CS682 chapter 6
system requirements
122. _______________________________ should meet the following criteria: consistent; complete; feasible; required; accurate; traceable; and verifiable.
Ishikawa diagram
123. The ________________________________ is often referred to as a cause-and-effect diagram or a fishbone diagram.
Fact-finding or information gathering
124. __________________________________ is the formal process of using research, interviews, questionnaires, sampling and other techniques to collect information about problems, requirements, and preferences.
requirements document
125. A(n) ________________________ should consist of the following: (1) functions and services that the system should provide; (2) nonfunctional requirements including the system's features, characteristics, and attributes; (3) constraints that restrict the development of the system or under which the system must operate; and (4) information about other systems the system must operate.
Requirements management
126. _____________________________________ is the process of managing change to the requirements.
samping
127. __________________________________ is the process of collecting a representative sample of documents, forms and records.
Stratification
128. ___________________________________ is a sampling technique that attempts to reduce the variance of the estimates by spreading out the sampling and by avoiding very high or low estimates.
Observation
129. _____________________________________ is a fact-finding technique wherein the systems analyst either participates in or watches a person perform activities to learn about the system.
True
13. A requirements definition document should consist of the following: (1) functions and services that the system should provide; (2) nonfunctional requirements including the system's features, characteristics, and attributes; (3) constraints that restrict the development of the system or under which the system must operate; and (4) information about other systems the system must operate.
Questionnaires
130. ________________________________________ are special-purpose documents that allow the analyst to collect information and opinions from respondents.
free-format
131. A(n) __________________________ questionnaire offers the respondent greater latitude in the answer.
open-ended
132. A(n) ____________________________ question allows an interviewee to respond in any way that seems appropriate.
preparation
133. _____________________________ is the key to a successful interview.
interview guide
134. A(n) _____________________________ is a checklist of specific questions the interviewer will ask the interviewee.
requirements definition
135. A _______________________________ document is a formal document that communicates the requirements of a proposed system.
disadvantage
136. A(n) ___________________________ (advantage or disadvantage) of a questionnaire is that the analyst cannot observe and analyze the body language of the respondent.
disadvantage
137. A(n) _________________________ (advantage or disadvantage) of a questionnaire is that there is no immediate opportunity to clarify a vague or incomplete answer to any question.
Interviews
138. ____________________________ are a fact-finding technique whereby the systems analysts collect information from individuals through face-to-face interaction.
advantage
139. A(n) ________________________ (advantage or disadvantage) of an interview is that it gives the analyst an opportunity to motivate the interviewee to respond freely and openly to questions.
True
14. Requirements validation checks the requirements definition document for accuracy, completeness, consistency, and conformance to standards.
advantage
140. A(n) _________________________ (advantage or disadvantage) of interviews is that they allow the analyst to probe for more feedback from the interviewee.
advantage
141. A(n) ________________________ (advantage or disadvantage) of an interview is that it gives the analyst the opportunity to observe the interviewee's non-verbal communication.
disadvantage
142. A(n) ____________________________ (advantage or disadvantage) of interviewing is that it is time-consuming, and therefore a costly fact-finding approach.
disadvantage
143. A(n) _____________________________ (advantage or disadvantage) of interviewing is that it may be impractical due to the location of the interviewees.
Unstructured interviews
144. _______________________________ are conducted with only a general goal or subject in mind, and with few, if any, specific, questions. The interviewer counts on the interviewee to provide a framework and direct the conversation.
structured interviews
145. In __________________________________, the interviewer has a specific set of questions to ask the interviewee.
Open-ended
146. _________________________ questions allow the interviewee to respond in any way that seems appropriate.
Closed-ended
147. ___________________________ questions restrict answers to either specific choices or short, direct responses.
interview guide
148. A(n) ______________________ is a list of specific questions the interviewer will ask the interviewee during an interview.
Body language
149. _______________________ is the nonverbal communication that we all communicate and are usually unaware of.
False Rationale: Requirements validation checks the requirements definition document for accuracy, completeness, consistency, and conformance to standards.
15. Requirements validation checks the systems proposal for the inclusion of data flow diagrams and entity relationship diagrams for all of the requirements.
