CRJU Exam 1
Which agency is the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) a part of? Department of Justice Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Department of Homeland Security U.S. Marshals Service
Department of Justice
Which of the following is NOT generally considered a priority for the FBI? Terrorism Federal crimes Street-level violent crime Drug trafficking
Street-level violent crime
According to the social disorganization theory, why do people who experience rapid social change ultimately turn to drug use and abuse? They partake in violent criminal activity. They become disaffiliated from mainstream society. They experience a great sense of emotional loss. They experience great financial hardship.
They become disaffiliated from mainstream society.
What data source allows for the comparison of crime rates in the U.S.? National Crime Victimization Survey Monitoring the Public Survey Self-report Surveys Uniform Crime Report
Uniform Crime Report
Which of the following concepts means that government powers are shared by the national government and the states? discretion federalism justice due process
federalism
Individuals have experienced hate crimes because of which of the following categories? religion sexual orientation race all of these
all of these
What is the biggest reason individuals experience hate crimes in the United States today? race class religion sexuality
race
Identify a true statement about criminological theories. Once a criminological theory has been accepted, criminologists and criminal justice professionals are unlikely to challenge its premise. As part of the scientific method, a criminological theory is often presented in the form of an "If, then" structure. A criminological theory provides a definitive answer for the question, "What causes crime?" A criminological theory claims to determine whether, under a certain set of circumstances, a person is more or less likely to commit a crime.
A criminological theory claims to determine whether, under a certain set of circumstances, a person is more or less likely to commit a crime.
Which statement about the differences between criminal courts and civil courts is false? In criminal court, a defendant is found guilty of committing a crime, while in civil court a defendant is found liable of wrongdoing. A criminal court is concerned with protecting society from harm, while a civil court is concerned with resolving disputes involving individuals or entities. A defendant who loses in criminal court faces a possible punishment of being incarcerated, while a defendant who loses in civil court will usually, at worst, be required to pay monetary damages to compensate for the wrong that has been done. A prosecutor initiates criminal proceedings by filing charges against a defendant, while in civil court a prosecutor initiates proceeding by filing a lawsuit against a plaintiff.
A prosecutor initiates criminal proceedings by filing charges against a defendant, while in civil court a prosecutor initiates proceeding by filing a lawsuit against a plaintiff. (false)
Identify the FALSE statement with respect to civil law. Administrative law is a source of civil law The plaintiff brings the suit in civil cases Civil law regulates the rights and duties between individual parties or organizations The standard of proof in civil cases is preponderance of the evidence
Administrative law is a source of civil law
The videos captured by police can be used internally by the police department, and in court/ Which of the following were mentioned as the positives to the technology? It decreases bias in officers. It decreases report writing time. It is used as evidence in court. All these answers are correct.
All these answers are correct.
What is the best way to describe the responsibilities of local law enforcement officers such as police officers and sheriff's deputies? Although the public focuses on their crime fighting and law enforcement duties, local officers provide numerous services in the community that are not directly related to enforcing criminal laws. Local officers best serve the community by preventing crimes before they occur, not by arresting wrongdoers after the crimes have been committed. Local officers spend most of their time arresting offenders and performing other duties that are directly related to getting criminals off the streets. Because local law enforcement agencies lack the training and resources to cope with social problems such as mental illness, homelessness, and drug abuse, local officers do not involve themselves with such noncriminal activities.
Although the public focuses on their crime fighting and law enforcement duties, local officers provide numerous services in the community that are not alway directly related to enforcing criminal laws.
Why have many police officers become proficient in emergency medical procedures? Many off-duty police officers moonlight as firefighters or private emergency medical services providers. Police officers share the duty to provide emergency medical services with fire departments and other emergency medical services providers. Most police departments require police officers to be just as proficient in providing emergency medical services as in enforcing crimes. As first responders, the police provide any necessary assistance until other agencies can provide these services.
As first responders, the police provide any necessary assistance until other agencies can provide these services.
