CSET Multi Subject Subtest 1
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hildago
Ended the War with Mexico and included the Mexican Cession transfer of California and the future states of New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Colorado, Wyoming, Utah to U.S. control.
Sir Francis Drake
English explorer/pirate who circumnavigated the globe from 1577 to 1580 and was sent by Queen Elizabeth I to raid Spanish ships/settlements for gold
California Geology
Evidences faulting, folding, alluvial and sedimentary deposition, and volcanic activity
California geology
Evidences faulting, folding, alluvial and sedimentary deposition, and volcanic activity
expository
Expository writing is a type of writing that is used to explain, describe, give information, or inform
The southeastern Coastal Plain
Extends along the coast from New Jersey to Texas and is generally low land
Who is credited with developing the mission system?
Father Serra
Chronological order of political parties
Federalist (1789), Democratic (1824), Whig (1832), and Republican (1854)
Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans: Constitutional Powers
Federalists: -"Loose Construction" -Authority to do whatever is "necessary and proper" according to the Constitution -Centralized authority in the national government Democratic-Republicans: -"Strict Construction: -Avoid tyranny by exercising only those powers expressly stated in the Constitution -Decentralized authority to the states
Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans: Foundations of the Nation
Federalists: -Expansion and growth -Banking -Investment in business -Manufacturing Democratic-Republicans: -Focus on yeoman farmers (the 18th and early 19th century's middle class) as the foundation of republicanism (sovereignty of the people)
Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans: Foreign Policy
Federalists: -Pro-England -Conservative -Constitutional monarchy Democratic-Republicans: -Pro-France -Revolutionary -Republicanism
Impact of World War II on California: Demographic
Industrial growth prompted new wave of migration and population boom -1940-1950 period saw the greatest percentage population increase -Demographic impact of post-WWII years is comparable to the impact of the Gold Rush in 1849 (Gold Rush and war years were periods of extraordinary population growth) -1940: population approx. 7 million; California ranked 5th most populous state -1942: Bracero Program initiated in California farm fields, started new wave of Mexican immigration (program lasted until 1964) -1950: population approx. 10.5 million; 50% incrase from 1940; Cali became 2nd largest state in population -1960: population approx. 15.7 million; Cali surpasses NY as most populous state
Implement Strategies for Teaching Specific Words (vocabulary instruction)
For example, if reading a novel: -Choose a concept that is important to understanding the novel's plot (i.e. "taxes") -Engage the students in a discussion of that concept -Read a sentence from the book that contains the word and ask students to use context and their prior knowledge to try to figure out what it means -Ask students to use the word in their own sentence
Reading Assessments
Formal and informal; used with students in grades K through 8 to target areas of strength and wekness, to monitor student reading development, and to aid the teacher in planning reading instruction. -Alphabet knowledge -Concepts about print -Phonemic awareness -Phonics test -High frequency word recognition -Oral reading inventory -Spelling inventory
Analyzing Poetry: What are the important images and figures of speech?
Look for: -Important literal sensory objects and images? -The similes and metaphors of the poem. In each, exactly what is being compared to what? -A pattern in the images, such as a series of comparisons Also be able to discriminate between the figurative ("I love a rose"—my love is like a rose, beautiful, sweet, fragile) and the literal ("I love a rose"—roses are my favorite flower).
California and WWIl
Manufacturing base was greatly increased by airplanes ships and other war products. California became the defense center of the nation.
Bering Strait
Many people believe this was once a land bridge connecting Russia and Alaska; the first Americans used this to settle in North America
What were the next 2 safe harbors discovered by Spain at this time?
Monterey and San Francisco
What was the result of the secularization of the mission system?
Most mission property was privately owned
New immigration in CA
Newcomers (mainly from Midwest, also from Japan) led to a dramatic population increase
Were the weapons of the California Indians very sophisticated?
No. bow and arrow, obsidian points hunting blades, spears, harpoons, clubs, and throwing sticks
Did Spain do much more colonization of California after finding Monterey & San Francisco?
Not so much for the next 100 years
Westward Expansion: 1830s
Old Southwest cleared of all remaining Native American resistance; "Trail of Tears" (1838-39) marked the forced relocation of the Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Seminole from tribal areas in the south to the Oklahoma Territory
How far between the 21 missions?
One day's journey
Misplaced Modifier
One that is placed too close to a word that it could but should not modify. X - Ann prepared a roast for the family that was served burned. O - Ann served a burned roast to the family.
Ranchos
Owned by Californios, huge properties in California worked by Native Americanss in return for food, shelter
Verb Tenses
Past, present, future; Error occurs when they are inconsistent. X - He walked for miles and finally sees a sign of civilization. O - He walked for miles and finally saw a sign of civilization.
Shared heritage: How was lineage traced?
Paternal side
Characteristics of medieval civilization during the late Middle Ages: philosophy
Philosophy (Scholasticism) dealt with the consistency of faith and reason
Parallelism/Parallel Phrases
Phrases in a sentence that have the same grammatical structure. X - He liked swimming, weight lifting, and to run. O - He liked swimming, weight lifting, and running.
Napoleon and the First Empire: international relations
International relations placed France against Europe. -Napoleon won territory from the Holy Roman Empire and forced Spain to cede the Louisiana territory to France -The "continental system" was a failed French attempt to close the continent to British trade in hopes of destroying the British economy -The Battle of Waterloo (1815) ended in defeat for Napoleon and ended the French Empire; Napoleon was permanently exiled to St. Helena
Were there a large number of California Indians or a small number?
Large number: . Estimated: 150,000 - 300,000
Chinese Exclusion Act
Law passed in 1882 that prohibited Chinese laborers from entering the country, but did not prevent entry of those who had previously established U.S. residence
The economic collapse of 1930
Resulted in large-scale unemployment, bank failures, and foreclosures
Where is the southern-most mission?
San Diego
Recall
Procedure for submitting to popular vote the removal of officials from office before the end of their term.
Initiative
Procedure whereby a certain number of voters may, by petition, propose a law or constitutional amendment and have it submitted to the voters
Hiram Johnson
Progressive governor of California who broke the stranglehold of the Southern Pacific Railroad on the state's politics
Shared heritage: The fables, moral tales, included what animals?
Regional animals and natural phenomena: . coyote . raven . bear . snake . thunder
Why did California have a patchwork of isolated and distinct tribal groupings?
Regional relations between groups were limited b/c travel was difficult
Characteristics of medieval civilization during the late Middle Ages: society
Society was based on a strict class division: clergy and nobility were the privileged class, peasants and artisans were the work force, and serfs were tied to the land
Where is the northern-most mission?
Sonoma
Expansion of Slavery (North vs. South)
South: -Cotton exhausted soil of the "Old South;" expansion key to the South's survival -New slave states admitted (Missouri, Kansas and Texas) North: -Expansion of slavery westward—would United States ever rid itself of slavery? -No more slave states in the Union; California admitted as a free state in 1850
States Rights' vs. Federal Authority
South: -Doctrine of nullification; states could nullify federal laws North: -Rejected nullification; Constitution made federal government supreme
Social-economic differences between North and South
South: -Economy dependent on King Cotton and slave labor -Northern criticism viewed as an attack on Southerners' entire way of life North: -Economy more industrial than agricultural; based on free labor -Modernity and progress; no future for feudal Southern society
Transportation reflected geographic factors. What 2 kinds of boats were used?
South: balsa & raft-type boats North: plank canoes
Why did Spain presume possession of California but pay it little attention?
Spain focussed on richer parts of empire in . Mexico . Peru . Phillipines
California Indians
Spoke a great diversity of dialects. Largest concentration of Indians in North America. Similar physical traits and features. Primarily hunter/gatherer societies. Subsistence was based almost exclusively on availble resources.
Monitoring Comprehension (text comprehension classroom activity)
Students who are good at this know when they understand what they read and when they do not. They have strategies to "fix" problems in their understanding as the problems arise: -Identify where the difficulty occurs -Identify what the difficulty is -Restate the difficult sentence or passage in their own words -Look back through the text -Look forward in the text for information that might help them to resolve the difficulty
The Beginning Reader: Reading Instruction
Systematic and explicit instruction, including: -Phonics, phonemic awareness, blending, decoding -Vocabulary word-attack skills, spelling -Text comprehension -Listening and writing
The Fluent Reader: Reading Instruction
Systematic and explicit instruction, including: -Word-attack skills (multisyllabic words) -Decoding -Spelling and vocabulary -Fluency -Text comprehension (context skills) -Utilizing metacognition
Pronouns
Take the place of nouns; note whether they should be in the subjective or objective case. X - We rewarded the workers whom, according to the manager, had done the most imaginative job. O - We rewarded the workers who, according to the manager, had done the most imaginative job.
Impact of World War II on California: Social
Tensions of war and rising immigration affected race relations: -1942: Forced detention of thousands of Japanese and Japanese Americans ---Relocated from coastal areas to inland detention camps ---Constitutional and moral questions were raised ---The Japanese were forced to sell their homes and businesses on short notice at huge losses ---Manzanar, a World War II Relocation Center, became a national historic site in 1992 -1943: Zoot Suit Riots; Mexicans primary targets; African-Americans and Filipinos also victimized
The English Reformation
The First Act of Supremacy (1534) marked the beginning of the English Reformation. -The king of England, Henry VIII, became the head of the church -The pope's refusal to annul the marriage of Henry VIII to Catherine of Aragon initiated the break (political rather than religious break with the Church) -Created the Anglican Church of England -Elizabeth I (1558-1603) firmly established Protestantism in England and secured the Anglican Church
Mexican American War
The Mexican-American War was an armed conflict between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848 in the wake of the 1845 U.S. annexation of Texas. Mexico claimed ownership of Texas as a breakaway province and refused to recognize the secession and subsequent military victory by Texas in 1836.