Proxemics
150. ___________________________ is the relationship between people and the space around them. It is a factor in communications that can be controlled by the knowledgeable analyst.
Learn from existing documents
151. The recommended first step in fact-finding is to ________________________________.
questionnaires
152. ____________________________ is a fact-finding technique that suffers from a low response rate.
discovery prototyping
153. _________________________ is a fact-finding technique that allows users and developers to experiment with the software.
JRP
154. _________________ is a fact-finding technique that brings stakeholders together for a group meeting.
test plans
155. Discovery prototyping is that it aids in the building of system ________________ and scenarios to be used last in the system testing process.
questionnaires
156. ________________________ is a fact-finding technique that allows information to be gathered relatively inexpensively from a large number of individuals.
requirements
157. It is least costly to get requirements right during the ___________________ phase.
research and site visits
158. ____________________________________ is a fact-finding technique that employs searching trade journals and the web for information on how other organizations have solved similar problems.
work sampling
159. _______________________________ involves a large number of observations taken at random intervals.
True
16. Requirements management is the process of managing change to the requirements.
Joint requirements planning (JRP)
160. ____________________________________ is a process whereby highly structured group meetings are conducted to analyze problems and define requirements. It is a subset of a more comprehensive technique that encompasses the entire development process.
sponsor
161. The JRP __________________ serves as the champion for the project.
facilitator
162. The JRP _____________________ serves as the leader for the JRP sessions.
scribe
163. A JRP ___________________ is responsible for keeping records pertaining to everything discussed in the JRP meeting.
Brainstorming
164. _________________________ is a technique for generating ideas during group meetings.
verifiable
165. _______________________ requirements are ones that are defined so that they can be demonstrated during testing.
complete
166. _______________________ requirements are ones that describe all possible system inputs and responses.
accurate
167. _______________________ requirements are ones that are stated correctly.
True Rationale: Sampling is the process of collecting a representative sample of documents, forms and records.
17. Sampling is the activity of sampling the requirements from the requirements definition to insure requirements validation.
True
18. Randomization is a sampling technique characterized as having no predetermined pattern or plan for selecting sample data.
False
19. Randomization is a sampling technique that attempts to reduce the variance of the estimates by spreading out the sampling and by avoiding very high or low estimates.
True
2. System requirements that specify what the information system must do are referred to as functional requirements.
False
20. Stratification is a sampling technique characterized as having no predetermined pattern or plan for selecting sample data.
True
21. Observation is a fact-finding technique wherein the systems analyst either participates in or watches a person perform activities to learn about the system.
True
22. Work sampling is a fact-finding technique that involves a large number of observations taken at random intervals.
True
23. Questionnaires are documents that allow the analyst to collect information and opinions from respondents.
True
24. An advantage of a questionnaire is that it can be answered quickly.
True
25. An advantage of a questionnaire is that it provides a relatively inexpensive means for gathering data from a large number of individuals.
False
26. A disadvantage of a questionnaire is its high cost of gathering data from a large number of individuals.
False Rationale: An advantage of a questionnaire is that responses can be tabulated and analyzed quickly.
27. A disadvantage of a questionnaire is that responses take a long time to tabulate.
True
28. An advantage of a questionnaire is that responses can be tabulated and analyzed quickly.
False Rationale: A disadvantage of a questionnaire is that the number of respondents is often low
29. An advantage of questionnaire is that the number of respondents is generally high.
True
3. Another name for a system requirement is business requirement.
False Rationale: A disadvantage of observation is that the work being observed may not involve the level of difficulty or the volume normally experienced.
30. An advantage of observation is that it tends to let the analyst observe the normal volume and difficulty of work.
False Rationale: A disadvantage of questionnaires is their inflexibility.
31. An advantage of questionnaires is their flexibility.
True
32. A disadvantage of questionnaires is their inflexibility.
True
33. A disadvantage of a questionnaire is that the analyst cannot observe and analyze the body language of the respondent.
True
34. A disadvantage of a questionnaire is that there is no immediate opportunity to clarify a vague or incomplete answer to any question.
False
35. An advantage of a questionnaire is that good questionnaires are easy to prepare.
True
36. A disadvantage of a questionnaire is that good questionnaires are very difficult to prepare.
True
37. An advantage of observation is that it is relatively inexpensive compared to other fact-finding techniques.
True
38. Questionnaires allow individuals to maintain their anonymity.
True
39. Interviews are a fact-finding technique whereby the systems analysts collect information from individuals through face-to-face interaction.