How do the U.S. Immigrations and Customs Enforcement (ICE) and U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) agencies differ? CBP polices the flow of legal trade and travel across U.S. borders, while ICE enforces free trade regulations. CBP keeps unauthorized persons and goods from crossing our borders, while ICE detains and removes persons and goods that are in the United States illegally. CBP investigates persons who are in the United States illegally, while ICE deports immigrants who have entered the country illegally or overstayed their visas. CBP partners with foreign countries to disrupt smuggling operations, while ICE enforces custom laws.
CBP keeps unauthorized persons and goods from crossing our borders, while ICE detains and removes persons and goods that are in the United States illegally.
There were many benefits to the use of body cams, including collecting data for research and collecting investigation information. What have been the results of the use of police-worn cameras in the Rialto Police Department specifically? Complaints against police officers have dropped dramatically, as has use of force by police officers. Complaints against police officers have dropped dramatically, but use of force by police officers has risen. Complaints against police officers have risen dramatically, but use of force by police officers has dropped. Complains against police officers have risen dramatically, as has use of force by police officers.
Complaints against police officers have dropped dramatically, as has use of force by police officers.
What is a consequence of applying the principles of intelligence-led policing to issues of terrorism? Cooperation between federal and local law enforcement has increased. Federal law enforcement agencies have taken on many of the responsibilities of local law enforcement agencies. Federal law enforcement agencies now have authority over many local law enforcement agencies. Local law enforcement agencies have taken on many of the responsibilities of federal law enforcement agencies.
Cooperation between federal and local law enforcement has increased.
Brenda was caught by Nordstrom's stealing women's shoes. She was referred to law enforcement for case processing. A year later, while at Nordstrom's again, Brenda decides not to engage in another act of shoplifting because she does not want a second arrest. What type of deterrence is being captured in this scenario? Informal deterrence Formal deterrence Individual deterrence Retributive deterrence
Formal deterrence
Which of the following did sociologist Ruth D. Peterson's research project reveal about violent crime rates in the neighborhoods of Columbus, Ohio? Neither higher levels of disadvantage within neighborhoods nor the ethnic or racial makeup of neighborhoods were linked to higher violent crime rates. Higher levels of disadvantage within neighborhoods and the ethnic or racial makeup of neighborhoods were equally linked to higher violent crime rates. Ethnic or racial makeup within neighborhoods was linked to higher violent crime rates, but the higher levels of disadvantage within neighborhoods were not. Higher levels of disadvantage within neighborhoods were linked to higher violent crime rates, but the ethnic or racial makeup of neighborhoods were not.
Higher levels of disadvantage within neighborhoods were linked to higher violent crime rates, but eh ethnic or racial makeup of neighborhoods were not.
Which of the following is true of victims' rights in the United States? Victims have meaningful say in the prosecution of the offender who committed the crime against them. Today, there is a Victims' Rights Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. In 2013, several members of Congress introduced a Victims' Rights Amendment. Victims play many important roles after a crime against them has occurred.
In 2013, several members of Congress introduced a Victims' Rights Amendment.
Which of the following is true of the conflict model? It assumes that conflict in society is uncommon, but when it does occur punishment is essential. It holds that society's members will naturally agree on norms and values. It holds that criminal law should be determined by those with influence in the community. It holds that conflicts will resolve themselves in a just society.
It holds that criminal law should be determined by those with influence in the community.
Which of the following is NOT true of justice? It is a difficult concept to define. It is not linked to the idea of fairness. It means that all individuals are free from arbitrary arrest. It means that all individuals are equal before the law.
It is not linked to the idea of fairness.
Why is the U.S. Constitution thought of as the supreme law of the land? It is the only law in the United States. It represents unchangeable U.S. law. No other law in the United States is federally enforceable. It is the basis of all laws in the United States.
It is the basis of all laws in the United States.
As discussed in the video, which of the following is a "hidden benefit" of navigating the mentally ill out of state or federal prisons? It allows police officers to not worry about the mentally ill. It saves taxpayers potentially huge amounts of money. It opens additional space for more criminals to be placed. It clears the dockets of both state and federal level courts.
It saves taxpayers potentially huge amounts of money.
Identify a false statement about the findings of criminologists who specialize in victimology. A relatively small number of victims are involved in a disproportionately high number of crimes. Males and females face equal risks when it comes to being victimized by intimate partner violence. Suffering from mental illness significantly raises the risks that a person will be a victim of crime. The likelihood of a person being a victim is higher if that person lives in a high crime neighborhood, has been victimized before, and it not protected by a capable guardian.