Father Serra
The Spanish missionary who founded 21 missions in California, in 1769, he founded Mission San Diego, the first of the chain.
The Land-Grant System
The Spanish, and later the Méxican government encouraged settlement of territory now known as California by the establishment of large land grants called ranchos. Devoted to raising cattle and sheep, the owners of the ranchos attempted to pattern themselves after the landed gentry of Spain. Their workers included Californian Native Americans who had learned to speak Spanish, many of them former Mission residents. The ranchos established land-use patterns that are recognizable in the California of today.
The ancient Near East: geography
The ancient Near East comprised the Tigris and Euphrates Valley, the Fertile Crescent, and the Nile Valley.
Characteristics of medieval civilization during the late Middle Ages: commercial revival
The commercial revival led to the rise of towns. -A true middle class emerged -Economic activities in the towns were supervised by the guild system (merchant and craft guilds) -The Crusades led to the revival of international trade
Characteristics of medieval civilization during the late Middle Ages: feudalism/manorialism
The decline of feudalism and manorialism was evident by the 12th century and complete by the 16th century
Dialect
The distinctive variety of vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation spoken by members of an identifiable regional group, nation, or social class
Indus River
The earliest Indian civilization, the Harappa culture, developed around the Indus River Valley in 2500 B.C.
Falling action
The events that follow from the protagonist's action in the climax.
Syntax
The examination of various ways that words combine to create meaning, the study of how sentences are formed, and the pattern or structure of word order in sentences
The Watts Riot
The first of a series of racial disorders that hit cities throughout the United States in the summers of 1965-1967. they usually began with an arrest or a police raid that was followed by rumors of resistance and police brutality
Japanese Internment Camps
The forcible relocation of approximately 110,000 Japanese Americans to housing facilities called "War Relocation Camps", in the wake of Imperial Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor because they were perceived to be a threat to national safety.
Mount Whitney
The highest peak in the Sierra Nevada range in California (14,494 feet high)
Plot
The interrelated actions of a play or a novel that move to a climax and a final resolution.
Exposition
The introduction of setting, main characters, and conflict.
The Great Basin
The land between the Rockies and the Sierra Nevada
What changed in the mission system in the 1830s?
The mission system began a secularization process
Referendum
The name given to the political process in which the general public votes on an issue of public concern.
The Sierra Nevada
The name of the mountain range that seperates California and Nevada. The snowy range. The highest mountains in California. Gold was discovered in the streams. Southern Cali is dependent on the rain from here. Rain shadow effect.
Prose
The ordinary form of spoken or written language, without metrical structure, as distinguished from poetry or verse
Idiolect
The particular variety of a language used by an individual speaker or writer, which may be marked by peculiarities of vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation
The Seven Cities of Cibola
The place were mythical North American towns supposedly so wealthy that streets were paved with gold.with Amazon like women who used golden weapons.
Climax
The point of highest interest in a novel, short story, or play in terms of the conflict, the point with the most action, or the turning point for the protagonist.
Denouement/Resolution
The point when the conflict is resolved, remaining loose ends are tied up, and a moral is intimated or stated directly.
California Land Boom 1880's
The railroads ended the region's isolation. The railroad made transportation cheaper and easier, causing a land boom in the 1880s. During the "Boom of the 80s," thousands of farmers and opportunity seekers moved to southern California.
Alliteration
The repetition of usually initial consonant sounds in two or more words or syllables.
Shaman
The single person who takes on the roles of priest, counselor, and physician and acts as a conduit to the supernatural world in a shamanist culture.
Morphology
The study of meaningful units of language and how their patterns of distribution to the forms and structure of words
Etymology
The study of the historical and cultural origins of words
Thesis
The theme, meaning, or position that a writer undertakes to prove or support.
Phonics
The understanding that there is a predictable relationship between phonemes and graphemes. Labels to describe these relationships: -Graphophonemic relationships -Letter-sound associations -Letter-sound correspondences -Sound-symbol correspondences -Sound-spellings
T/F: Shaman usually goes into a trance during rituals or when practicing divination & healing.
True
Kit Carson
United States frontiersman who guided Fremont's expeditions in the 1840s and served as a Union general in the Civil War (1809-1868), an American frontiersman. He gained notoriety for his role as John C. Fremont's guide in the American West.
Shared heritage: Was the oral story tradition used?
Yes, by all California Indians
Is there controversy about when people arrived in California?
Yes. Evidence from the archaeological site at Calico could push the date to 50,000.
Were California's indigenous people isolated from the cultures in Mexico?
Yes. It's the topography thing again.
Lincoln Roosevelt League
a coalition party pushed through reforms and controlled the Republican Party.
non sequitur
a conclusion that does not logically follow from the facts
essay
a fairly brief work that tries to get across a particular point of view or to persuade the reader
euphemism
a figure of speech in which an inoffensive term is substituted for one that may be offensive or cause distress (ex. pass away for die, or indisposed for ill)
denotation
actual meaning of a word
ad populum
an argument that appeals to the emotions of a person
red herring
an irrelevant point, diverting attention from the position under discussion
subordinate clause
another term for a dependent clause
bandwagon argument
arguing for a position because of its popularity
the focus of phonological awareness
broad-identifying and manipulating larger parts of spoken langauge, like words, syllables, onsets and rimes; uses awareness of rhyming, alliteration, and intonation
diction
choosing and using appropriate words, conveys a thought clearly without unnecessary words
linking verbs
connect the subject to the words that describe it
relative clause
dependent clauses that begin with a pronoun like of which, that, which, whichever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose
reflection
describes a scene, person, or emotion
allegory
expression in which the characters, story, and setting actually represent other people, settings, or abstract ideas (Aesop's Fables, parables, Gulliver's Travels)
hyperbole
figure of speech in which a drastic overstatement or understatement is used
mixed metaphor
figure of speech in which two or more unrelated things are compared and combined (running on empty, the soccer player plowed through the match)
onomatopoeia
figure of speech where words imitate natural sounds
parallelism
helps the reader follow a passage more clearly when two or more ideas are connected
Lassen Peak
is the largest plug dome (filled with magma) volcano in the world.
Shared heritage: What was smoked in ceremonies?
jimsonweed Native tobacco
narration
presents a factual or fictional story
The Californian Alien Land Act
prohibited "aliens ineligible for citizenship" from owning agricultural land or possessing long-term leases over it, but permitted leases lasting up to three years. It affected the Chinese, Indian, Japanese, and Korean immigrant farmers in California.
The Townsend Plan
proposed placing $200 of government funds per month in the hands of people aged 60 and older, with the requirements that the recipients be retired and spend the money within 30 days
basal reading
reading that is designed to meet the needs of all students, not individualized
transformational grammar
sentences have a deep meaning (what the writer is thinking) and surface meaning (what is actually written)
either/or argument
stating that the conclusion falls into one of two extremes, when there are more intermediate choices
What was a major advantage possessed by the Union at the beginning of the Civil War?
stronger manufacturing base; in 1861, northern factories accounted for more than 90% of the annual value of manufactured products in the US
discourse analysis
studies longer spoken verbal exchanges, and written texts
semantics
studies meaning in language
morphology
studies the building blocks of language
tone
the author's attitude as reflected in a passage
What was most responsible for the development of a national market in the US during the late nineteenth century?
the expansion of the railroad and telegraph network; transcontinental railroad completion in 1869 ended the physical isolation of the Pacific Coast and made it possible to transport goods coast-to-coast without having to sail around Cape Horn
connotation
the secondary meaning that a word represents
What was a shared function of the mission, the presidio, and the pueblo in early California history?
to maintain control over the indigenous population. In the missions, Spanish priests attempted to regulate all facets of American Indian life; the duties of soldiers stationed in presidios included the suppression of rebellious activity on the part of both European settlers and American Indians; and the pueblos were viewed as mean of establishing and maintaining some semblance of order in isolated frontier areas.
couplet
two successive poetic lines that form a single unit because they rhyme
circular logic argument
using a statement of a position to argue in favor of that same position
faulty analogy
using an analogy as an argument when the analogy does not match the situation under discussion
authentic assessment
when students are asked to demonstrate what he/she knows in a variety of settings (portfolios, journals, logs, teacher observations)
homonyms
words that sound alike but have different meanings
Grooved rollers
-1783 -Allowed iron-makers to roll out iron into different shapes
Dramatic structure/elements of fiction
-Exposition -Rising action -Climax -Falling action -Denoument/resolution
English Parliament
-Firmly established by the 14th century -Gained power at the expense of the king -Composed of the House of Lords (titled nobility) and the House of Commons (gentry and middle classes)
The Federalist Party
-Hamilton, Adams -Believed in the concept of a strong central government ruled by the manufacturing interests of the country -Favored the wealthy
Salton Sea
-Helps irrigate the Imperial Valley
Phonics Instruction
-Helps teachers explicitly and systematically instruct students in how to relate letters and sounds, how to break spoken words into sounds, and how to blend sounds to form words -Helps students understand why they are learning the relationships between letters and sounds -Helps students apply their knowledge of phonics as they read words, sentences, and text -Helps students apply what they learn about sounds and letters to their own writing -Can be adapted to the needs of individual students, based on assessment -Also includes alphabetic knowledge, phonemic awareness, vocabulary development, and reading of text -Most effective when it begins in K or 1st grade -Approximately two years is sufficient for most students
The French and Indian War
-1756-63 -A key turning point in England's domination over North America -The English victory ended the French threat/competition in America -The English victory encouraged colonial America to seek a more active voice in its own affairs -England faced an enormous war debt ---To force the colonies to help with the debt, the British enforced mercantile policies and levied taxes, actions that forced a showdown over political and economic freedom -Following the war, England became the greatest colonial, commercial, and naval power in the world
Coke smelting
-1760 -Improved production of iron
Proclamation Act
-1763 -Banned settlement beyond the Appalachian Mountains to the colonists. -Colonial reaction: ---Viewed as an attempt by the British to deny the right to own land where they pleased ---Most colonists ignored the act.