True
4. Failure to correctly identify system requirements can lead to higher maintenance costs over the life of the system..
True
40. The personal interview is generally recognized as the most important and most often used fact-finding technique.
True
41. Interviewing is a costly fact-finding approach.
True
42. Interviewing can be used to achieve any or all of the following goals: find facts; verify facts; clarify facts; generate enthusiasm; get the end-user involved; identify the requirements; and solicit ideas and opinions.
True
43. The purpose of the Ishikawa diagram is to explore the causes and effects of problems.
True
44. Typically an Ishikawa diagram is filled out in a brainstorming session.
True
45. Interviewing is a very time consuming process.
True
46. An advantage of an interview is that it permits the analyst to adapt or reword questions for each individual.
False Rationale: An advantage of an interview is that it permits the analyst to adapt or reword questions for each individual.
47. A disadvantage of an interview is that the interview guide does not permit the analyst to adapt or reword questions for each individual.
True
48. An advantage of an interview is that it gives the analyst the opportunity to observe the interviewee's non-verbal communication.
False Rationale: A disadvantage of interviewing is that is more time-consuming than questionnaires, and therefore more costly as a fact-finding approach
49. An advantage of interviewing is that is less time-consuming than questionnaires, and therefore less costly as a fact-finding approach.
False Rationale: System requirements that specify a property or quality the system must have are frequently referred to as nonfunctional requirements.
5. System requirements that specify a property or quality the system must have are frequently referred to as functional requirements.
False Rationale: Interviewing is highly dependent on the systems analyst's human relations skills.
50. Interviewing is highly dependent on the systems analyst's technical skills.
False Rationale: Interviewers should avoid assuming an answer is finished or leading nowhere.
51. An important interviewing skill is to be able to control the time consumed by the interview by diplomatically cutting off answers that seem to be leading nowhere.
True
52. A disadvantage of interviewing is that it may be impractical due to the location of the interviewees.
True
53. Unstructured interviews are conducted with only a general goal or subject in mind, and with few, if any, specific questions. The interviewer counts on the interviewee to provide a framework and direct the conversation.
False Rationale: Unstructured interviews are conducted with only a general goal or subject in mind, and with few, if any, specific questions. The interviewer counts on the interviewee to provide a framework and direct the conversation.
54. Unstructured interviews are conducted with a specific set of free-format questions to ask the interviewee.
True
55. In structured interviews, the interviewer has a specific set of questions to ask the interviewee.
False Rationale: In structured interviews, the interview is structured by the interviewer, not the interviewee.
56. In structured interviews, the interview is structured by the interviewee, not the interviewer.
True
57. Open-ended questions allow the interviewee to respond in any way that seems appropriate.
True
58. Closed-ended questions restrict answers to either specific choices or short, direct responses.
True
59. The following is an example of an open-ended question: "What do you need the new system to do?"
True
6. The purpose of requirements discovery and management is to correctly identify the knowledge, process and communication requirements for the users of the new system.
True
60. An interview guide is a list of specific questions the interviewer will ask the interviewee.
False Rationale: Dress to match the interviewee.
61. To help maintain control of the interview, an interviewer should dress more formally that the interviewee.
False Rationale: Avoid long or complex questions.
62. An interview question should be long and complex enough to cover all points for which an interviewer wants answers.
False Rationale: Personal opinion should not be included as part of the question.
63. To help set the context of a question, it is best to give your own opinion to preface asking a question of an interviewee.
False Rationale: The higher the management level of the interviewee, the less time should be scheduled.
64. The higher the management level of the interviewee, the more time should be scheduled for the interview.
False Rationale: Questions can be bypassed if they have been answered earlier or they are deemed irrelevant based on previous answers.
65. Interviewers should prepare an interview guide in advance and not skip any of the planned questions.
False Rationale: Only 7 percent of a person's total feelings is communicated verbally.
66. If you cannot interview someone in person, a telephone or e-mail interview will work just as well.
False Rationale: Let the interviewee know you are listening.