Males and females face equal risks when it comes to being victimized by intimate partner violence (false)
Which of the following measurements would be the most appropriate in order to find info about the specific experiences of victims of hate crimes? Crime Trend Survey Uniform Crime Report (UCR) National Crime Victim Survey (NCVS) Self-Report Survey
National Crime Victim Survey (NCVS)
Though the purpose of Criminal Law is to "maintain social order by protecting citizens from criminal harm," the purpose of the "navigators" program from the video is to do which of the following? Navigate the mentally ill out of prisons and into treatment and jobs. Navigate criminals into the right programs within prisons and jails. Excuse the crimes of mentally ill criminals by use of the insanity plea. Nullify the rulings of courts that convict the mentally ill.
Navigate the mentally ill out of prisons and into treatment and jobs.
Why might an aging population be a contributing factor to a declining violent crime rate? Older Americans are more often victims of violent crimes. Older Americans are less likely to be violent criminals. An aging population also means a shrinking population. Older Americans tend to live away from inner cities.
Older Americans are less likely to be violent criminals
Which statement about sworn officers in the United States is true? Women police officers are proportionately represented in most police departments today. Prior to 1968, police departments were more likely to hire an African American than a woman. About 10 percent of all police chiefs in the United States today are women. Prior to 1968, African Americans represented about 10 percent of all sworn officers in the United States.
Prior to 1968, police departments were more likely to hire an African American than a woman.
According to the text, why is there a high demand for secondary policing? Public officers are more skilled than private security guards. Public officers are more flexible than private security guards. Off-duty police have the authority to use force to stop a felony, whereas private security guards do not. Off-duty police have a stronger presence than private security guards.
Public officers are more skilled than private security guards.
What is one reason that many criminologists reject any link between criminal behavior and race and/or ethnicity? Research shows that there is no difference in the violent crime and victimization rates between African Americans and white Americans. Research shows that neighborhoods with similar poverty levels have similar crime and victimization rates, regardless of the racial or ethnic makeup of those neighborhoods. Research shows that even though African Americans make up only thirteen percent of the population of the United States, they represent nearly 40 percent of those arrested for violent crimes. Research shows that factors such as poverty, unemployment, lack of education, and single parent households are not linked to criminal behavior.
Research shows that neighborhoods with similar poverty levels have similar crime and victimization rates, regardless of the racial or ethnic makeup of those neighborhoods.
Which of the following is true of the insanity plea? Criminal law in the United States has outright rejected its use as a defense. It has largely been an uncontroversial defense in criminal hearings. States across the country apply different tests to determine insanity. It has only been used as a defense in the United States for the last 25 years.
States across the country apply different tests to determine insanity.
Which argument best summarizes the position of those who oppose state laws that legalize the sale and possession of small amounts of marijuana for personal use? Such laws fail to protect society from the harms caused by marijuana use. Such laws are unfair. Such laws are hypocritical because they do not acknowledge that alcohol, although legal, causes harm to society. Such laws free up scarce law enforcement resources to focus on more serious criminal activity.
Such laws fail to protect society from the harms caused by marijuana use.
Which is an example of the patronage system? The mayor appoints a good friend, Alec, to the chief of police position in exchange for Alec's promise to support him in an upcoming election. Marvin agrees to cover for Bart being late to work in exchange for $50 and the promise to cover for him in the future. Emma, a police officer in the Mayfair Police Department, tells her friend Sacha about an opening in the department and agrees to give her a reference if she applies for a position. Rosa applies for a low-salary position as a dispatcher based on the recruiter's promise that the experience will give her an advantage when the police department freeze is lifted.
The mayor appoints a good friend, Alec, to the chief of police position in exchange for Alec's promise to support him in an upcoming election.
Why was the race of the president as African American particularly important? The overall number of hate crimes and the crimes against African Americans decreased. The overall number of hate crimes and the crimes against African Americans increased. The overall number of hate crimes increased, though the crimes against African Americans decreased. The overall number of hate crimes decreased, though the crimes against African Americans increased.