Background to the American Revolution
-1763-76 -The English mercantile policy discouraged colonial economic independence -Colonial concepts of political and economic freedom were key factors leading to the American Revolution -Colonial opposition to British actions steadily increased during this period -The colonies used a variety of methods to change British actions: petitions, boycotts, and other measures -The Declaration of Independence stated the purposes for the colonies' break with England
Sugar Act
-1764 -Import duties on sugar and other items were imposed. -Colonial reaction: ---Colonists raised the issue of "taxation without representation" (colonists had to pay taxes but were not given representation in English Parliament). ---Boston merchants started a boycott of British luxury goods.
Spinning jenny
-1764 -Increased the speed and output of yarn spinners
Water frame
-1764 -Introduced the first power-driven machine to manufacture cloth
Stamp Act
-1765 -Imposed the first direct tax on the American colonies, requiring a tax on all printed materials. -Colonial reaction: ---"Sons of Liberty" (political group of American patriots formed to protect colonists' rights) used violence and intimidation against British stamp agents. ---The "Stamp Act Congress" (delegates from 9/13 colonies who met to discuss the Stamp Act) sent a petition to King George III. ---The boycott extended to include all British goods.
Quartering Act
-1765 -Required colonists to house British troops and supply them with food. -Colonial reaction: Colonists in New York violently refused to comply.
Stamp Act Repealed; Declaratory Act Passed
-1765 -The British government declared total power to legislate any laws governing the American colonies. -Colonial reaction: ---Colonists celebrated the repeal of the Stamp Act. ---They relaxed the boycott but ignored the Declaratory Act.
Townshend Revenue Acts
-1767 -A new series of taxes imposed on paper, tea, glass, lead and paint. -Colonial reaction: ---Boycott against British luxury items. ---Sam Adams of Boston issued the "Circular Letter" (pamphlet) to denounce taxation and coordinate reaction among the colonies.
Boston Massacre
-1770 -A Boston mob harassed British soldiers, who then fired point-blank into the crowd. -British reaction: Townshend Acts repealed, and all duties on imports into the colonies were eliminated except for tea.
Tea Act
-1773 -Maintained import tax on tea and gave the British East India Company a tea monopoly, allowing it to undersell American merchants. -Colonial reaction: Colonial activists in Boston disguised themselves as Indians and dumped their cargo of tea into the harbor ("Boston Tea Party").
Coercive Acts ("Intolerable Acts")
-1774 -Designed to punish the colonists -Shut down the port of Boston, ended self-rule in Massachusetts, tried colonists for high crimes in England, and created the New Quartering Act for all colonies. -Colonial reaction: "First Continental Congress" (convention of delegates from 12/13 colonies called in response to the Coercive Acts - not Georgia since it was a "convict state") met and called for (1) noncompliance with the Coercive Acts; (2) formation of militias; and (3) a boycott of and embargo on exports to Britain.
How did Spain and the Church subdue the Indians?
"Both the sword and the cross were used to subdue the Indians"
Important Battles of the Revolution
(Mnemonic: Fat babies love to piss, ****, yell.) -Fort Ticonderoga -Bunker Hill -Long Island -Trenton -Princeton -Saratoga -Yorktown
Major battles of the Civil War
(Mnemonic: Fun farmers always grow vegetables, specifically beets.) -Fort Sumter -First Battle of Bull Run -Antietam -Gettysburg -Vicksburg -Sherman's March to the Sea -Battle of Appomattox Courthouse
America's deteriorating relationship with Britain
(Mnemonic: Pupils should sit still, quit talking, because they can't learn.) -Proclamation Act -Sugar Act -Stamp Act -Stamp Act repealed; Declaratory Act passed -Quartering Act -Townshend Revenue Acts -Boston Massacre -Tea Act -Coercive Acts ("Intolerable Acts") -Lexington and Concord
Chronological order of the colonies
(Mnemonic: Very many nice men came running down North Street, not needing police guards.) 1. Virginia 2. Massachusetts 3. New Hampshire 4. Maryland 5. Connecticut 6. Rhode Island 7. Delaware 8. North Carolina 9. South Carolina 10. New Jersey 11. New York 12. Pennsylvania 13. Georgia
Examples of receptacles
* Baskets--most famous * Pottery * Wood * Stone bowls
Shared heritage: Ceremonies dealt with turning points of life and rites of passage such as:
* Birth * Death * Puberty * Marriage * Hunting
What foodstuffs were cultivated?
* Cereal Grains * Grapes * Fruit * Olives * Livestock
Examples of money
* Clam disks and Olivella shells
Examples of musical instruments
* Drum * Rattle * Flute * Rasp * Bow
Examples of agricultural implements
* Mortar & pestle * Metate * Grinding slab * Digging stick
Shared heritage: Religions involved: . myths . creation stories annnnd
* Shamanism * Influence of nature
Iambic Pentameter
-10 syllables in each line -5 pairs of alternating unstressed and stressed syllables -The rhythm in each line sounds like: ba-BUM / ba-BUM / ba-BUM / ba-BUM / ba-BUM -Used (though not invented) by Shakespeare -Sometimes Shakespeare added an extra unstressed beat at the end of a line to emphasize a character's sense of contemplation (feminine ending) ---To BE, / or NOT / to BE: / that IS / the QUES- / -tion
The Olmec
-1200-400 B.C. -South-central Mexico -Developed one of the first civilizations in Mesoamerica -Developed an agricultural community -Developed the first calendar in America -Noted artwork in many media (jade, clay, basalt, and greenstone) -Monumental sculpture (colossal heads)
The Punic Wars with Carthage
-146 B.C. -After which Rome emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean -Rome incorporated Greek culture into its empire -Roman expansion resulted in a world republic
Martin Luther
-1483-1546, Northern Germany -Rejection of hierarchical priesthood and papal authority -Questioned the right of the pope to grant indulgences (full or partial remission of temporal punishment due for sins which have already been forgiven) -Salvation through faith rather than sacraments -Luther's "Ninety-five Theses" served as a catalyst in starting the Reformation -Luther's excommunication initiated the Reformation; Lutheranism developed its own following -Lutheranism decentralized religious authority; allowed for a state church system controlled by individual local German princes
Europeans in the New World: Spain
-1492: Columbus, West Indies and Bahamas -1513: Balboa, Panama -1519: Cortes, Mexico -1532: Pizarro, Peru
Europeans in the New World: Portugal
-1500: Cabral, Brazil
Europeans in the New World: Britain
-1607: Virginia Co., Jamestown (Virginia)
Europeans in the New World: France
-1608: de Champlain, Canada (Quebec) -1682: La Salle, Louisiana
Europeans in the New World: Netherlands
-1609: Hudson, New Netherlands (New York)
Flying shuttle
-1733 -Increased the speed of weavers
Lexington and Concord (the Battles of)
-1775 -First military engagements of the American Revolutionary War -British troops searched out militia weapons depots to destroy them. -Colonial reaction: ---Armed "minutemen" faced the British on Lexington Green; eight Americans died, and 10 were wounded. ---At Concord, the "Continental Congress" met and called for volunteers. ---George Washington was appointed commander of the colonial army.
The American Revolution
-1775-1783 -Was fought to obtain independence -Problems of military effectiveness hindered the early colonial effort ---Colonial armies were not equipped enough ---There was widespread opposition to fixed military terms -Washington's leadership turned the tide of battle ---The Treaty of Alliance with France (1778) brought needed men, equipment, and money to the American cause ---The defeat of Cornwallis at Yorktown (1781) brought victory to the colonies
The Declaration of Independence
-1776 -Written by Thomas Jefferson -Based on the ideas of English Enlightenment philosopher John Locke -In Locke's "Second Treatise of Civil Government" (1690), he set forth basic ideas embodied in the Declaration of Independence. His beliefs: ---People have certain natural rights including life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness ---Government is set by the consent of the governed ---It is the right of the people to overthrow unjust governments
Spinning mule
-1779 -A power-driven machine that produced fine, strong yarn
Power loom
-1785 -Led to faster production of cloth
Watt steam engine
-1785 -Meant that factories were no longer dependent on water sources for power
Cotton gin
-1792 -Made it possible to meet increased demand for cotton by mechanizing the process for separating seeds from cotton fiber
Russian excursions along the north American coast
-1800s -Resulted in renewed Spanish efforts to colonize California -Russian fur interests in Alaska pushed southward -Russians established Fort Ross 80 miles north of San Francisco Bay in 1812 as a trading post -The American government also viewed Russian exploration of the California coast as a threat ---The Spanish reacted to potential Russian, British, and American presences by establishing presidios (military forts) and pueblos (small settlements) in valleys around San Francisco Bay
Marbury v. Madison
-1803 -Situation: President Adams appointed Marbury justice of the peace just before his term ended. He signed the commission, but it was never delivered. Jefferson, the next president, refused to honor the commission because it wasn't delivered by the end of Adams's term. Marbury petitioned directly to the Supreme Court to force Secretary of State Madison to deliver the documents. The Supreme Court only had original jurisdiction over certain matters. The issue was whether or not this included issuing a writ of mandamus (an order from a superior court to a lower court/government officer to do something, which is what Marbury wanted). Jefferson said it didn't. Marbury said it did, basing his claim on the Judiciary Act of 1789 (passed by Congress). -Questions: Does Article III of the Constitution create a "floor" for original jurisdiction, which Congress can add to, or does it create an exhaustive list that Congress can't modify at all? If Article III's original jurisdiction is an exhaustive list, but Congress tries to modify it anyway, who wins that conflict, Congress or the Constitution? Who decides who wins? -Decision: Marbury had the right to his commission, but the court did not have the power to force Madison to deliver the commission. -Significance: Raised the important question of what happens when an Act of Congress conflicts with the Constitution. Chief Justice Marshall answered that Acts of Congress that conflict with the Constitution are not law (unconstitutional) and the Courts are bound instead to follow the Constitution, affirming the principle of judicial review.