67. The interviewer should avoid interrupting with a lot of "uh-huh's."
True
68. To establish rapport during an interview, position yourself within 1.5 feet of the interviewee.
True
69. During the interview conclusion, you should express appreciation and provide answers to any questions posed by the interviewee. The conclusion is important for maintaining rapport and trust with the interviewee.
True
7.Based on Boehm's findings, an erroneous requirement that goes undetected and unfixed until the operations phase may cost 1,000 times more than it would have cost if it were detected and fixed in the requirements phase.
Answer: False Rationale: Body language is the nonverbal communication that we all communicate and are usually unaware of.
70. Body language is the verbal communication that we all communicate clearly and with awareness.
Answer: True
71. Discovery prototyping is the act of building a small-scale, representative or working model of the users' requirements to discover or verify those requirements.
True
72. An advantage of discovery prototyping is that it allows users and developers to experiment with the software and develop an understanding of how the system might work.
True
73. An advantage of discovery prototyping is that it aids in determining the feasibility and usefulness of the system before high development costs are incurred.
True
74. An advantage of discovery prototyping is that the prototype can serve as a training mechanism for users.
True
75. An advantage of discovery prototyping is that it may minimize the time spent for fact-finding and help define more stable and reliable requirements.
False Rationale: An advantage of discovery prototyping is that it may decrease the time spent on fact-finding.
76. A disadvantage of discovery prototyping is that it may increase the time spent on fact-finding.
True Rationale: Users may develop unrealistic expectations based on the performance, reliability, and features of the prototype.
77. An advantage of prototyping is that it tends to lead to realistic expectations for the system on the part of users.
False Rationale: Technologies other than the ones used for the final software are frequently used.
78. Prototypes are generally developed using the same technologies as the final software. In fact, they are often just incomplete versions of the finished system
True
79. A disadvantage of discovery prototyping is that users may develop unrealistic expectations based on the performance, reliability and features of the prototype. Prototypes can only simulate system functionality and are incomplete in nature.
True
8. Requirements discovery consists of the following activities: (1) problem discovery and analysis; (2) requirements discovery; (3) documenting and analyzing requirements; and (4) requirements management.
False
80. The best prototypes are those that actually grow into the final system.
True
81. The JRP sponsor serves as the champion for the project.
False
82. The JRP sponsor serves as the leader for the JRP sessions.
True
83. A JRP scribe is responsible for keeping records pertaining to everything discussed in the JRP meeting.
False
84. The JRP facilitator is responsible for keeping records pertaining to everything discussed in the JRP meeting.
False
85. JRP sessions generally last three to five hours.
True
86. A benefit of JRP is that it actively involves users and management in the development project.
Answer: False Rationale: A benefit of JRP is that it actively involves users and management in the development project.
87. A disadvantage of JRP is that it actively isolates users and management during the development project.
False Rationale: An advantage of JRP is that it reduces the time required to develop systems. This occurs because the JRP meetings are shorter in duration than traditional interviewing
88. A disadvantage of JRP is that it increases the time required to develop systems. This occurs because the JRP meetings take longer than traditional interviewing.
True
89. When JRP incorporates prototyping as a means of confirming requirements and obtaining design approvals, the benefits of prototyping are also realized.
True
9. The Ishikawa diagram is often referred to as a cause-and-effect diagram or a fishbone diagram.
False Rationale: The fish's head is a single problem, and the possible causes of the problem are drawn as bones.
90. In a fishbone diagram the various problems and opportunities for a systems project are drawn as bones off the main backbone.
requirements discovery
91. The techniques used by systems analysts to identify or extract system problems and solution requirements is known as: A) problem analysis B) requirements discovery C) system requirement D) preliminary investigation E) none of these
business requirements
92. System requirements are also called: A) requirements discovery B) problem analysis requirements C) business requirements D) preliminary requirements E) none of these
system requirement
93. Something that the information system must do or a property it must have is called a: A) functional requirement B) nonfunctional requirement C) system requirement D) scope E) none of these
functional requirement
94. A function or feature that highlights what a system must do is known as: A) requirements discovery B) problem requirement C) functional requirement D) nonfunctional requirement E) none of these
all of these
95. Which of the following might happen if system requirements are incorrect? A) the system may cost more than budgeted B) users may refuse to use the system C) the system could have high downtime D) A and B E) all of these
both (a) and (c)
96. An Ishikawa diagram is also referred to as: A) cause-and-effect diagram C)fishbone diagram A) cause-and-effect diagram B) data flow diagram C) fishbone diagram D) both (a) and (c) E) entity relationship diagram
C Ishikawa diagrams
97. Which of the following is NOT one of the seven common fact-finding techniques? A) research and site visits B) prototyping C) Ishikawa diagrams D) joint requirements planning E) none of these
all of these
98. Some of the initial requirements gathered from stakeholders may be:
sampling
99. The process of collecting a representative sample of documents, forms and records is known as:
False Rationale: Another name for fact-finding is information gathering.
