated the use of private contractors. Industries were entirely prison owned, and prison authorities managed the manufacturing process from beginning to end. Goods were sold on the free market. State-use system- Prisoners manufactured only goods that could be sold by or to other state offices, or they provided labor to assist other state agencies. Public-works system- Prisoners maintained roads and highways, cleaned public parks and recreational facilities, and maintained and restored public buildings. Ashurst-Sumners Act -Federal legislation of 1935 that effectively ended the industrial prison era by restricting interstate commerce in prison-made goods.

The Community-Based Era (1967-1980) -Know the different prison eras

- a movement away from institutionalized corrections and toward the creation of opportunities for reformation within local communities -emphasis on community corrections, deinstitutionalization, diversion, and decarceration -Rehabilitation could not occur in isolation from the free social word -Halfway houses, work release programs and open institutions -Decarceration used a variety of programs to keep offenders in contact with the community and out of prison.

The Mass Prison Era (1825-1876) and auburn system -Know the different prison eras

- the high cost of solitary confinement led prisons to abandon the Pennsylvania model -Auburn system was introduced (definition is below) One of the first large prisons to abandon the Pennsylvania model was the New York State Prison at Auburn. (Auburn system definition) Auburn introduced the congregate but silent system, under which inmates lived, ate, and worked together in enforced silence. This style of imprisonment, which came to be known as the Auburn system, featured group workshops rather than solitary handicrafts and reintroduced corporal punishments into the handling of offenders.

general and specific conditions of probation

-A violation of conditions can lead to probation revocation. -Those sentenced to probation must agree to abide by court-mandated conditions of probation. -Conditions are of two types: general and specific. -General conditions apply to all probationers in a given jurisdiction and usually require that the probationer obey all laws, maintain employment, remain within the jurisdiction of the court, possess no firearms, allow the probation officer to visit at home or at work, and so forth. - As a general condition of probation, many probationers are also required to pay a fine to the court, usually in a series of installments. The fine is designed to reimburse victims for damages and to pay lawyers' fees and other court costs.

the work of John Augustus

-American John Augustus (1784-1859) is generally recognized as the world's first probation officer. -Augustus, a Boston shoemaker, attended sessions of criminal court in the 1850s and offered to take carefully selected offenders into his home as an alternative to imprisonment.7 At first, he supervised only drunkards, but by 1857 Augustus was accepting many kinds of offenders and was devoting all his time to the service of the court.8 Augustus died in 1859, having bailed out more than 2,000 convicts.

The Reformatory Era (1876-1890) -Know the different prison eras

-Captain Alexander Maconochie created this reform era -SirWalton Crofton followed Maconochie with his Irish system (more detailed below) -In the 1840s, Captain Alexander Maconochie served as the warden of Norfolk Island, a prison off the coast of Australia for "doubly condemned" inmates. Prior to Maconochie's arrival, conditions at Norfolk had been atrocious. Disease and unsanitary conditions were rampant on the island, fights among inmates left many dead and more injured, and the physical facilities were not conducive to good supervision. Maconochie immediately set out to reform the island prison by providing incentives for prisoners to participate in their own reformation. -Maconochie's innovations soon came to the attention of Sir Walter Crofton, head of the Irish prison system. Crofton adapted the idea of early release to his program of progressive stages. Inmates who entered Irish prisons had to work their way through four stages. (idk if you need to know this) The first, or entry-level, involved solitary confinement and dull work. Most prisoners in the first level were housed at Mountjoy Prison in Dublin. The second stage assigned prisoners to Spike Island, where they worked on fortifications. The third stage placed prisoners in field units, which worked directly in the community on public service projects. Unarmed guards supervised the prisoners. The fourth stage depended on what Crofton called the "ticket of leave." The ticket of leave allowed prisoners to live and work in the community under the occasional supervision of a "moral instructor." It could be revoked at any time up until the expiration of the offender's original sentence. Crofton was convinced that convicts could not be rehabilitated without successful reintegration into the community. His innovations were closely watched by reformers across Europe.

general and specific conditions of parole

-General conditions of parole usually include an agreement not to leave the state as well as to obey extradition requests from other jurisdictions. Parolees must also periodically report to parole officers, and parole officers may visit parolees at their homes and places of business, often arriving unannounced. -the importance of continued employment is typically stressed on parole agreement forms, with the condition that failure to find employment within 30 days may result in parole revocation. As with probationers, parolees who are working can be ordered to pay fines and penalties. A provision for making restitution payments is also frequently included as a condition of parole.