The Louisiana Purchase
-1803 -The city of New Orleans controlled the Mississippi River through its location; other locations for ports had been tried and had not succeeded -New Orleans was already important for shipping agricultural goods to and from the parts of the United States west of the Appalachian Mountains -Jefferson sent Livingston and later Monroe to negotiate the purchase (were only interested in the port area but ended up buying all of the Louisiana Territory) -Doubled the size of the United States -Became the greatest real estate purchase in U.S. history
Steam locomotive
-1804 -Used initially to haul freight at coal mines and ironworks -The steam engine was used to develop it
Steamboat
-1807 -Built by American inventor Robert Fulton -The steam engine was used to build it
The War of 1812
-1812-1815 -U.S. vs. Britain (Americans declared war) -U.S. victory resulted in national pride, self-sufficiency, and foreign credibility (the new nation gained international respect as a country)
The territorial expansion of the United States
-1812-1850 -Reached from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean -The rise of the new West created opportunities in transportation, education, politics, mining, and agriculture -Manifest Destiny encouraged U.S. expansion to the Pacific
McCulloch v. Maryland
-1819 -Situation: Congress had chartered a national bank. The state of Maryland opposed the concept of a national bank and placed high taxes on the bank. The bank's officer refused to pay the tax, and Maryland sued the national government for payment. -Questions: Did Congress have the authority to establish a national bank? If Congress had such authority, did a state have the authority to tax a federal institution? -Decision: A national bank is constitutional. The court also stated that a state does not have the authority to tax a federal institution. -Significance: Established the concept of implied powers or powers not directly stated in the Constitution. The court stated that Congress has the authority to make all laws that are necessary and proper. This decision strengthened the national government and limited the power of the states.
Story Maps
-A type of graphic organizer -Show the sequence of events in simple stories
Los Angeles Aqueduct
-Brought water from Owens River to Los Angeles -William Mulholland spearheaded the controversial project -Negative impact on Owens Valley and Mono Lake
The Fall of Rome
-Immediate cause: continuous barbaric invasion -Internal factors included political instability, decreasing farm production, inflation, excessive taxation, and the decline of the military, including the use of mercenaries -The rise of Christianity divided the empire
The Appalachian Mountains
-In the eastern region of the United States -In the Northeast, they meat the ocean, forming a rough, rocky coast
Summarizing (text comprehension classroom activity)
-Requires students to determine what is important in what they are reading, to condense this information, and to put it into their own words -Instruction helps students identify or generate main ideas, connect the main or central ideas, eliminate redundant and unnecessary information, and remember what they read
New Government—"The Constitution"
-Separation of Powers -Checks and Balances -Federal System -Powers of Congress -The Great Compromise -Bill of Rights -Amendments
General characteristics of California Indians prior to European contact
-Spoke a great diversity of dialects -Represented the largest concentration of Indians in North America (150,000 to 300,000; entire Indian population in the continental U.S. < 1 million) -Dwellings reflected the groups' climactic and geographic locations: frame and plank houses in the north, brush shelters in the southern deserts, and earth houses along the coastal areas -Groups were not generally warlike, and weapons were not sophisticated (in comparison to those of the Plains Indians) -Majority were hunter/gatherers; acorns were used extensively as a food source where oak trees were plentiful. This involved drying, storing, cracking, and leaching -Transportation reflected geographic factors: Balsa and raft-type boats were used in the south, and plank canoes were used in the north
Reading Aloud Exercises
-Student-adult reading -Choral/unison reading -Tape-assisted reading -Partner reading -Readers' theatre
Division of the Muslim Empire
-The Abbasids overthrew the Umayyads—the capital moved from Damascus (Syria) to Baghdad -Iberian and North African Muslims broke with Baghdad's control
Hindus
-Lived and worked under Muslim rule -Most Hindus were self-sufficient farmers -The caste system dominated Hindu life
Southern defeat
-The Union strategy of isolating the South proved successful -The Union blockade economically strangled the South -The defeat at Gettysburg (1863) ended the Southern chances for foreign recognition -Economic and military weaknesses, along with a devastated South, led to Lee's surrender at Appomattox (1865)
India under Muslim rule
-Muslims controlled India for centuries -Muslim invaders came into India in the 11th and 12th centuries and created kingdoms in the north -The Delhi Sultanate was the most powerful (1206-1526)
Genres in Writing
-Narrative -Interpretive -Descriptive -Persuasive -Expository -Other Genres
California tribes
-Northern California tribes: Yurok, Hupa, Modoc, Pomo -Central California tribes: Maidu, Miwok -Coastal tribes: coastal Miwok, Esselen, Chumash -Desert tribes: Mojave, Serrano -Sierra Nevada tribes: Miwok, Mono Majority of native Californians lived in or near the Central Valley and the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada Mountains
The Lydians
-Occupied western Asia Minor (500s B.C.) -Their culture reached its zenith under King Croesus (Golden King) -Were responsible for the first coinage of money
The caste system
-Originated in India (1500 B.C.) as part of the teachings of Hinduism -Divided people into four distinct and inflexible social groups: priests and teachers; rulers and warriors; merchants and artisans; and peasants and servants (the lowest caste) -People who did not belong to any group were the untouchables -Members of one caste could not marry or even eat with members of another caste -No amount of success would allow a person to move from one caste to another -Outlawed in 1950
Onset and Rime
-Parts of spoken language that are smaller than syllables but larger than phonemes -Onset is the initial consonant(s) sound of a syllable (the b- of bag; the sw- of swim) -Rime is the part of the syllable that contains the vowel and all that follows it (the -ag of bag; the -im of swim)
The Renaissance
-c. 1350-1600 -The revival of intellectualism, literature, philosophy, and artistic achievement -Spread westward and into northern Europe -Continued the road started in the Middle Ages that would lead to modern Europe
The Early Middle Ages
-c. A.D. 500-1000 -Dark Ages: A.D. 500-800 -The collapse of Rome and sweeping advances of Germanic and Viking raiders, Europe entered a time of chaotic political, economic, and urban decline -A struggle back toward stability
Subject-Verb Agreement
A plural subject goes with a plural verb; a singular subject goes with a singular verb. X - Here on the table is an apple and three pears. O - Here on the table are an apple and three pears.
The Scientific Revolution
-Transformed society and changed the way people looked at the natural world -In doing so, science came into direct conflict with the teachings of the Church -Began in the 16th century -Important people: Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler, Isaac Newton
Decoding
-The analysis of spoken or written symbols in order to understand their meaning -This primarily refers to word identification
Stages of Reading Development
-The emergent reader -The beginning reader -The fluent reader -The remedial reader
China: developments
-Writing -Commerce -Government
Mesopotamia: developments
-Writing (cuneiform) -Organized government -Written law code (Hammurabi's Code) -Systematized religion (Zoroastrianism) -Astronomy; astrology
Where did the Jesuits establish their 5 permanent settlements?
Baja in the early 1700's
John C. Fremont
Commissioned by the Senate to document and survey the west. His descriptions were to make the West look as nice as possible. His famous stories glorified the West and all the abundance of land and possible wealth, , Dashing explorer/adventurer who led the overthrow of Mexican rule in California after war broke out
What was Spain's reason to explore?
Conquest & Wealth
Travel by foot within a region was easy or difficult?
Difficult--topography
Free Verse
Poetry that is not rhymed and does not have a regular metrical pattern but is still more rhythmic than most prose.
What was Spain's response to Russian explorations?
Renewed Spain's interest in colonizing California
What was the purpose of the Monroe Doctrine?
Restricted European colonization of the Americas
Why were California's indigenous people isolated from the cultures that developed on the Great Plains?
Rugged topography: . mountains . deserts
How did Spain react to potential Russian, British, American presence?
Established presidios & pueblos in valleys around San Francisco Bay
Phonemic Awareness (reading assessment)
Estimates the level of phonemic awareness in students
The Beginning Reader: Age
K to 2nd/3rd grade (alphabetic)
The geologic period during which people crossed the Bering Strait land bridge into North America?
Late Pleistocene or Early Ice Age 20,000 to 30,000 years ago
Ceasar Chavez
Latino leader from 1962-1993 who organized the United Farm Workers to help migratory farm workers get better pay and working conditions
Workingmans Party
Nativist, Anti-Chinese, and anti Big Business.