The overall number of hate crimes and the crimes against African Americans decreased.
What must be done to ensure that hate crime rates are accurately calculated? The overall population growth must be accounted for. The average of the number of hate crimes per area must be considered. The hate crimes against specific races must be grouped. The total number of hate crimes must subtracted from the previous amount.
The overall population growth must be accounted for.
Which statement concerning local and federal law enforcement is false? It is not uncommon for federal and local police departments to cooperate with each other to protect local communities from criminal behavior. Federal law enforcement agencies are generally authorized to deal with limited areas of criminal law, while local law enforcement agencies have the authority to investigate and combat many different forms of criminal behavior. Sheriff's departments are usually responsible for keeping order in local and state courtrooms, while the U.S. Marshals Service provides security in federal courtrooms. There are more federal law enforcement officers than local law enforcement officers on duty in the United States.
There are more federal law enforcement offices than local law enforcement officers on duty in the United States. (false)
Why are court reversals of wrongful convictions becoming more commonplace? Probation has been shown to be more effective than incarceration. More offenders are hiring private attorneys to appeal their cases. Prisons have become too overcrowded. There have been technological advances in DNA testing.
There have been technological advances in DNA testing.
Studying brain scans of one hundred violent criminals, neuroscientists find that sixty-two of the subjects have experienced damage to their anterior temporal lobes. What conclusion would a criminologist draw from this research? Damage to the anterior temporal lobe of the temporal lobe causes violent behavior. There is no link between damage to the anterior temporal lobe of the brain and violent behavior. There is a correlation between damage to the anterior temporal lobe of the brain and violent behavior. The hypothesis that damage to the anterior temporal lobe of the brain is linked to violent behavior is invalid.
There is a correlation between damage to the anterior temporal lobe of the brain and violent behavior.
In the process of the scientific method, which of the following is true of theories and hypotheses? A theory is just another name for a hypothesis. There must be a theory before there can be a constructed hypothesis. Hypotheses and theories are unrelated in the scientific method. There must be a hypothesis before there can be an accepted theory.
There must be a hypothesis before there can be an accepted theory.
Just as there is a social function of law, the creation of such a facility as Navigators implies that for that specific community, which of the following is true? They express public morality. They have guilt and responsibility. They hold local values. They have burden of proof.
They hold local values.
Self-reported surveys provide us information on crimes in what way? They give us information on people's experiences with reporting crime. They report criminal acts (detected or not) that were perpetrated by the survey taker. They report victimizations that have occurred to the survey taker. They give us information on people's experiences with victim advocacy agencies.
They report criminal acts (detected or not) that were perpetrated by the survey taker.
Which federal law enforcement agency is primarily responsible for apprehending non-U.S. citizens who are living and working in the United States without permission from the federal government? Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) Department of Homeland Security (DHS) U.S. Border Patrol
U.S. Immigration and CUstoms Enforcement (ICE)
What is the main complaint of victims' right advocates? Victims should be allowed to be present at trials. Victims should not have to be a witness against their attackers. Victims should not be so powerless in the judicial process against their assailant. Victims should not have so much say in the prosecution of criminals.
Victims should not be so powerless in the judicial process against their assailant.