12. Another name for fact-finding is a non-functional requirement.
functional requirement
120. A(n) _____________________________________ is something the information system do.
nonfunctional requirement
121. A(n) ____________________________________________ specifies a property or characteristic of a system.
False Rationale: Requirements discovery includes those techniques used by systems analysts to identify or extract system problems and solution requirements from the user community.
1. Preliminary investigation includes those techniques used by systems analysts to identify or extract system problems and solution requirements from the user community.
True
10. Fact-finding is the formal process of using research, interviews, questionnaires, sampling and other techniques to collect information about problems, requirements, and preferences.
randomization
100. A sampling technique that is characterized as having no predetermined pattern or plan of selecting sample data is known as:
stratification
101. A systematic sampling technique that attempts to reduce the variance of the estimates by spreading out the sampling or by avoiding very high or low estimates is:
observation
102. A fact-finding technique wherein the systems analyst either participates in or watches a person perform activities to learn about the system is:
the number of respondents is low
103. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of a questionnaire?
questionnaires can be answered quickly
104. Which of the following is an advantage of a questionnaire?:
free-format questionnaires
105. Which kind of questions offer the respondent greater latitude in the answer?
fixed format questionnaires
106. Questionnaires that contain questions that require the selection of pre-defined responses are known as:
D open-ended questions
107. Which of the following types of questions should you ask on a questionnaire or interview? A) loaded questions B) biased questions C) leading questions D) open-ended questions E) none of these
interviews
108. Which fact-finding technique is generally recognized as the most important and most often used? A) questionnaires B) observation C) discovery prototyping D) interviews E) none of these
note nonverbal communication
109. Which of the following is something you should do during an interview? A) tape record the interview B) talk extensively to explain the system C) let the interview run as long as it needs to D) note nonverbal communication E) avoid eye contact
True
11. Another name for fact-finding is information gathering.
use jargon
110. Which of the following is something you should NOT do during an interview? A) be courteous B) listen carefully C) use jargon D) be patient E) none of these
personal zone
111. In terms of proxemics, interviews should be conducted in which spatial zone? A) personal zone B) intimate zone C) public zone D) social zone E) twilight zone
encourage group conflict
112. Which of the following is NOT a guideline for successfully conducting a JRP session? A) do not unreasonably deviate from the agenda B) ensure that the scribe is able to take notes C) encourage group conflict D) allow for ample breaks E) none of these
for precision use technical jargon
113. Which of the following is NOT a guideline for successfully conducting a JRP session? A) encourage group consensus B) encourage user and management participation C) for precision use technical jargon D) apply conflict resolution skills E) none of these
brainstorming
114. A technique for generating ideas during group meetings where participants are encouraged to generate as many ideas as possible in a short time without any analysis until all ideas have been exhausted is known as: A) prototyping B) interviewing C) scribing D) brainstorming E) none of these
stratification
115. Sampling every 100th invoice would be an example of: A) randomization B) proxemics C) JRP D) stratification E) observation
by facial and body expressions
116. The biggest share of a person's feelings is communicated: A) by tone of voice B) by facial and body expressions C) verbally D) in writing E) with emoticons
Requirements discovery
117. __________________________________ includes those techniques to be used by systems analysts to identify or extract system problems and solution requirements from the user community.
system requirement
118. A(n) ____________________________________ is a description of the needs and desires for an information system. A requirement may describe functions, features (attributes), and constraints.
System requirements
119. _____________________________________ define the services the system is to provide and prescribe constraints for its operation.