Relative to the Plains Indians, were the California Indians warlike?
No.
How did the California Indian dwellings vary with location & climate?
North: frame & plank Southern desert: brush shelters Coast: earth houses
James W. Marshall
One of Sutter's employees; detected flakes of heavy yellow metal at the botton of a wooden canal used to divert water from the American River
Western Expansion: 1846
Oregon Territory added to the United States and encouraged settlement of the far west
Phoneme Manipulation
Working with phonemes in words, including blending phonemes to make words, segmenting words into phonemes, deleting phonemes from words, adding phonemes to words, or substituting one phoneme for another to make a new word
begging the question argument
assuming that an argument, or part of an argument, is true without providing proof
post hoc, ergo propter hoc
falsely stating that one event following another is caused by the first event (faulty cause and effect)
Can Haikus have rhyming pattern?
no
Appositives
Second noun or noun equivalents that give additional information about a preceding noun. ---Mr. Johnson, a teacher, ran for chairman of the school board.
Rising action
The event or events that allow the protagonist to make his or her commitment to a course of action as the conflict intensifies; the complication of the plot.
Connotation
The implications of a word or phrase, as opposed to its exact meaning (denotation).
Gold Fever
The rush to secure gold, especially alluvial gold, in order to acquire immediate riches and the associated social status. New flood into Golden state, soon apply to become free state, tip the balance, set off sectional debate on slavery
Omniscient point of view
The vantage point of a story in which the narrator can know, see, and report whatever he or she chooses. The narrator is free to describe the thoughts of any of the characters, to skip about in time or place, or to speak directly to the reader.
Analyzing Poetry: What is the structure of the poem?
Think about: -The parts/structural divisions of the poem and how they are related to each other -The punctuation -Repetitions (i.e. parallel syntax or the use of a simile in each sentence) -The logic of the poem. Does it ask questions and then answer them? Develop an argument? Use a series of analogies to prove a point?
Metacognition
Thinking about thinking
The San Andreas Fault
This is the name for a famous transform boundary in California.
California's Progressive Reforms
-1902: Los Angeles introduced the initiative, referendum, and recall to city charter -1909: State legislature approved the Direct Primary, taking choice of nominees from office out of hands of political machines -1910: Progressive governor Hiram Johnson election along with a progressive legislature -1911: 23 amendments added to the California constitution, including women's suffrage; initiative, referendum, and recall; workers' compensation law; railroad regulation; regulation of all public utilities; Alien Land Law, which prohibited aliens not eligible for citizenship (Japanese) from purchasing or leasing land in California
Bill of Rights
-1st 10 Amendments to the Constitution -Introduced by Madison -A series of limitations on the power of the U.S. federal government; added to protect the rights of individuals and safeguard the sovereignty of the states over their own affairs
Origins of people in America
-20,000-30,000 years ago, during the last Ice Age, the first humans crossed over the Bering Sea land bridge into the Americas -As they migrated southward, they inhabited the hemisphere from Alaska to Tierra del Fuego -Their widespread dispersion led to a diversity of languages and cultures, the most advanced of which were located in Mesoamerica and South America
Alexander the Great
-356-323 B.C. -Of Macedonia -Established the Hellenistic Age -Conquered Persia, Asia Minor, and Egypt; established a world empire -Bureaucracy replaced the city-state as the form of government -Following his death, dynasties were established in Macedonia, Egypt and Persia
Impact of the Depression in California
-375,000 "Okies" and "Arkies" migrated out of the Dust Bowl Midwest to California ---142 agricultural workers for every 100 jobs by 1934 ---Wages fell to $0.15 per hours in Imperial and San Joaquin fields -Mexican repatriation ---Competition for agricultural jobs made Mexican workers a target ---Mexican nationals and Mexican Americans deported or forcibly repatriated -Film industry providing a relatively inexpensive ($0.15 per ticket) escape from reality, increasing the popularity of Hollywood films -Falling prices and rising surpluses forced production cuts in oil industry
Contributions of the Greek World
-4000-323 B.C. -Organized warfare: Mycenae (military stronghold), Sparta, phalanx (military formation -Literature: epic poetry (Iliad, Odyssey), plays (drama, tragedy, comedy) -History: Herodotus (historian who reported the Persian Wars), Thucydides (historian who reported the Peloponnesian War) -Architecture: columns and colonnades (sequence of columns), Parthenon -Arts: theater, sculpture, decorative pottery -Government: democracy (Athens), oligarchy (small group of people in power—Sparta), bureaucracy (Alexander the Great), a system of law to improve society -Other: founded most of the major philosophical schools, established the systematic basis for the scientific method, and perfected advances in shipbuilding and commerce
The Peloponnesian War
-431-404 B.C. -Devastated Sparta, Athens, and their Greek city-state allies -Sparta was victorious but unable to unite the Greek city-states -Greek individualism was a catalyst in the collapse of the Greek city-state alliances
The Roman Republic
-509-27 B.C., started after Etruscan control was overthrown -Society was divided into the patricians (propertied class), plebians (main body of Roman citizens), and slaves -Government was based on consuls, the Senate, and the Centurial Assembly -Roman army became the most powerful military organization in the world
Phonological Awareness
-A broad term that includes phonemic awareness -It includes identifying and manipulating larger parts of spoken language, such as words, syllables, and onsets and rimes, as well as phonemes -It also encompasses awareness of other aspects of sound, such as rhyming, alliteration and intonation
Results of the Industrial Revolution
-A dramatic increase in productivity and the rise of the factory system -Demographic changes (from rural to urban centers) -The division of society into defined classes (propertied and nonpropertied) -The development of modern capitalism
Novel
-A fictional narrative in prose of considerable length -Shorter works are called novellas; even shorter works are called short stories -Use the same basic literary conventions as do short stories, but they expand them by presenting more complicated plots, adding subplots, creating more nuanced characters, and deepening the development of ideas -After children have mastered the mechanics of reading, between ages 9 and 12, they are prepared to sustain the more difficult challenge of reading a novel -Styles include picaresque, epistolary, gothic, romantic, realist, and historical
Irony
-A figure of speech in which intent and actual meaning differ, characteristically praise for blame and blame for praise; the use of words to suggest the opposite of their intended meaning. -A pattern of words that turns away from direct statement of its own obvious meaning. -In verbal irony, the discrepancy is between statement and meaning: (parent to teenager) "Oh, your room is really clean." -Sometimes, irony may simply understate: "Men have died from time to time..."
Syllogism
-A form of reasoning in which two statements are made and a conclusion is drawn from them. -Begins with a major premise ("All tragedies end unhappily") followed by a minor premise ("Hamlet is a tragedy") and a conclusion ("Therefore, Hamlet ends unhappily.")
Eye contact
-A good speaker establishes this with the audience in a manner that is engaging and appropriate. -A good speaker avoids looking down, looking over the heads of the audience, or addressing just one member or one section of the audience.
Genre
-A literary form, such as an essay, novel, of poem. -Within genres like the poem, there are also more specific genres based upon content (love poem, nature poem) or form (sonnet, ode).
Expository Writing
-A mode of writing in which the purpose is to inform, explain, clarify, describe, or define a subject to the reader -Meant to "expose" information -Maintains focus on its topic and provides facts to inform its reader -Should be unbiased and accurate and use a scholarly third-person tone -Examples can be found in magazine and newspaper articles, nonfiction books, travel brochures, business reports, memorandums, professional journals, oral presentations, encyclopedia articles, research essays, business letters, and many other types of informative writing
The Compromise of 1850
-A package of five bills passed which defused a four-year confrontation between the slave states of the South and the free states of the North regarding the status of territories acquired during the Mexican-American War. -The Compromise of 1850 failed to hold the nation together. California was admitted as a free state and a fugitive slave law was passed. -In the 1850s, slavery and sectionalism continued to threaten the Union.
Historical interpretations of the Middle Ages
-A period of transition between ancient and modern Europe -Unique with a distinctive culture; out of feudal customs and traditions that included Greek and Roman classical culture, influences from the Arab world and the East, and tenets of Judeo-Christian belief, evolved a modern Europe and the foundations of Western civilization emerged
Systematic and Explicit Phonics Instruction
-A plan of instruction which includes a carefully selected set of letter-sound relationships that are organized into a logical sequence -Provides teachers with precise directions for the teaching of letter-sound relationships -Particularly beneficial for children who are having difficulty learning to read and who are at risk for developing future reading problems
Clustering/webbing
-A popular method for initial brainstorming and organizing of thoughts (prewriting) -Think about all the elements of the topic and connect them to the central topic -Start with the main idea in the center of the page inside a circle, then related ideas are written in groups and their circles are connected to the main idea with lines
Fast Mapping
-A process whereby young children are able to use context to arrive at a quick guess of a word's meaning -Easier to do with nouns (objects) than with verbs (actions)
Holophrase
-A single word that expresses a complete thought -These include symbolic gestures, where the child shows an understanding that symbols (words) represent a specific object, desire, or event (e.g. blowing on food to mean "hot"), or representational gestures, which involve gesturing to show what the infant desires (e.g. holding up a bottle to show an infant wants more to drink)
Soliloquy
-A speech in which a character who is alone speaks his or her thoughts aloud (Hamlet's "To be, or not to be" and "O! What a rogue and peasant slave am I") -A monologue also has a single speaker, but the monologuist speaks to others who do not interrupt.