Which of the following is NOT one of the four contributing factors that James Alan Fox uses to explain the recent trend toward declining violent crime rates? a healthier economy, especially within inner cities more lenient marijuana laws in many states continued improvement in law enforcement longer prison terms for offenders
a healthier economy, especially within inner cities
According to the routine activities theory, most criminal acts require all of the following EXCEPT __________. a likely offender a suitable target a sensible motive the absence of a capital guardian
a sensible motive (not everything has to make sense)
Along the criminal justice process continuum, which of the following steps comes between "prosecution and pretrial services" and "sentencing and sanctions"? corrections entry into the system probation adjudication
adjudication
What circumstances have led to cooperation between the Chicago Police Department (CPD) and the FBI? an unusually high number of murders and shootings in Chicago a series of terrorist attacks in Chicago corruption within the CPD a shortage of police officers within the CPD
an unusually high number of murders and shooting in Chicago
Which of the following theories refers to Cesare Lombroso's idea that offenders are evolutionary throwbacks to an earlier stage of development? atavism phrenology somotology personality theory
atavism
Why have community-based corrections increased in popularity? because all convicts need and benefited from incarceration in jails because halfway houses and residential centers are no longer viable options because federal corrections have deferred to the states and localities because jails and prisons have been plagued with problems of funding and overcrowding
because jails and prisons have been plagued with problems of funding and overcrowding
How does duress cause a person to perform an unlawful act that he or she would otherwise not perform? by the wrongful threat of another person by the taking of intoxicants by a lack of responsibility due to mental instability by ignorance of the law or a mistake of law
by the wrongful threat of another person
A criminal justice professional's ability to rely on discretion when making on-the-job decisions means that he or she ___. should focus primarily on the wishes of the public to guide his or her actions cannot allow personal ethics or morals to introduce an element of bias into the decision-making process is able to use his or her personal judgment when the formal rules allow for one or more possible choices is free to disregard the law when the law is wrong or misguided
cannot allow personal ethics or morals to introduce an element of bias into the decision-making process
What two categories can all law be divided into? constitutional law and social law civil law and criminal law individual law and societal law case law and administrative law
civil law and criminal law
Peyton claims in a news interview that "gambling laws in my state are unfair as it is completely lawful for the rich to gamble in the stock market, but I can't buy lotto tickets on my little paycheck." What model below is Peyton most likely highlighting with her criticism? conflict model consensus model crime control model common model
conflict model
The Chicago Police Department breaks up the city into three areas: Central, North, and South. The population of the South Side of Chicago is about 90 percent African American. According to policing experts, what concept should the FBI pay close attention to when putting together its task force for the South Side? tokenism field training double marginality diversity
double marginality
Approaches or strategies that have been extensively researched and shown consistently to produce the desired outcomes are known as __________. evidence-based practices reinvestment strategies discretions discretionary practices
evidence-based practices
What is the name of the power-sharing system of government adopted by the United States in which individual states are permitted to enact laws that reflect the values of their inhabitants? federalism the dual court system justice the crime control model
federalism
Discretion allow practitioners to choose between and among alternative courses of action, which leads to the development of ________ criminal justice processing. ethical informal capital formal
informal
Which of the following defense excuses is most likely to be used by the individuals in the video, if they were to end up in court? infancy mistake insanity duress
insanity
In the video, Eddie Johnson, superintendent of the Chicago Police Department, says that the FBI has provided analysts to "look at our crime picture so that they can help us figure out where to best deploy our resources." What strategy is Superintendent Johnson describing? intelligence-led policing the professional model recruitment going undercover online
intelligence-led policing
Double marginality is a situation in which a minority police officer __________. discriminates against members of his or her own race or ethnicity gives preferential treatment to members of his or her own race or ethnicity is viewed with suspicion by both other police officers and members of his or her own minority group is considered a traitor by members of his or her own race or ethnicity for enforcing the law against members of that race or ethnicity
is viewed with suspicion by both other police officers and members of his or her own minority group.