What are the benefits of probation and parole?

-Lower cost. Imprisonment is expensive. -Increased employment. Probation and parole, on the other hand, make it possible for offenders under correctional supervision to work full-time at jobs in the "free" economy. Offenders can contribute to their own and their families' support, stimulate the local economy by spending their wages, and support the government through the taxes they pay. -Restitution. Offenders who are able to work are candidates for court-ordered restitution. Restitution payments to victims may help restore their standard of living and personal confidence while teaching the offender responsibility. -Community support. The decision to release a prisoner on parole or to sentence a convicted offender to probation is often partially based on considerations of family and other social ties. -Reduced risk of criminal socialization. Criminal values permeate prisons; prison has been called a "school in crime." Probation insulates adjudicated offenders, at least to some degree, from these kinds of values. Parole, by virtue of the fact that it follows time served in prison, is less successful than probation in reducing the risk of criminal socialization. -Increased use of community services. Probationers and parolees can take advantage of services offered through the community, including psychological therapy, substance-abuse counseling, financial services, support groups, church outreach programs, and social services. Although a few similar opportunities may be available in prison, the community environment itself can enhance the effectiveness of treatment programs by reducing the stigmatization of the offender and by allowing the offender to participate in a more "normal" environment. -Increased opportunity for rehabilitation. Probation and parole can both be useful behavioral management tools. They reward cooperative offenders with freedom and allow for the opportunity to shape the behavior of offenders who may be difficult to reach through other programs.

What are the drawbacks of probation and parole?

-Relative lack of punishment. The just deserts model of criminal sentencing insists that punishment should be a central theme of the justice process. Many view probation, however, as practically no punishment at all. Parole is likewise accused of unhinging the scales of justice because (1) it releases some offenders early, even when they have been convicted of serious crimes, while some relatively minor offenders remain in prison, and (2) it is misleading to those harmed by crime because it does not require completion of the offender's entire sentence behind bars. -Increased risk to the community. Probation and parole are strategies designed to deal with convicted criminal offenders. The release into the community of such offenders increases the risk that they will commit additional offenses. -Increased social costs. Some offenders placed on probation and parole will effectively and responsibly discharge their obligations. Others, however, will become social liabilities. In addition to the increased risk of new crimes, probation and parole increase the chance that added expenses will accrue to the community in the form of child support, welfare costs, housing expenses, legal aid, indigent health care, and the like. -Discriminatory and unequal effects. Some experts argue that reentry programs are unfair to women because female inmates undergoing the reentry experience find themselves qualitatively disadvantaged in their search for jobs and shelter, in reobtaining custody of their children, in successfully finding programs to help them abstain from drugs, and so on. Some say, for example, that a man leaving prison "has better opportunities for securing a sufficient income-producing and legal job by virtue of his gender alone."38

SVORI programs Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative

-SVORI programs were geared toward serious and violent offenders, particularly adults and juveniles -The goal of the SVORI initiative was to reduce the likelihood of reincarceration by providing tailored supervision and services to improve the odds for a successful transition to the community. -SVORI services included employment assistance, education and skills training, substance-abuse counseling, and help with post-release housing. -SVORI funding supported the creation of a three-phase continuum of services that (1) begins in prison, (2) moves to a structured reentry phase before and during the early months of release, and (3) continues for several years as released prisoners take on increasingly productive roles in the community.

Mixed Sentencing and Community Service -Know the types of intermediate sanctions

-Some mixed sentences require that offenders serve weekends in jail and receive probation supervision during the week. Other types of mixed sentencing require offenders to participate in treatment or community-service programs while on probation.

prison argot

-The Language of Confinement -prisoners' use of a special language or slang -the slang characteristic of prison subcultures and prison life.