Phoneme Awareness/Phonemic Awareness
-A subcategory of phonological awareness -The ability to hear, identify, and manipulate the individual sounds (phonemes) in spoken words -The understanding that sounds work together to make words -The most important determinant toward becoming a successful reader -Before children learn to read print, they need to become aware of how the sounds in words work -The reason is that children who cannot hear and work with the phonemes of spoken words will have a difficult time learning how to relate these phonemes to the graphemes when they see them in written words
Federalism
-A system based on a written constitution in which state and federal governments have distinct functions --The national government is sovereign (independent) in such matters as interstate commerce, declaring war, and making treaties ---Unless there is a constitutional conflict, state governments are generally sovereign in matters of local control such as passing local and state laws -10th Amendment to the Constitution states that powers not granted to the federal government by the Constitution exclusively, or denied to the states, are "reserved" to the states
Flashback
-A technique in which the narrative moves to a time prior to that of the main story -Can make a story more interesting by giving it depth
Foreshadowing
-A technique that uses clues to suggest events that have not yet occurred -Often used to create suspense and thus make a story more interesting
England and the colonies: differences
-A tradition of free public education was started in the villages of New England. -Religious tolerance supplanted an early religious dogmatism first established by the Puritans in Massachusetts. -A conscious choice was made to leave the idea of hereditary aristocracy behind in Europe. -Class distinctions were less rigid than in England, and a strong middle class emerged -This society of mobile rather than fixed social classes existed with movement through the ranks neither legally guaranteed nor barred to anyone, with the exception of slaves
Narrative Writing
-A work that tells a story, usually in roughly chronological order -Fiction or non-fiction -Events are presented in a story-like fashion that builds to a scene of climactic action -Examples: stories, poems, plays, fables, myths, and biographies
The Incas
-A.D. 1200-1533 -Northwest coastal region and inland region of South America (Peru) -Controlled a vast empire in South America -The Tiahuanaco culture developed in the Andes Mountains and the Incas unified an extensive empire -The Incas developed a sophisticated record-keeping system and were highly skilled craftsmen -Engineering/architecture (Machu Picchu, stone construction without mortar, extensive road system linking empire together) -Art (gold and silver working, ceramics, textiles)
The Aztecs
-A.D. 1325-1521 -Central Mexico -Conquered much of central Mexico -The Toltecs preceded the Aztecs -The Aztecs built a great city (Tenochtitlan) and ruled an empire -Religion and war dominated Aztec life -Rich mythological and religious traditions -Architecturally accomplished (city planning, Great Pyramid of Tenochtitlan, temples and palaces) -Artistically advanced
The Mayas
-A.D. 250-900 -Yucatan peninsula -Achieved a complex civilization -Maya cities were trade and religious centers -The Mayas excelled in many fields, including mathematics, science, astronomy, and engineering (pyramid building) -Only known written language of pre-Columbian Americas -Sophisticated art -Monumental architecture (Tikal, Palenque)
Mohammed
-A.D. 570-632 -Emerged from the deserts of Arabia; appeared as a messenger of God (Allah) and a prophet of Allah's monotheistic faith -According to Islamic traditions, Mohammed was last in a line of prophets that traced back to Abraham and included Jesus -Working to unite the disparate tribes of Arabia under the articles of a single faith, Mohammed managed to conquer and bring most of the Arabian Peninsula under his control by the time of his death in A.D. 632 -Under his successors, the conquest of surrounding regions in the name of Islam brought the lands of Mesopotamia, Persia, and all of North Africa and southwestern Asia into the Muslim fold, creating a vast Islamic empire
Chinese civilization under the Sungs
-A.D. 960-1279 -The Chinese Empire lost much territory after the fall of the Tang rulers -Advances in education, art, and science contributed to an improved way of life
The Sierra Nevada (the Snowy Range)
-About 400 miles long and follows the eastern border of the state, forming the eastern wall of the Central Valley -The mountains were formed through extensive uplifting and subsidence and are characterized as fault-block mountains. The backbone of the range is igneous rock. -They are the highest mountains in California, with many serrated peaks around 13,000 feet. Mount Whitney is located at the southern end. -The peaks have sharp drop-offs on the eastern side and have been a barrier to east/west transportation. The mountains have gentle slopes on the western side, which has trapped water to the benefit of Central Valley agriculture. -Sierra Nevada streams cut deep valleys. Gold was discovered in these streams where it was eroded from veins in the rocks. -The Sierra Nevada causes a rain-shadow effect: Clouds rise against the high mountain peaks, causing them to drop their moisture. This has created fertile valleys on the west side and a dry landscape on the east side. -Ice glaciers have created the current mountain profiles. Yosemite National Park's U-shaped valleys were carved by glacial action -Southern California is dependent upon the average, annual 70 inches of rain and snow that fall on the Sierra Nevada for its water supply
Presidential Reconstruction
-Abraham Lincoln/Andrew Johnson: "With malice toward none" -Amnesty plan—Southerners pardoned -Confederate states must ratify 13th Amendment (outlawing slavery), nullify state secession ordinances -South must repudiate all debts owed by the Union to the Confederate states -Provisional governors to protect rights of freedmen
Child-Directed Speech (CDS)/Motherese
-Adults modify their speech to make it easier for children to learn language, including modifying sentence structure, repeating key words, and focusing on present objects -First words are spoken by 12 months and are usually familiar objects or persons -First sentences are spoken by 18 to 24 months and are usually two-word sentences (telegraphic speech)
The labor movement lost political power
-After an anarchist bombing in Los Angeles (1910)
Impact of World War II on California: Economic
-Aircraft and shipbuilding industries boomed with defense work ---11.9% of all U.S. government war contracts ---17% of all war supplies made in California ---Defense boom lasted through the next 3 decades -More military bases and installations than any other state (California became the "defense center" of the nation) -Oil and mineral resource production at maximum levels -New industries supported defense efforts throughout the state -Film industry increased production (entertainment and war propaganda movies)
Enlightened despotism
-Also called enlightened absolutism -Grew out of the earlier absolutism of Louis XIV (France) and Peter the Great (Russia) -Advocated limited responsibility to God and church -A form of absolutism in which rulers were influenced by the Enlightenment
The Counter Reformation
-Also known as the Catholic Reformation -Attempted to halt the spread of Protestantism -The Jesuits (Society of Jesus) became the first official Catholic response to the Reformation; Jesuits also initiated missionary and educational endeavors -The Council of Trent (1545-63) defined the doctrines of Catholicism and reinforced papal authority
Spanish rule in California
-Alta California was a colony of Spain. California not viewed as a reliable source of revenue -Spanish colonization didn't start until the late 18th century. Spanish presence never strong enough to enforce restrictions on trading with non-Spanish merchants. -Spanish colonization was built on three strategies: ---Missions: Self-supporting religious centers. 21 missions built between 1769-1823. ---Presidios (garrisons): Established to provide costal defense and protection to the pueblos and missions. ---Pueblos (towns): Developed to provide agriculture for the presidios and as population centers.
England and the colonies: similarities
-America's new settlers transplanted long-standing traditions of England's government, with the first important steps taken by the earliest colonies of Plymouth (Massachusetts) and Virginia. -All of England's colonies based their goverming systems on concepts of limited government, representation, and the rights of Englishmen guaranteed in a Bill of Rights.
Minoan civilization
-An Aegean civilization -Minoan civilization of Crete (c. 4000-1400 B.C.) based its prosperity on extensive commerce
John Locke
-An English philosopher -Believed that people made a contract with their government to protect natural writes -Wrote about the inalienable writes to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness -His political ideas had a dramatic impact on the development of democratic political thought in the late 18th century; influenced both the United States "Declaration of Independence" (1776) and the French "Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen" (1789) -Stood in direct contrast to absolutism, the prevailing doctrine of the time
Volume and tone of voice
-An effective speaker's tone varies naturally and appropriately according to the content. -His or her volume is clear and suitable for the audience and venue. -A good speaker modulates his/her volume at appropriate points in the delivery to engage the audience in the content.
Background to the French Revolution
-An inequitable class structure was the basic cause of the revolution -A disorganized legal system and no representative assembly added to the problems of the government -Enlightenment philosophy influenced the middle class -The bankruptcy of the French treasury was the immediate cause of the revolution -The "Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen" (influenced by Locke's ideas) defined enlightenment concepts of national law and the sovereignty of the people
The Democratic Party
-An updated version of Jefferson's Democratic-Republicans -1826-36 -Jacksonian democracy symbolized the rise of the "common man," as opposed to the old Hamiltonian view of an America dominated by financial elites -Championed the expansionist frontier western spirit ("manifest destiny" -journalist John O'Sullivan) -Key issues: war against the bank and the tariff -Jackson initiated the spoils system in which political enemies are replaced by political friends -Jackson pursued nationalistic policies -Pro-states' rights
Point of view
-Any of several possible vantage points from which a story is told. -May be omniscient, limited to that of a single character, or limited to that of several characters, as well as other possibilities. -The teller may use the first person and/or the third person.
Islamic civilization: government and religion
-Arabs preserved the cultures of the peoples they conquered -Religious pilgrimages led to the spread of new ideas -The caliphs improved farming methods and crop yields -Military expansion also served as a vehicle for cultural exchane between the Arab and western worlds
Mexican rule in California
-1821-1846 -After Mexican independence from Spain in 1822, California residents exerted increased control in local political matters -California was a territory of the Republic of Mexico -Mexican authority never strong. Mexico allowed trade with foreigners and issued land grants to individual Mexican citizens. -Missions secularized and lands sold to powerful local families (Californios). -Ranchos owned by Californios—the dominant institutions. Land-grant system and ranchos fueled independent action. -Mexican rule marked by feuds among the ranchos and with Mexican government. By 1845, the Californios expelled the last of the Mexican governors. -Encroachment of non-Mexicans into California increased. American trappers (including Jedediah Smith), explorers (including Kit Carson, Joseph Walker), and a variety of wagon masters opened California to American settlement.