Body cams bring up the questions citizens have regarding police behavior. Ethics in criminal justice is most closely relates to which of the following concepts? justice adjudication investigation corrections
justice
Which of the following is NOT one of the elements essential of any crime? mens rea motive concurrence actus reus
motive (doesn't have to make sense)
While on a walk in his neighborhood, Sam Brown saw a little girl struggling in a backyard pool. Sam admitted to the court that he saw the sign between himself and the little girl which said, "No Trespassing. Violators Will Be Prosecuted." Nonetheless, Tom told the court he jumped the fence anyway in an effort to save the girl from drowning. What defense of legal responsibility is Sam likely claiming in his argument before the court? duress self-defense necessity entrapment
necessity
According to the M'Naghten rule, a person is legally insane and therefore not criminally responsible if, at the time of the offense, he or she was __________. under the wrongful threat of another person influenced by an irresistible impulse to commit the crime physically forced to ingest an intoxicating substance not able to distinguish between right and wrong
not able to distinguish between right and wrong
Sometimes, local values and federal law will conflict with one another. When this happens, states or localities can and have passed which of the following types of laws that seek to void federal legislation within their borders? constitutional laws nullification laws administrative laws case laws
nullification laws
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the modernization of the American police? use of technology administrative reforms patronage professionalism
patronage
Factors influencing the growth of the private security industry include all of the following EXCEPT __________. crimes in the workplace such as shoplifting and employee theft the need to prevent unauthorized access to transportation hubs, power plants, and financial centers budget cuts in state and local police departments pension reforms that have decreased the incomes of law enforcement officers
pension reforms that have decreased the incomes of law enforcement officers
A crime is a wrong against society that is __________. universally accepted as wrong among all societies proclaimed by law static and unchanging punishable by the individual victim
proclaimed by law
To convince a judge or jury that a defendant is guilty, a prosecutor must __________. prove that it is more likely that the defendant committed the crime than it is that the defendant did not commit the crime show by clear and convincing evidence that the defendant committed the criminal act in question establish that the defendant's guilt is the only possible explanation for the criminal act in question demonstrate that the defendant has previously been found liable of wrongdoing in a civil trial
prove that it is more likely that the defendant committed the crime that it is that the defendant did not commit the crime
The second era of policing 9in the United States is the ______ era. general community political reform
reform
Which of the following is NOT one of the three levels of law enforcement? state regional local federal
regional
As mentioned in the video, many individuals who struggle with drug addiction and mental illness had similar pasts as Bill Caruthers. Which of the following interaction did Caruthers have with the criminal justice system prior to the program? long-time police office former judge repeat offender prison counselor
repeat offender
Marisol is a candidate for a police officer position in a large metropolitan area. She should expect any of the following background checks and tests EXCEPT a(n) __________. credit check review of her email activity interview with her spouse psychological screening test
review of her email activity
Which of the following theories is a life-course theory? social disorganization theory learning theory & strain theory self-control theory learning theory learning theory strain theory
self-control theory
Sociologist Jack Katz suggests that the rewards of crime may not only be financial, they may be "__________." physical altruistic sensual cognitive
sensual
What is the "dark figure of crime"? the amount of crime that occurs during the night the amount of crime that does get reported the amount of crime that goes unreported the amount of violent crime that occurs in the country
the amount of crime that goes unreported
At one point in the video, an FBI agent can be seen talking to Chicago students about the dangers of drugs and gangs. In which era of policing did this type of practice become popular? the reform era the political era the community era the counterterrorism era
the community era
Which concept holds that criminal law is shaped by the communal values of a society and is designed to set the boundaries for acceptable behavior within that society? the consensus model the informal criminal justice process the due process model the conflict model
the consensus model
Which of the following is the biggest challenge for police departments in acquiring the technology of the body cams? the learning curve to use the expense keeping the cameras charged updating the technology
the expense
Let's review two concepts before you make a decision about this scenario. Which excuse defenses is commonly offered by defendants in sexual assault and rape cases? the mistake of law defense the duress defense the mistake of fact defense the intoxication defense
the intoxication defense
A person's procedural due process rights are violated when __________. that person is deprived of "life, liberty, or property" through unfair or arbitrary legal techniques by the government or some other powerful institution the government (either federal or state) infringes on that person's "life, liberty, or property" by violating the Victims' Rights Amendment to the U.S. Constitution a state government improperly deprives that person of "life, liberty, or property" using a method that would be constitutionally acceptable under federal law that person's "life, liberty, or property" in significantly impacted by a law that is clearly unfair or arbitrary
the person is deprived of "life, liberty, or property" through unfair or arbitrary legal techniques by the government or some other powerful institution (maybe)
Which law enforcement agency is primarily responsible for operating county jails in the United States? the local police department the state highway patrol the sheriff's department the U.S. Marshals Service
the sheriff's department
Which of the following can best be defined as an explanation of a happening or circumstance that is based on observation, experimentation, and reasoning? hypothesis scientific method theory correlation
theory
What is the main benefit to the community in the use of body cameras by the police? to catch criminal activity on video to monitor police dealings with the public to provide instant back-up support for field officers to absolve police from accusations of wrongdoing
to monitor police dealings with the public
Which of the following is NOT an example of a strict liability law? drug-control statutes child endangerment laws health and safety regulations traffic laws
traffic laws