The Just Deserts Era (1995-2012) -Know the different prison eras

-The era of just deserts represented a kind of return to the root purpose of incarceration: punishment. -a new philosophy based on the second prong of the justice model—that is, an emphasis on individual responsibility -"Get-tough" initiatives (more info about the get tough initiative! Idk if you need to know it) were reflected in a spike in drug-related arrests and by the "three-strikes-and-you're-out" it generally mandates lengthy prison terms for criminal offenders convicted of a third violent crime or felony

overcrowding

-The just deserts philosophy led to major increases in prison populations -overcrowding especially in federal systems -if combined with other negative conditions, overcrowding may lead to a finding against the prison system

Elmira Reformatory (1876) know era and defintion -Know the different prison eras

-development of parole, interminate sentencing; emphasis on reformation over punishment. -In 1865, Gaylord B. Hubbell, warden of Sing Sing Prison in New York, visited Great Britain and studied prisons there. He returned to the United States greatly impressed by the Irish system and recommended that indeterminate sentences be used in American prisons. The New York Prison Association supported Hubbell and called for the creation of a "reformatory" based on the concept of an earned early release if the inmate reformed himself.

The Treatment Era (1945-1967) -Know the different prison eras

-new interest in "corrections" and reformation combined with the latest in behavioral techniques, ushered in a new era. -based on medical model of corrections- one that implied that the offender was sick and that rehabilitation was only a matter of finding the right treatment. -emphasis on rehabilitation through treatment **extra** -inmates seen as clients or patients -one form of this was therapy Most therapeutic models assumed that inmates needed help to mature psychologically and had to be taught to assume responsibility for their lives. Prisons built their programs around both individual treatment and group therapy approaches.

What is the success rate of probation? What is the success rate of parole?

-probation approximately 53% were sucessful -parole approximately 61% successfully completed parole

The Evidence-Based Era (2012-Present) -Know the different prison eras

-recession and budget cuts caused just deserts era to end in 2012 -The new era in corrections, the evidence-based era, is built around the need to employ cost-effective solutions to correctional issues. - Evidence-based corrections (EBC) represents a science-based approach to corrections to determine best practices

warehousing era (1980-1995) -Know the different prison eras

-the three decades from 1980 to 2010 will likely be remembered as a time of mass imprisonment. -resulted from concerns with community protection -Evidence shows that many judges came to regard rehabilitation programs as failures and decided to implement the just deserts model of criminal sentencing. The just deserts model discussed earlier, built on a renewed belief that offenders should "get what's coming to them." It quickly led to a policy of warehousing serious offenders for the avowed purpose of protecting society—and led also to a rapid decline of the decarceration initiative.

Morrissey v. Brewer

1972 Procedural safeguards are necessary in revocation hearings involving parolees. They include (a) written notice of the claimed violations of parole; (b) disclosure to the parolee of evidence against him or her; (c) opportunity to be heard in person and to present witnesses and documentary evidence; (d) the right to confront and cross-examine adverse witnesses (unless the hearing officer specifically finds good cause for not allowing confrontation); (e) a "neutral and detached" hearing body such as a traditional parole board, members of which need not be judicial officers or lawyers; and (f) a written statement.

Wolff v. McDonnell

1974 -14th amendment Sanctions cannot be levied against inmates without appropriate due process.

first-generation -Know the different generation of jails

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Johnson v. California

A California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation's unwritten policy of racially segregating prisoners in double cells each time they entered a new correctional facility was invalidated.

state-use system

A form of inmate labor in which items produced by inmates may only be sold by or to state offices. Items that only the state can sell include such things as license plates and hunting licenses, whereas items sold only to state offices include furniture and cleaning supplies.

hands-off doctrine

A policy of nonintervention with regard to prison management that U.S. courts tended to follow until the late 1960s. For the past 50 years, the doctrine has languished as judicial intervention in prison administration dramatically increased, although there is now some evidence that a new hands-off era is approaching. **extra to help you understand better** the hands-off doctrine—toward the running of prisons. Judges assumed that prison administrators were sufficiently professional in the performance of their duties to balance institutional needs with humane considerations. The hands-off doctrine rested on the belief that defendants lost most of their rights upon conviction, suffering a kind of civil death.

selective incapacitation

A policy that seeks to protect society by incarcerating individuals deemed to be the most dangerous.

balancing test

A principle, developed by the courts and applied to the corrections arena by Pell v. Procunier (1974), that attempts to weigh the rights of an individual, as guaranteed by the Constitution, against the authority of states to make laws or to otherwise restrict a person's freedom in order to protect the state's interests and its citizens. ************or********* In other words, inmates have rights, much the same as people who are not incarcerated, provided that the legitimate needs of the prison for security, custody, and safety are not compromised.

