CS-1A

Typical smartphone storage =

16 - 128 GB

Differences between storage media:

4 major differences: • Technology used • Capacity • access time • price

Typical laptop storage =

500 GB - 1 TB

Advantages and Disadvantages of SSD storage:

Advantages: • Fast • Reliable Energy-efficient - saves battery life • Small (fits in Smartphones, cameras, etc.) • Unlike Cloud storage, data is accessible when device is not online Disadvantages: • More expensive than cloud or traditional hard drives • Small - easily misplaced

Define USB

Also called thumb drives or flash drives • Uses integrated circuits to store data • Unlike traditional transistors, Flash uses transistors that remain in the correct position when powered off • Flash based - same technology that is used in SSDS and microSD cards Used with nearly any device: • desktops, laptops, tablets • many televisions • Smartphones - with adapters

Describe a DVD

Approximate storage capacity: • 3- 4.5 GB (single layer, single side) • 5- 16 GB (dual layer, double side) • A DVD's pits and lands are much closer than those on a CD. • Older DVDs and drives required specific formatting (+ or -). Nearly all DVD drives play and burn both formats.

Common optical storage terms:

Burning - writing data on a disc Ripping copying a disc 3 major categories: • compact discs (CDs), • digital versatile discs (DVDS) • Blu-ray discs (BDs) Sold in several varieties: • Read-only memory (-ROM) can only be read • Recordable (-R) - can be burned once Rewritable (-RW)- can be burned multiple times • Recordable erasable (-RE) - rewritable BD

Emerging storage technologies

Challenges: • 700 hours of video uploaded to YouTube every minute • Mapping patients genomes will take even more storage • Roughly the equivalent of all the video aired by the 3 major networks since the 1950s is being uploaded to YouTube every 10 days.

Examples of storage media :

Magnetic tape - found on the back of credit or debit cards, or on the platters of hard disks Optical - used with CDs, DVDS, and Blu-ray discs Electronic storage - found on MicroSD cards, USB (thumb) drives, SDD

Disadvantages of cloud storage:

Must be online • Unlike files stored on DVDS or thumb drives, files on the cloud are only available when you're connected to the Internet Files can be accessed by others • Like storing your valuables in a bank's safe deposit box, there's always a chance your files could be accessed inappropiately when they're on someone's server

Advantages of cloud storage:

Redundancy - data is stored on multiple servers • If one server crashes data is recovered • Occurs without the user's effort or even knowledge Availability - data can be retrieved by any Internet-connected device • Unlike a DVD or a thumb drive, cloud storage doesn't need to be transported

Describe cloud storage

Saving file to servers on the Internet Different methods: • Email a file to yourself • Save image files to sites such as Picasa, Flickr, Windows Live Photo Gallery, etc. • Purchase online storage space • Amazon is currently the largest cloud storage supplier

Memristor storage:

Similar to the technology used in Resistive random-access memory (RRAM) • Circuit element with variable resistance • Resistance determined by history of current that has passed through it • Since 1 memristor could replace many transistors, memristor storage would be much smaller and faster than flash storage • Flash technology boasts access times below 25 nanoseconds. Memristor storage could approach access times of 1 nanosecond

Storage:

Storage, sometimes referred to as "secondary storage, allows computers to retain data when the device is turned off. Storage allows computers to keep programs. photos, videos, and other data files for future use.

Audio file compression:

Typically used to reduce the size of music files Most popular compression formats: • AAC - (Advanced Audio Coding format) Used by Apple Music, default for YouTube, Nintendo, PlayStation • Vorbis - Used by Spotify, many video games and radio stations • M4A - Popular lossy compression format (and container) • WAV Microsoft audio format, most popular lossless compression format • MP3 - Legacy lossy compression format - still commonly used

traditional magnetic hard drive :

access time is considered the time it takes for the read/write head to locate the correct sector on the disc.

Electronic circuits

be used to store data. Electronic storage is used in MicroSD cards, USB (thumb) drives, and solid state drives (SSD).

Hard drive capacity :

is the amount of storage you have available to save data and information on your computer.

A short email uses about one____________of data.

kilobyte

Storage that retains its data after the power is turned off is referred to

nonvolatile storage

Solid state hard drives and flash drives :

provide data in significantly shorter access time since there are no spinning discs involved.

Storage media refers to...

specific technology that retains the data. While a DVD drive is a storage device, the DVDS themselves are storage media. DVDS use reflective pits and lands to retain data.

Access time refers to:

the time it takes data to reach a computer's processor.

The cost of one megabyte of storage on the hard disk of IBM's RAMAC in 1957 :

would cost $200,000 in today's dollars. That same megabyte today costs as little as 0.004 cents.

Kilobyte:

• 1,000 bytes of data • 1 KB • 1 page of plain text takes about 4 кв • A KB was once considered 2 10 or 1,024 bytes. As storage became larger this difference became significant. In 1998 the IEC named this amount the kibibyte, while a kilobyte equals 1,000 bytes.

