CSET I

An example of a transversion mutation is _____.

A guanine substituted for a thymine.

Which statement is true about air pressure?

A higher temperature causes greater air pressure

purine

A or G (double ring base)

What is an earthquake?

A violent shaking of the ground due to motions of the Earth's crust.

Based on the original sequence, ACTTGAC, which of the following answer choices includes a transition mutation?

ACTTGGC

How long after the Earth was formed did it take to achieve the state we recognize now?

About 10-20 million years.

Where are most of the world's deserts located?

About 30 degrees latitude

What weather event takes place when a cold front moves faster than a warm front and then overtakes it?

An occluded front.

radiative forcing

Any factor that causes a change in the Earth's radiative balance is called radiative forcing.

pyrimidine

C or T (single ring base)

The Earth was under continuous bombardment by meteorites and comets as it formed and continued to take shape. What was the significance of comets hitting the Earth during that time?

Comets enriched the Earth with gases such as methane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen and ammonia.

Which is true about volcanoes?

Cooling magma that erupts builds a volcano vertically, They are commonly found along plate boundaries, They may form from plates spreading apart, they may form from subduction

How is erosion different from weathering?

Erosion is the movement of rock, while weathering is the breaking down of rock.

force equation

F = a * mass

How did the Earth most likely form?

From a large interstellar cloud of dust and gas.

warm front, what type of weather conditions would you expect to be occurring in the area?

Gray skies and drizzle.

How does the example of a pot of boiling water compare to the magma in the Earth?

Hot water moves towards cooler areas, creating a convection current similar to what we find in magma.

Where in the Milky Way galaxy is our solar system located?

In the middle of one of the arms.

Which type of mutations can result in a frameshift?

Insertions and deletions

The movement of continents over the earth's surface influences climate in what manner?

It affects climate by changing its latitude and longitude.

Which of the following statements BEST categorizes a transform boundary?

It is tectonic movement as a result of building pressure, resulting in an earthquake.

Why does a tsunami wave become very large as it reaches shore?

It loses speed but maintains its energy

How are mantle plumes and hot spots related?

Mantle plumes rise and break through the crust, forming hot spots.

Which of the following is an example of how topography affects the weather?

Moist air rises over the mountains causing rain

El Nino weather patterns occur on a fairly regular basis about every two to seven years. Sometimes, two El Nino seasons occur in subsequent years. What is the most likely effect on the weather in southern states during El Nino years?

More rain and cooler temperatures during the winter months

Why are some oceanic plates more dense than others?

Oceanic plates cool as they leave their origin from the sea floor and become more dense.

When looking at a mountain, where are you likely to view rain falling?

Rain occurs on the windward side of a mountain

The reduction of a base in the DNA strand will _____.

Result in the reduction of a base in the mRNA strand and a modification to the subsequent amino acid.

What scale is used to measure the severity of an earthquake?

Richter scale

Why are deserts hotter than the tropics?

Rock and sand have a lower specific heat than the moist materials found in the tropics.

Which of the following events is LEAST likely to trigger a tsunami?

Rock weathering in the Northwest Hawaiian Islands

Based on the theory of seafloor spreading, what would be expected of ocean floor samples found near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge?

Rocks closer to the ridge would be younger, and rocks farther from the ridge would be older.

What are two NATURAL effects of groundwater movement on the landscape?

Sinkholes and caverns

_____ is water that is held in the spaces between dirt particles following irrigation or rain.

Soil moisture

Why is Antarctica colder than the Arctic?

The Arctic has more surrounding water, which acts as a heat sink

What divides the two major eons (the Precambrian and Phanerozoic Eons)?

The appearance of multicellular organisms

Which of the following is likely to happen at a boundary between an oceanic plate and a continental plate?

The continental plate will float over the oceanic plate because it is less dense and more buoyant

In its early stages, the Earth looked much different than it does now. How would you differentiate between the two stages?

The early Earth was a lot hotter and much larger than it is now.

Which of the following best describes the theory of plate tectonics?

The earth's crust is broken up into plates that float on the hotter more fluid layer below.

Which of the following is true about the Hawaiian islands?

The islands get older as you travel northwest.

Why does the Leaning Tower of Pisa lean?

The land below it has subsided.

How does a frameshift mutation in the gene coding for the enzyme, hexosaminidase A, result in Tay-Sachs disease?

The mutation results in incorrect synthesis of the enzyme.

Consider a satellite orbiting the earth at 17,500 MPH. What would happen to a rock released from the satellite?

The rock would orbit the earth at a velocity of 17,500 MPH next to the satellite

Imagine you are carrying a pan filled with water around a track. Which of the following is the best explanation of what happens to the water as you take a left turn holding the water in front of you?