work release

A prison program through which inmates are temporarily released into the community to meet job responsibilities.

issues facing female inmates (mothers, why children do not visit, lack of programming, sexual harassment/assault, sexual abuse as children

A profile based on national data for female offenders reveals the following characteristics: -Disproportionately women of color In their early to mid-30s -Most likely to have been convicted of a drug-related offense -From fragmented families that include other family members who have been involved with the criminal justice system -Survivors of physical and/or sexual abuse as children and adults Individuals with significant substance-abuse problems -Individuals with multiple physical and mental health problems -Unmarried mothers of minor children Individuals with a high school or general equivalencydiploma (GED) but limited vocational training and sporadic work histories -Eighty percent of women entering prison are mothers, and 85% of those women had custody of their children at the time of admission. -One out of four women entering prison has either recently given birth or is pregnant. Pregnant inmates, many of whom are drug users, malnourished, or sick, often receive little prenatal care—a situation that risks additional complications. -More than half of the children of female prisoners never visit their mothers during the period of incarceration. -More than half of the children of female prisoners never visit their mothers during the period of incarceration.38 The lack of visits is due primarily to the remote location of prisons, a lack of transportation, and the inability of caregivers to arrange visitation.

new-generation jail -Know the different generation of jails

A temporary confinement facility that eliminates many of the traditional barriers between inmates and correctional personnel. Also called podular jail, directsupervision jail, and indirect-supervision jail.

ADMAX -federal prison security levels

Administrative maximum. The term is used by the federal government to denote ultra-high-security prisons.

medical parole

An early release option under which an inmate who is deemed "low risk" due to a serious physical or mental health condition is released from prison earlier than he or she might have been under normal circumstances.

security threat group(s)

An inmate group, gang, or organization whose members act together to pose a threat to the safety of corrections staff or the public, who prey upon other inmates, or who threaten the secure and orderly operation of a correctional institution.

Branding

Before modern technology and the advent of mechanized record keeping, branding was used to readily identify convicted offenders and to warn others with whom they might come in contact of their dangerous potential.

Cool prisoners -Know the types of female inmates

Cool prisoners were more likely to be career offenders. They tended to keep to themselves and generally supported inmate values.

Custodial -Know the models of probation and parole supervision

Custodial supervision means that officers will periodically visit their charges at work and at home, often arriving unannounced. It also means that they must be willing to report clients for new offenses and for violations of the conditions of their release.

The Gang-banger -Types of male inmates

Gang-bangers are affiliated with prison gangs and depend upon the gang for defense and protection. They display gang signs, sport gang-related tattoos, and use their gang membership as a channel for the procurement of desired goods and services both inside and outside of prison. The realist. The realist sees confinement as a natural consequence

Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS)

IPS- has been described as the "strictest form of probation for adults. A form of probation supervision involving frequent face-to-face contact between the probationer and the probation officer.

The Penitentiary Era (1790-1825) and the Pennsylvania system -Know the different prison eras

In 1790, Philadelphia's Walnut Street Jail was converted into a penitentiary by the Pennsylvania Quakers. - Quakers had an emphasis on rehabilitation through penance. (Pennsylvania system defintion) -The concept of imprisonment came from the Quakers heavily imbued elements of rehabilitation and deterrence. This carries over to the present day -Benjamin Rush & Benjamin Franklin supported the Pennsylvania system What the first penitentiary was like. (not sure if you need to know this) Inmates of the Philadelphia Penitentiary were expected to wrestle alone with the evils they harbored. Penance was the primary vehicle through which rehabilitation was anticipated, and a study of the Bible was strongly encouraged. Solitary confinement was the rule, and the penitentiary was architecturally designed to minimize contact between inmates and between inmates and staff. Exercise was allowed in small high-walled yards attached to each cell. Eventually, handicrafts were introduced into the prison setting, permitting prisoners to work in their cells.

Pell v. Procunier

In 1974, the U.S. Supreme Court case of Pell v. Procunier established a "balancing test" that, although originally addressing only the First Amendment rights, eventually served as a general guideline for all prison operations. - inmates have rights, much the same as people who are not incarcerated, provided that the legitimate needs of the prison for security, custody, and safety are not compromised.

Prison Litigation Reform Act

In 1996, the federal Prison Litigation Reform Act (PLRA) became law. The PLRA was a legislative effort to restrict inmate filings to worthwhile cases and to reduce the number of suits brought by state prisoners in federal courts.