California and Immigrant Relations (1850-1880s)
-1850: Foreign Miners' Tax imposed by California legislature; $20 monthly tax on foreign miners -1854: California Supreme Court excluded all nonwhite races from testifying against a white person (case involved Chinese witness testifying in a murder trial) -1879: California constitution denied voting rights to any "native of China" (repealed 1926) -1882: Chinese Exclusion Act passed by Congress -1884: San Francisco school board adopted "separate but equal" doctrine and segregated Chinese schoolchildren from all others
Fort Sumter
-1861 -Union commander: Maj. Robert Anderson -Confederate commander: Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard -Fort bombarded; surrendered by Anderson -Opening battle of the war
Antietam
-1862 -Union commander: Gen. George McClellan -Confederate commander: Gen. Robert E. Lee -The first battle fought on Northern soil -McClellan beat back Lee's invasion on the bloodiest single day in the war -Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation (declared freedom of slaves in states not under Union control unless the rebel states returned to the Union by Jan. 1, 1963, which none did... 50,000 slaves freed right away, and more as the Union advanced; now black soldiers could fight for the Union)
Gettysburg
-1863 -Union commander: Gen. George Meade -Confederate commander: Gen. Robert E. Lee -Lee launched a second invasion of the North; Meade refused to pursue Lee, and the war continued -Lincoln delivered his Gettysburg Address -Victory at Gettysburg made Northern victory inevitable
Vicksburg
-1863 -Union commander: Gen. Ulysses S. Grant -Confederate commander: Lt. Gen. John C. Pemberton -Union victory cut off the western theater from the South and split the confederacy at the Mississippi river
Sherman's March to the Sea
-1864 -Union commander: Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman -Confederate commander: Lt. Gen. John Bell Hood -Sherman's troops captured Atlanta and pushed ahead to capture Savannah. The brutality of these battles and the burning of Atlanta left a legacy of bitterness toward the North.
Battle of Appomattox Courthouse
-1865 -Union commander: Gen. Ulysses S. Grant -Confederate commander: Gen. Robert E. Lee -Final engagement of the war; ended with Lee's surrender to Grant
Reconstruction
-1865-77 -Attempted to reunite the nation -Following the Civil War, the economic, political, social, and military reconstruction of the South was necessary -The president and Congress differed on how to reconstruct the South ---The presidential plan emphasized tolerance for the defeated South ---The congressional (Radical) plan emphasized the use of military force in treating the South like a conquered territory
The completion of the transcontinental railroad
-1869 -Completed Manifest Destiny -The Central Pacific met the Union Pacific at Promontory, Utah. Immigrant labor was used: Chinese on the Central Pacific and Irish on the Union Pacific. -The Big Four (Hopkins, Crocker, Huntington, and Stanford) controlled the railroad industry and most of the California political scene
Role of the Church in the Early Middle Ages
-As the Western Roman Empire was under relentless attack from barbarian tribes, people looked to the Church for salvation -The Church became the preserver of civilization and its unifying force in both political and religious life -Church entered into feudal contracts and became an extensive landholder; at one point, the Church owned approx. 1/3 of the land -Europe was referred to as "Christendom" -Both the Christian Church and local nobles exercised their authority to form a new kind of society, creating the foundation for a politically reorganized Europe of competing nation-states
Hinduism
-Considered one of the world's major religions and has influenced religious, political, and social thought for over 4,000 years -Originated in the Indus River Valley of India and primarily spread to and throughout southeast Asia -Four key beliefs: --That each person is born into a caste or social group --Reincarnation: after death all people will be reborn in either human or animal form; nothing truly dies and the spirit in death passes from one living thing to another --The cow is considered sacred --A belief in polytheism (multiple deities): the three main gods are Brahma, the Creator; Vishnu, the Preserver; and Shiva, the Destroyer
California missions: purpose
-Convert Native Americans to Christianity and teach them the Spanish way of life (both the sword and the cross were used to subdue Indians) -Provide agricultural land and food staples for the emerging Spanish population -Create permanent and self-sufficient Spanish settlements in Alta California ---With the hope of attracting Spanish settlers to California and discouraging English and Russian colonization of California -Defend Spanish empire to the south in Mexico
The Kansas-Nebraska Act
-Created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and allowed settlers in those territories to determine if they would allow slavery within their boundaries -The failure of the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) led to bloodshed over the expansion of slavery and raised the issue of popular sovereignty (in the pre-Civil War U.S., the doctrine that the inhabitants of a territory should be free from federal interference in determining their own domestic policy, esp. in deciding whether or not to allow slavery)
First humans to enter North America
-Crossed the Bering Strait land bridge at the end of the Pleistocene Period (the last Ice Age), 20,000-30,000 years ago -Migrated southward from Alaska and populated North and South America -Entered California approx. 15,000 years ago (evidence from the early-man archaeological site at Calico could push the date back to 50,000 years ago)
Trenton
-December 26, 1776 -American commanders: George Washington, Nathanael Greene -British commander: Johann Rall -American Victory -Victorious surprise attack on Hessian forces (18th century German regiments in service with the British Empire) rallied American spirit and confidence in Washington's leadership
Reasons for the Byzantine Empire's success
-Economic prosperity was based on domination of the commercial trade routes controlled by Constantinople and a monopoly of the silk trade -The Byzantines made excellent use of diplomacy to avoid invasions, and they were geographically distant from the tribes who sacked Rome -Codification of Roman law by Justinian (A.D. 528-565) strengthened the bureaucracy -Constantinople was a fortress city with excellent defensible borders
Pacing and clarity
-Effective speakers enunciate clearly and properly, using a natural pace that is governed by the syntax and content. -Words are never slurred or run together. -Good speakers do not use fillers such as um, ah, and like.
Rome's economic problems
-Emperors repeatedly raised taxes to support the ever-increasing needs of the army -Created tremendous burdens on the population, with the common people being most affected -Continual economic crises resulted in a rise in poverty and unemployment -Trade and commerce, keystones in stabalizing the Roman economy, declined -The government reduced the value of the coins in circulation, which caused runaway inflation -With money worthless, business was hurt, crime increased, and political instability worsened
France's reasons for aiding the English colonies during the American Revolution
-Extremely unlikely that France, with an absolute monarch in King Louis XIV, would have embraced the ideals of the Declaration of Independence (which declared that the people had inalienable rights, governments were set up to serve the people, and unjust governments that usurped the power of the people should be overthrown) -France saw the American Revolution as a means to weaken the military and political power of the English (a weaker England wold in turn result in a stronger France) -France still resented the loss of Canada to the English as a result of the Seven Years' War (1756-63)
Conventions of effective speech presentation
-Eye contact -Volume and tone of voice -Pacing and clarity -Hand gestures -Posture
California missions: negative outcomes
-Fatally exposed the Indians to European diseases such as typhus and smallpox -High infant mortality rate among the mission Indians -Destroyed native culture -Local Indian populations provided the forced labor to build the missions, ofter under brutalizing conditions
Proofreading
-Fifth/final step of the writing process -Allows writers to check the text for mechanical and diction errors (spelling, punctuation, grammar, etc.) -Purpose: to ensure that the final draft is as accurate and error-free as possible using the conventions of standard written English
The new nationalism
-Followed the War of 1812 (1816-23) -The scope and authority of the Supreme Court were established during this period -The Era of Good Feelings characterized the political successes of the Anti-Federalist Party (Anti-Federalists dominant, President Monroe downplayed partisanship) -The Monroe Doctrine defined American interests in the Western Hemisphere (stated that further efforts by European countries to colonize land or interfere with states in the Americas would be viewed as acts of aggression requiring U.S. intervention) -The new nationalism led to the development of a new American culture -The removal of the British from the northwestern frontier encouraged westward expansion
The importance of city life in the Sung Empire
-Foreign trade enabled populations to grow in cities and to become sophisticated -The family was the focus of Chinese life -Women had lower status than men
The Cascade Range
-Form the western mountain ranges -The western slope of the Sierra Nevada borders the Central Valley of California -The Coast Ranges form the western wall of the Central Valley
Africa's geological diversity
-Four rivers (Nile, Congo, Niger, and Zambezi) were important to Africa's economic history -Egyptian civilization developed in the Nile Valley -Africa above the Sahara (Northern Africa) is often associated with Arab influence -The irregular coast line (no natural harbors) of the African continent restricted European exploration
Editing
-Fourth step of the writing process -Clean up diction and syntax (i.e. combine some sentences for effect and reword sentences for clarity) -Purpose: to check the flow of ideas and precision of presentation
"Old" immigrants
-From 1840-1880, approx. 10 million people immigrated to the United States, largely from northern and western Europe -1882 marked the high point of old immigration; 87% of all immigrants up to this date were from northern and western Europe
Europeans in the New World
-From Spain, Portugal, Britain, France and the Netherlands
"New" immigrants
-From eastern, central, and southern Europe -By 1890, new immigrants totaled over 50% of the immigrant population -This percentage rose to 80% by 1914 -The new wave of immigration had a profound effect on American society—socially, politically, and economically
John Calvin
-Geneva, Switzerland -The Doctrine of Predestination (God willed eternal damnation for some people and salvation for others) was central to Calvinistic belief -Rejection of all forms of worship and practice not traced to Biblical tradition -Calvinism became a revolutionary anti-Catholic movement -Basis of "Reformed Churches," which spread throughout Europe; Calvinism made Protestantism an international movement
Mongul rule in China
-Genghis Khan united nomadic peoples and conquered China -Kublai Khan became emperor of China -Marco Polo, the Italian explorer, opened the door to trade with China and described the Mongol Empire.