Video file compression:

• Allows you to store many movies on relatively small devices Popular video compression formats: • MPEG-2 (lossy) - Used in commercial DVDS The AVI (.avi) - Microsoft video format • MPEG-4 (.mp4) Used by individuals to compress videos • QuickTime (.mov) - Apple video format

Define a terabyte

• Approximately 1,000,000,000,000 (1 trillion bytes of data). • 1 TB • Standard unit of measure for A 1 TB hard drive can hold 40 external hard drives Blu-ray movies. • 1 terabyte is enough to store approximately 230 DVDS

storage device

• Blue ray player • Optical drive • External Hard Drive

Define Petabyte:

• Equals 1,000 trillion bytes of data • 1 PB • A unit of measure for significant data storage (server banks) • Google uses roughly 15,000 petabytes (15 exabytes) of storage...today

Flash technology (USB drives, etc,) :

• Fast-no moving parts • Capacity - 4-128 GB • Price, $1/GB, uses USB port

DNA storage:

• Has tremendous potential • Lasts thousands of years • Stores terabytes of data in microscopic space • Theoretically feasible, but technical obstacles such as reducing writing and access time make DNA a distant data storage solution

Hard drive data storage:

• Magnetic coating on a metal platter retains data • Magnetically tipped actuator arm called a read/write head senses the magnetic charges on the disk • Read/write head can either transmit the data to the processor, or change (rewrite) the data • Because the disk mechanically access times than solid state hard spins, hard disk drives have longer drives

Describe compact discs

• Plastic disc with a reflective coating • Reflective coating has pits and lands • Pits - absorb laser beam • Lands - reflect laser beam • CD player reads the reflected beam • Typical CD stores 700 MB

Storage devices:

• Provide for additional data retention • Allow data to be backed-up (copied) Examples include: • External hard drives • Optical drives (DVDS, Blu-rays) • USB drives (Flash or Thumb drives) Solid state drives (SSD)

Fle compression:

• Reduces the size of data files • Saves storage space • Saves transmission capacity/time Two types: • Lossy compression - removes less valuable data • Lossless compression - eliminates redundancy, retains all data Zipping a file compresses it without the loss of data

Image file compression:

• Reduces the size of photo files Common image compression format options: • jpg (created by the Joint Photographic Expert Group) - Most popular lossy format • png (Portable Network Graphics)- Most popular lossless format • .gif (Graphics Interchange Format) - Older lossless format - because of age and simplicity it is used for simple (256 color) animations

Optical media (CDs, DVDS, Blu-rays)

• Slower- mechanically spin • Capacity- CD~ 700 MB; DVD~ 5 GB; Blu-ray ~ 50GB • Price: about 50 cents

How much storage will you need?

• Typical laptop: 500GB - 1TB • Typical tablet: 16GB - 256GB • Storage required for an SD movie: 1-2 GB • Storage required for an HD movie: 3-5 GB • Storage required for a Blu-ray movie: 25+ GB

Helium hard drive:

• Use helium instead of air inside hard drive helium is less dense than air so platters spin more smoothly • Allows more platters in same space • Platters can spin faster • Platters stay cooler • Helium hard drives provide 20-30% more storage in the same space along with faster access time than air-filled hard drives

Optical drives:

• Used in DVD, Blu-ray, and CD players • Reads and writes data using lasers • Product comparisons made with read/write speed • Actual discs = optical media

Holographic storage:

• Uses a refracted laser beam to store data on photo-receptors (usually quartz-based) • Since the beam can strike receptors from different angles, many bits of data can be stored in the same site • In theory - gigabytes of data could be stored in 1 cubic millimeter

Blu-ray:

• Uses a shorter wavelength "blue" laser Blu-ray discs can store approximately 25 GB up to 50 GB of data. • "Ultra" Blu-ray discs store up to 100 GB • A Blu- ray's pits and lands are far more tightly packed than those of a DVD. For this reason a Blu-ray drive can read a DVD but a DVD drive may not be able to read a Blu-ray disc.

Traditional hard drive:

• Usually a laptop or desktop computer's primary storage device • Uses magnetically-charged disk platters to store data and information • hard drive = hard disk

A RAID,

• a redundant array of independent discs • has multiple layers of hard disk drives to provide back-ups for all stored data. • Server banks often use RAIDS to store data. • In a RAID, if one hard disk drive crashes, the data is easily recovered from another hard disk drive.

Which would be used to store a single bit of data?

• a transistor • a hole in a punch card

A gigabyte

• a unit of digital information that consists of one billion bytes. • It is represented by GB. • The gigabyte is the standard unit of measurement for memory and storage in computers. • A gigabyte is enough data to store approximately 250 MP3 music files.

Megabyte :

• a unit of storage equalling one million bytes. It is represented by MB. • A megabyte is enough data to fill four books worth of plain text. • A megabyte is enough space to store approximately 1 minute of MP3 audio.

Bit:

• short for "binary digit" • Basic unit of computer storage • Represented by "b" • Can have only 1 of 2 values • example: a magnet either repels or attracts another magnet

Solid State Drive (SSD) technology

• uses integrated circuits to store data. • This is very similar to the technology that is used in making thumb drives. • Ordinary transistors work as electronic switches, either letting electricity pass or not letting electricity pass. When ordinary transistors are turned off, they return to their original position. • Flash technology uses a special transistor that not only works as a switch, but also remains in the correct position when power is turned off.