Know the work of Gresham Sykes and pains of imprisonmen

In The Society of Captives, Sykes called these deprivations the "pains of imprisonment. The pains of imprisonment— the frustrations induced by the rigors of confinement—form the nexus of a deprivation model of prison subculture. Sykes said that prisoners are deprived of (1) liberty, (2) goods and services, (3) heterosexual relationships, (4) autonomy, and (5) personal security—and that these deprivations lead to the development of subcultures intended to ameliorate the personal pains that accompany deprivation.

What is the most common sentence?

In federal prisons, almost half of all inmates are serving time for drug offenses -In state prisons, approximately 53% of prisoners are serving time for violent offenses -Murder is the most common violent crime for which people are imprisoned

workhouses

In the belief that poverty was caused by laziness, governments were quick to create workhouses designed to instill "habits of industry" in the unemployed. Inmates were made to fashion their own furniture, build additions to the facility, and raise gardens. When the number of inmates exceeded the volume of useful work to be done, make-work projects, including treadmills and cranks, were invented to keep them busy.

work of John Irwin

John Irwin, had a classic study titled The Felon (1970) -John Irwin viewed these lifestyles (like the subcultures of which they are a part) as adaptations to the prison environment.24 Other writers have since elaborated on these coping mechanisms. Following are some of the types of prisoners that researchers have described

the Mark System

Maconochie developed a system of marks through which prisoners could earn enough credits to buy their freedom. Bad behavior removed marks from the inmate's ledger, and acceptable behavior added marks. The mark system made possible early release and led to a recognition of the indeterminate sentence as a useful tool in the reformation of offenders.

Public Humiliation

Many early punishments were designed to humiliate offenders in public and to allow members of the community an opportunity for vengeance. The stocks and pillory were two such punishments. The pillory closed over the head and hands and held the offender in a standing position, while the stocks kept the person sitting with the head free.

Greenholtz v. Nebraska

Parole boards do not have to specify the evidence or reasoning used in deciding to deny parole

The retreatist -Types of male inmates

Prison life is rigorous and demanding. Badgering by the staff and actual or feared assaults by other inmates may cause some prisoners to attempt psychological retreat from the realities of imprisonment. Such inmates may experience neurotic or psychotic episodes, become heavily involved in drug and alcohol abuse through the illicit prison economy, or even attempt suicide. Depression and mental illness are the hallmarks of the retreatist personality in prison.

prison subculture

Prison subcultures, according to some authors, are fundamentally an adaptation to deprivation and confinement. (idk if you need to know this) -The pains of imprisonment— the frustrations induced by the rigors of confinement—form the nexus of a deprivation model of prison subculture. Sykes said that prisoners are deprived of (1) liberty, (2) goods and services, (3) heterosexual relationships, (4) autonomy, and (5) personal security—and that these deprivations lead to the development of subcultures intended to ameliorate the personal pains that accompany deprivation.

Griffin V. Wisconsin

Probation officers may conduct searches of a probationer's residence without the need for a search warrant or probable cause.

The radical. -Types of male inmates

Radical inmates view themselves as political prisoners. They see society and the successful conformists who populate it as oppressors who have forced criminality on many "good people" through the creation of a system that distributes wealth and power inequitably. The inmate who takes on the radical role is unlikely to receive much sympathy from prison staff.

shock incarceration -Know the types of intermediate sanctions

Shock incarceration programs, utilized military-style "boot camp" prison settings to provide highly regimented environments involving strict discipline, physical training, and hard labor -used to impress on convicted offenders the realities of prison life **extra** -Offenders who successfully completed these programs were typically returned to the community under some form of supervision. Program "failures" were usually moved into the general prison population for longer terms of confinement.

Shock Probation and Shock Parole -Know the types of intermediate sanctions

Shock probation strongly resembles split sentencing. The offender serves a relatively short period of time in custody (usually in a prison rather than a jail) and is released on probation by court order. The difference is that shock probation clients must apply for probationary release from confinement and cannot be certain of the judge's decision. **Extra** In shock probation, the court in effect makes a resentencing decision. Probation is only a statutory possibility and often little more than an aspiration for the offender as imprisonment begins. If a probationary release is ordered, it may well come as a "shock" to the offender. The hope is that the unexpected reprieve will cause the offender to steer clear of future criminal involvement.

