CRJ105: Exam 1

In 2015, Yakima, Wash., with a population of 249,480, reported 8,825 property offenses. What was the property crime rate?

3,537 property offenses per 100,000 inhabitants

In 2015, Albuquerque, N.M., with a population of 905,803, reported 7,179 violent criminal offenses. What was the violent crime rate?

793 violent offenses per 100,000 inhabitants

How many offenses are never reported to police?

About half

Children in this age range account for the highest percentage of child abuse and neglect victims.

From birth to age 3

What does mens rea mean?

Guilty mind

This writ is issued to bring a party before the court.

Habeas corpus

An example of this type of offense is conspiracy.

Inchoate offense

In legal terminology, this is the state of a child who has not yet reached the specified age to be considered an adult.

Infancy

This defense attempts to give physical or psychological reasons that a defendant cannot comprehend his or her criminal actions, their harm(s), or their punishment.

Insanity defense

This is the administration of a punishment or reward in accordance with morals that a given society considers correct.

Justice

This major English document contributed to U.S. law.

Magna Carta

This is the murder of three or more people in a single incident.

Mass murder

Research has shown that children who are physically abused are at a greater risk for this.

Mental illness, homelessness, and crime.

Usually the maximum incarceration for this type of offense is up to one year in jail.

Misdemeanor

According to the wedding-cake model of criminal justice, what does the bottom layer represent?

Misdemeanors

This minor criminal offense is punishable by a fine and/or jail time for up to one year.

Misdemeanors

Why is it difficult to measure white-collar and corporate crime?

Much of the investigation and regulation of corporate and white-collar crime is not done by law enforcement.

This is designed to gather data on each criminal act even if several acts are committed within the same incident.

National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)

Common law is based on this.

Precedent

Which issue guides precedent?

Predictability, efficiency, and reliability.

This is a state or federal institution that confines people convicted of crime who are serving sentences for longer than a year.

Prison

The suspension of all or part of a sentence subject to certain conditions and supervision in the community.

Probation

Which is a logistical obstacle to measuring crime effectively and efficiently?

Problems of definition, problems of resources, and problems of politics.

This type of law prescribes the methods for the enforcement and use of the law.

Procedural

How does the FBI currently classify arson?

Property crime

These offenses include drug use, disturbing the peace, drunkenness, prostitution, and some forms of gambling.

Public-order crime

Laws must be ____________.

Published in the criminal code, enacted by the legislature, and enforced in a fair and even-handed manner by the authorities.

The taking or attempting to take anything of value from the care, custody, or control of a person or persons by force or threat of force or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear.

Robbery

In society, which of these dictates what is acceptable and what is punished?

Rules, laws, and folkways

In a high school class, a researcher hands out questionnaires that ask the students to identify any criminal offenses they have committed. Which term best describes this type of research?

Self-report study

According to the wedding-cake model of criminal justice, what does the second layer represent?

Serious felonies

This consists of the rules, habits, and customs a society uses to enforce conformity to its norms.

Social control

C. Wright Mills urges the use of this to examine issues while removed from our social location.

Sociological imagination

What is the legal principle by which courts are bound by the decisions of previous courts called?

Stare decisis

This type of law is enacted by legislatures.

Statutory law

This kind of crime includes interpersonal violence and property crime.

Street Crime

This type of offense tends to involve offenses in which the public's welfare is at issue.

Strict liability

This type of law sets forth what behaviors are defined as crimes.

Substantive

Which is one of the three criteria used to determine what behaviors are made criminal?

The effects of the law, the existence of other means to protect society from undesirable behavior, and the enforceability of the law.

Sutton breaks into a house when the owner is away and looks for valuable items to steal. However, he does not find anything worth taking and leaves. The owner returns later and does not notice anything amiss, nor even realizes the house was entered. How will Sutton's offense be recorded?

The offense will not be recorded; it is part of the dark figure of crime.

For rape and sexual assault victims, the criminal justice process is often described this way.

The second victimization

Which is not included in the typical definition of elder abuse?

The victim is not dependent on a caregiver.

Which is not a reason that a victim would not report an offense?

The victim may have committed the offense.

Which group of people is not included in considerations of victimization?

The victims, the families of victims, and the victims' communities.

This type of law covers personal wrongs and damage and includes libel, slander, assault, trespass, and negligence.

Tort law

This annual FBI publication uses data from participating U.S. law enforcement agencies to summarize the incidence and rate of reported crime.

Uniform Crime Reports

This is the most extensive and useful measure of crime available.

Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)

Which choice best describes the sources of error in the Uniform Crime Reports?

Unintentional and intentional

To administer a legal process of judging and to pronounce a judgment.

Adjudicate

This type of law comes from judicial decisions and requires judges to consider how previous cases dealt with similar issues.

Case law

According to the wedding-cake model of criminal justice, what does the top layer represent?

Celebrated cases

Written on an ancient stone tablet, this collection of over 250 laws covered a wide range of issues.

Code of Hammurabi

This is sometimes called case law, judiciary law, or unwritten law.

Common law

Actus reus, mens rea, and concurrence constitute this.

Corpus delicti

This is the violation of the laws of a society by a person or a group of people who are subject to the laws of that society.

Crime

This criminal justice model describes the expectation of an efficient criminal justice system.

Crime control model

What is the number of Crime Index offenses divided by the population of an area called?

Crime rate

This social institution controls crime by detecting, detaining, adjudicating, and punishing and/or rehabilitating people who break the law.

Criminal justice

Police officers, prosecutors, judges, and corrections officials use this to decide what to do with individual cases.

Discretion

This legal principle states that a person cannot be tried twice for the same offense.

Double jeopardy

This criminal justice model describes the expectation of a just and fair criminal justice system.

Due process model

These offenses are punishable by more than a year in a state prison.

Felonies

This type of offense includes murder, rape, assault, larceny, and arson.

Felony

According to this Amendment, "No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise, infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury..."

Fifth

This criminal offense is committed during the course of business for financial gain.

White-collar crime

Four factors challenge the transition to greater cooperation among law enforcement agencies. Which is not one of these?

All individual agencies organize their policies and operations in exactly the same way.

What are the first 10 amendments to the Constitution called?

Bill of Rights

This is the use or threat of violence against a state or other political entity in order to coerce.

Terrorism

Why does the National Crime Victimization Survey not account for successfully completed drug transactions?

The buyers do not consider themselves crime victims.

The advantage of the NIBRS over the UCR is that it allows law enforcement to precisely identify_____.

The characteristics of victims and perpetrators, when and where an offense takes place, and the form of an offense.

Criminologists use this term to refer to instances when a victim plays an active role in initiating conflict.

Victim precipitation

After the trial of James Holmes, who opened fire on an Aurora, Colorado, movie theater in July 2012, about 100 family members of the victims spoke in court about how the crime affected them. Which term best relates to this activity?

Victim-impact statement

Deborah's cell phone is stolen from her bag. Later a census taker interviews her about the incident. Which term best describes this type of research?

Victimization survey

Behaviors that are deemed undesirable because they offend community standards rather than directly harm people or property.

Victimless crime

How does the FBI classify murder and non-negligent manslaughter, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault?

Violent crimes