The water will tend to remain traveling forward. However, as the pan moves to the left, the water will appear to splash out to the right.

The process by which heat from the Earth's interior causes magma to rise and sink is known as what?

Thermal convection

Which of these is true of areas located near the equator?

They have little variation in temperature.

What weather event would you expect to occur when warm, wet air rises quickly, forming an updraft?

Thunderstorm activity in the area

Which of the climate regions gets the most direct sunlight?

Tropics

What is the main reason that vegetation affects the weather?

Vegetation is less reflective

Which statement best describes how the beaches in Hawaii are formed?

Volcanic rocks weather to small pieces that erode and are deposited on shorelines by waves.

When waves break down a sea cliff, pick up and carry the debris, and dump on the shore forming a beach, what processes are happening, and in what order are they happening?

Weathering, then erosion, then deposition

acceleration eqution

a = F/ mass

frameshift mutation

a mutation caused by a insertion or deletion, which causes a shift in the transnational reading frame

numerical dating

actual ages of rock

The Ring of Fire refers to

an area where earthquakes and volcanoes are most common

newton's first law (law of inertia)

an object at rest remains at rest and an object in motion remains in motion unless another force acts on it

acceleration only occurs in the presence of

an unbalanced force

An interface between discontinuous layers of rock is called _____.

an unconformity

What is defined as an imaginary line drawn through the North and South Poles?

axis

transitions

base substitutions that swap a purine for a purine and a pyrimidine for a pyrimidine

transversion

base substitutions that swap a purine for a pyrimidine and vise versa

Which of the following can be formed by a convergent boundary?

deep ocean trenches, volcanic islands, volcanic mountains

oceanic plates are more

dense

Why do plates have different densities?

different rock

What geographic variable influences air temperature based on position in the troposphere?

elevation

Newtons second law

external forces cause objects to accelerate, and the amount of acceleration is directly proportional to the net force and inversely proportional to the mass of the objects

Newton's third law

for every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction force (ie walking- you don't fall through the floor because the floor pushes back)

What is the term for a distinct section of DNA that codes for one protein?

gene

main theory of plate movement

heat from the core causes convection cells in the mantle that move the plates as they ride on the mantle

Which of the following will cause air pressure to increase?

increasing density

Which of the following are units for force?

kg * m / sec^2

strata

layers of different rock type

A mutation in DNA can affect the amino acid sequence because it affects the code found in _____.

mRNA

The Mesozoic Era was the Age of Dinosaurs, and the current Cenozoic Era is the Age of _____.

mammals

The eleventh amino acid of protein X should be serine, however due to a mutation it now has the amino acid alanine in that position. Which type of mutation could have caused this change?

missense

what happens when two continental plates collide?

mountains, neither slide under the other (same density)

Which type of mutation results in an incomplete polypeptide because of an early stop signal?

nonsense

two kinds of plates

oceanic and continental

Any inclusion found within sedimentary rock must be _____ that rock.

older than

what happens when two oceanic plates collide?

one is older, thus denser, therefore one will sink forming volcanoes

Subduction is

one plate being drawn under another plate

Which climate region gets the least access to direct sunlight?

polar regions

convection current

pot of water; current of hot water rising and cooler water sinking begins to form applied to plates; core is stove and mantle is water that rotates

deposition

process of adding sediments and rocks to a landform

main source of heat moving plates

radioactive decay- softens rocks for movement

When plates that are higher at the spreading center flow downhill and eventually flatten out to the ocean floor, we call that _____.

ridge push

The Principle of Original Horizontality applies only to _____ rocks.

sedimentary

As the leading edge of a tectonic plate moves back into the Earth, gravity can assist its movement downward. This is known as what?

slab pull

epoch

smallest time

eon (time)

spans hundreds to thousands of millions of years

era

tens to hundreds of millions of years

Which part of the Earth is the lithosphere?

the crust

inertia

the resistance to change in motion

Geography

the study of the physical features of the Earth and the interactions between humans and those physical features.

car gets hit by train experiences same force

train: Ma car: mA

As the leading edge of a tectonic plate is forced back into the mantle, a small convection current forms beneath it, pulling it downwards. This is known as what?

trench suction

The process where rocks and minerals are broken down by the elements of nature is called _____.

weathering

Convection is:

when hot magma near the core rises to the crust, cools, and sinks back down, forming a current in the mantle.

relative dating

whether one rock is older or younger than the other

Any fault lines or igneous intrusions that cut across a set of rock strata must be _____ that set of rock.

younger than