Know the work of Sir Walter Crofton and the Irish system;

Sir Walter Crofton, head of the Irish prison system. Crofton adapted the idea of early release to his program of progressive stages. Inmates who entered Irish prisons had to work their way through four stages. The first, or entry level, involved solitary confinement and dull work. Most prisoners in the first level were housed at Mountjoy Prison in Dublin. The second stage assigned prisoners to Spike Island, where they worked on fortifications. The third stage placed prisoners in field units, which worked directly in the community on publicservice projects. Unarmed guards supervised the prisoners. The fourth stage depended on what Crofton called the "ticket of leave." The ticket of leave allowed prisoners to live and work in the community under the occasional supervision of a "moral instructor." It could be revoked at any time up until the expiration of the offender's original sentence.

Hedonists -Types of male inmates

Some inmates build their lives around the limited pleasures available within the confines of prison. The smuggling of contraband, homosexuality, gambling, drug running, and other officially condemned activities provide the center of interest for prison hedonists. Hedonists generally have an abbreviated view of the future, living only for the "now."

The colonizer -Types of male inmates

Some inmates think of prison as their home and don't look forward to leaving. They "know the ropes," have many "friends" inside, and may feel more comfortable institutionalized than on the streets. They typically hold positions of power or respect among the inmate population. Once released, some colonizers commit new crimes to return to prison.

The religious. -Types of male inmates

Some prisoners profess a strong religious faith. They may be bornagain Christians, committed Muslims, or even Satanists or witches. Religious inmates frequently attend services, may form prayer groups, and sometimes ask the prison administration to allocate meeting facilities or to create special diets to accommodate their claimed spiritual needs. Although it is certainly true that some inmates have a strong religious faith, staff members are apt to be suspicious of the overly religious prisoner.

reentry courts

Specialized courts that help reduce recidivism and improve public safety through the use of judicial oversight to apply graduated sanctions and positive reinforcement, to marshal resources to support the prisoner's reintegration, and to promote positive behavior by the returning prisoners.

Square inmates -Know the types of female inmates

Square inmates had few early experiences with criminal lifestyles and tended to sympathize with the values and attitudes of conventional society

federal prison security levels

The BOP classifies its institutions according to five security levels (Figure 13-9): (1) administrative maximum (ADMAX), (2) high security, (3) medium security, (4) low security, and (5) minimum security. High-security facilities are called U.S. penitentiaries (USPs), medium- and low-security institutions are both called federal correctional institutions (FCIs), and minimum-security prisons are termed federal prison camps (FPCs).114

2008 Second Chances Act

The Second Chance Act authorizes funding to states, tribal, or local prosecutors to expand, develop or implement qualified drug treatment programs that are alternatives to imprisonment.

civil death

The legal status of prisoners in some jurisdictions lost most of their rights upon conviction, suffering a kind of civil death. Many states defined the concept of civil death through legislation that denied inmates the right to vote, to hold public office, and even to marry. Some states made incarceration for a felony a basis for uncontested divorce at the request of the noncriminal spouse

The legalist -Types of male inmates

The legalist is the "jailhouse lawyer." Convicts facing long sentences, with little possibility for early release through the correctional system, are most likely to turn to the courts in their battle against confinement.

The opportunist -Types of male inmates

The opportunist takes advantage of the positive experiences prison has to offer. Schooling, trade training, counseling, and other self-improvement activities are the focal points of the opportunist's life in prison. Opportunists are generally well liked by prison staff, but other prisoners shun and mistrust them because they come closest to accepting the role that the staff defines as "model prisoner."

correctional model -Know the models of probation and parole supervision

The other model for officers is correctional. In this model, probation and parole clients are "wards" whom officers are expected to control. This model emphasizes community protection, which officers are supposed to achieve through careful and close supervision.

The Punitive Era (1935-1945) -Know the different prison eras

The punitive era that resulted was characterized by the belief that prisoners owed a debt to society that only a rigorous period of confinement could repay. - Innovations were rare, and a philosophy of "out of sight, out of mind" characterized American attitudes toward inmates. -The term stir-crazy grew out of the experience of many prisoners with the punitive era's lack of educational, treatment, and work programs. In response, inmates created their own diversions, frequently attempting to escape or inciting riots. One especially secure and still notorious facility of the punitive era was the federal penitentiary on Alcatraz Island.

The realist -Types of male inmates

The realist sees confinement as a natural consequence of criminal activity and as an unfortunate cost of doing business. This stoic attitude toward incarceration generally leads the realist to "pull his (or her) own time" and to make the best of it. Realists tend to know the inmate code, are able to avoid trouble, and continue in lives of crime once released.

mandatory parole/release

The release of an inmate from prison that is determined by statute or sentencing guidelines and is not decided by a parole board or other authority.

Gagnon v. Scarpelli

The safeguards identified in Morrissey v. Brewer were extended to probationers.

"crack kids"

The social structure of women's prisons was altered about 20 years ago by the arrival of cocaine-addicted "crack kids," as they were called in prison argot. Crack kids, whose existence highlighted generational differences among female offenders, were streetwise young women with little respect for traditional prison values, for their elders, or even for their own children. Known for frequent fights and for their lack of even simple domestic skills, these young women quickly estranged many older inmates, some of whom call them "animalescents."

social work model -Know the models of probation and parole supervision

The social work model stresses an officer's service role and views probationers and parolees as clients. In this model, officers are caregivers whose goals are to accurately assess the needs of their clients and to match clients with community resources, such as job placement, indigent medical care, family therapy, and psychological and substance-abuse counseling. The social work model depicts probation/parole as a "helping profession" wherein officers assist their clients in meeting the conditions imposed on them by their sentence.

prisonization

The socialization of new inmates into the prison subculture has been described as a process of prisonization—the new prisoner's learning of convict values, attitudes, roles, and even language. By the time this process is complete, new inmates have become "cons."

what is the revocation process

The supervising officer may request that probation or parole be revoked if a client has violated the conditions of community release or has committed a new crime. The most frequent violations for which revocation occurs are (1) failure to report as required to a probation or parole officer, (2) failure to participate in a stipulated treatment program, and (3) alcohol or drug abuse while under supervision.42 Revocation hearings may result in an order that a probationer's suspended sentence be made "active" or that a parolee return to prison to complete his or her sentence in confinement.

deinstitutionalization

The transition to community corrections (also called deinstitutionalization, diversion, and decarceration) was based on the premise that rehabilitation could not occur in isolation from the free social world to which inmates must eventually return.

The life -Know the types of female inmates

Women who participated in the life subculture were quite familiar with lives of crime. Many had been arrested repeatedly for prostitution, drug use, theft, and so on. They were full participants in the economic, social, and familial arrangements of the prison.

exile

banish criminals

flogging

beating with a whip or strap or rope as a form of punishment

just deserts philosophy

just deserts philosophy of criminal sentencing, expects corrections staff to keep inmates in custody; this is the basic prerequisite of successful job performance.

mutilation

mutilation is primarily a strategy of specific deterrence that makes it difficult or impossible for individuals to commit future crimes.

know what due process is required to sanction an inmate for misconduct

procedural?

discretionary parole

release of inmates in which the decision to release is made by a parole board based on their judgment and assessment.

split sentences -Know the types of intermediate sanctions

split sentences are an option, judges may impose a combination of a brief period of imprisonment and probation.

regional jails

that is, jails that are built and run using the combined resources of a variety of local jurisdictions. -Regional jails have begun to replace smaller and often antiquated local jails in at least a few locations.

the importation model versus the deprivation model

the importation model of prison subculture suggests that inmates bring with them values, roles, and behavior patterns from the outside world. Such external values, second nature as they are to career offenders, depend substantially on the criminal worldview. When offenders are confined, these external elements shape the social world of inmates. vs deprivation model The pains of imprisonment— the frustrations induced by the rigors of confinement—form the nexus of a deprivation model of prison subculture. Sykes said that prisoners are deprived of (1) liberty, (2) goods and services, (3) heterosexual relationships, (4) autonomy, and (5) personal security—and that these deprivations lead to the development of subcultures intended to ameliorate the personal pains that accompany deprivation.

What is a total institution and issues with total institutions?

total institutions as places where the same people work, recreate, worship, eat, and sleep together daily. Such places include prisons, concentration camps, mental hospitals, seminaries, and other facilities in which residents are cut off from the larger society either forcibly or willingly. Total institutions are small societies. They evolve their own distinctive values and styles of life and pressure residents to fulfill rigidly prescribed behavioral roles.