Context
-Gives the reader and writer a sense of appropriateness for different writing situations (for example, one follows different writing conventions when writing a letter to the editor, an essay, a diary entry, a descriptive piece, or a letter of complaint) -Often dictates the appropriate tone, as well as vocabulary, organization, etc.
Prior Knowledge (text comprehension classroom activity)
-Good readers draw on prior knowledge and experience to help them understand what they are reading; making use of this improves students' comprehension -Before students read, preview the text with them -Ask them what they already know about the content of the selection (for example, the topic, concept or time period), what they know about the author and what text structure s/he is likely to use -Discuss the important vocabulary used in the text -Show students some pictures or diagrams to prepare them for what they are about to read
Metacognitive Strategies
-Good readers use these to think about and have control over their reading -Before reading: they clarify their purpose for reading and preview the text -During reading: they monitor their understanding, adjusting their reading speed to fit the difficulty of the text and "fixing up" any comprehension problems they have -After reading: they check their understanding of what they have read
Posture
-Good speakers face the audience squarely with a natural stance. -They do not shift their weight or stand askew; they do not lean informally to one side or the other, nor do they lean on a lectern or podium.
Oral Reading Inventory (reading assessment)
-Graded passages that give an indication of the fluency with which a student is able to read -Also evaluated are accuracy, reading rate, reading level, and comprehension level
Semantic Organizers (text comprehension classroom activity)
-Graphic organizers that look somewhat like a spider web; lines connect a central concept to a variety of related ideas and events -Also called semantic maps/webs
Achievements of the Byzantine Empire
-Greek language and cultural accomplishments preserved -Center for world trade and exchange of culture -It spread civilization to all of eastern Europe -Codification of Roman law ("Justinian Code") -It preserved the Eastern Church ("Greek Orthodox"), which converted Slavic people to Christianity -Its economic strength was based on the stability of its money economy -New focus for art; glorification of Christianity
The invention of barbed wire
-Had the most revolutionary impact on the economic development of the American West during the 19th century -Doomed the open cattle range, making it possible for thousands of homesteaders to fence off land to prevent roaming cattle from destroying crops -Its commercial practicality resulted in much open-range land being privately owned by 1890, encouraging the development of stock farming, centralization, and town building -Created by J.F. Glidden in 1874 -Some historians compare the importance of barbed wire in the West to that of the cotton gin in the South
Dissolution of the Frankish Empire
-Hastened by the Frankish system of inheritance -The Treaty of Verdun (A.D. 843) divided Charlemagne's empire among his three grandsons -Carolingian rule ended in the 10th century because of the decline in central authority and the invasions of the Scandinavian tribes
Protagonist
-Hero/heroine -One of the main characters of a literary work -Usually in conflict with the antagonist (villain)
Feudalism: political
-Hierarchical and interdependent ---Church ---Lords/nobles ---Vassals/lesser lords ---Knights ---Peasants (free and serfs) -Grants of land given by lords in exchange for oaths of loyalty -Private armies of vassals and their knights protected lords and their lands -Peasants owed labor and obedience -All owed loyalty and obedience to the Church
Doctrine of Nullification
-High tariffs passed in 1832 led to the Nullification Crisis of that year -Vice president John C. Calhoun supported South Carolina's nullification legislation that allowed a state to nullify an act of Congress -South Carolina said that the federal government could not collect the tariff -Compromise of 1833 lowered the tariff -President Jackson still threatened to send in Federal troops to stop nullification -South Carolina repealed the Ordinance of Nullification -This issue intensified the sectional issue that would lead to the Civil War
Andrew Johnson
-His Reconstruction policy (1866-67) of leniency to the defeated South angered and frustrated the Radical Republicans in control of Congress -Vetoed a number of bills designed to protect the freedom of the former slaves, such as the acts creating the Freedmen's Bureau and several civil rights acts -Over the opposition of Johnson, the Radicals in Congress passed Reconstruction acts that divided the South into five military districts, disenfranchised white southern males, and forced states to ratify the 14th Amendment (which extended citizenship to former slaves) -A constitutional crisis resulted when Johnson removed a government official in violation of the Tenure of Office Act -The House impeached Johnson, but he was acquitted by one vote in the Senate (1867)
Conflicts with Hamilton's financial plan
-His plan came in direct conflict with the agricultural interests of the South -The southern states were against expanding the power of the federal government at the expense of the rights of the states -His plan for a protective tariff designed to protect domestic industries against foreign competition especially angered the South -The industrial sector of the country was primarily in the North, and Hamilton's plan to protect the American manufacturer seemed to offer little in the way of direct benefit to the South -Led directly to the rise of political parties in the new nation, with the Federalists favoring a strong central government and the Anti-Federalists favoring strong state governments
Confucius
-His teachings influenced Chinese culture -Wanted to improve society -Taught that certain virtues are guidelines to happy life
Economic depression
-Hit California in the 1870s; a cycle of boom and bust was begun -The depression was characterized by low wages, high unemployment, railroad abuses (unfair pricing and rebates), and the restriction of water rights by land monopolies -The collapse of the Bank of California in 1875 (and other financial institutions) further weakened the California economy -Ensuing periods of economic boom and bust then fueled California's long history of troubled relations with immigrants, regarded as unwanted competition during economic downturn
Five primary economic regions
-Hollywood (entertainment) -Southern California (aerospace) -Central Valley (agriculture) -Silicon Valley (computers/high technology) -Napa Valley, Sonoma Valley, Santa Barbara, and Paso Robles (wine)
Graphic Organizers (text comprehension classroom activity)
-Illustrate concepts and interrelationships among concepts in a text, using diagrams or other pictorial devices -Known by different names, such as maps, webs, graphs, charts, frames, or clusters
Implications of Teaching Vocabulary Instruction in the Classroom
-Implement strategies for teaching specific words -Provide repeated exposure to words -Use word parts -Use context clues -Use dictionaries and other reference aids
The Magna Carta
-In 1215, King John was forced by the nobles to sing the Magna Carta -Limited the power of the king and increased the power of the nobles -Key provisions: King's authority limited by law, rights of the king's subjects declared (i.e. habeas corpus), respect for legal procedures -Modern influence: constitutionalism/importance of a written constitution, individual rights, due process of the law, concept of a representative government, taxation with representation, trial by jury -Would later be a significant influence on the American Constitution
Overregularizations
-In early childhood, children begin to use past tenses and plurals in speech -About this time, they also begin to add regular forms on irregular nouns, saying "foots" instead of "feet"
Ganges River
-In eastern India -Sacred to Indians but was not the geographical river area that led to the development of Indian civilization -Associated with the rise of the Mauryan Empire in 322 B.C.
Electronic and Internet Resources
-Include film, broadcast media, and all aspects of the Internet -Difference between a general-use Internet search site (i.e. Wikipedia, which may be useful to a certain extent but inappropriate for serious research) and highly reputable sites that are considered appropriate for serious research
Reasons for the spread of Christianity (the Roman period)
-Individual conviction in one's beliefs (solidarity) had grown during the Roman persecution period -The efficiency and organization of the early church administration -Doctrines that stressed equality and immortality -Teachings and doctrines developed by "Church Fathers" such as Augustine were granted a foothold in both the western and eastern worlds -The conversion of Constantine to Christianity (A.D. 313) -The establishment of Christianity as the official Roman religion (A.D. 380) -The establishment of the supremacy of the pope at the time imperial Rome was disintegrating
Habituation
-Infants and children repeat sounds that are reinforced -Children can distinguish abstract rules for sentence structure
Japan's geography
-Influenced its history -Japanese culture reflects a reverence for nature -Mountains, forests, and coastal areas determined cultural growth
Muslim contributions
-Institutions: hospitals, medical schools, libraries, universities -Agriculture: cash crops, crop rotation -Mathematics: algebra, algorithms, Arabic numerals, decimal point -Globalization: exploration, work of scholars, trade (Atlantic, Mediterranean, Indian Ocean, China Sea) -Science: methodology, theory and experimentation, astrolabe (astronomical instrument used to locate and predict the positions of the sun, moon, planet and stars), alchemy -Arts: calligraphy, illuminated manuscripts, glazed pottery, Persian and Arabian mythology -Medicine: forceps, bone saw, scalpel, surgical needle -Technology: mechanical clocks, pointed arch, stained glass, windmill -Poetry, philosophy, literature
Answering Questions (text comprehension classroom activity)
-Instruction encourages students to learn to answer questions better and, therefore, to learn more as they read -One type of instruction simply teaches students to look back in the text to find answers to questions that they cannot answer after the initial reading -Another type helps students understand question-answer relationships—the relationships between questions and where the answers to those questions are found -In this instruction, readers learn to answer questions that require an understanding of information
The industrial growth/expansion of the United States
-Inventions promoted industrial growth -Raw materials and geographic factors contributed to regional economic diversity -The development of communication and transportation aided the industrial growth of America -New methods of production such as division of labor, standardized parts, the assembly line, and mass production fostered the expansion of industry -Expanding markets at home and abroad encouraged industrial expansion -The development of the steel, mining, electric, petroleum, textile, and food-processing industries characterized the period -65% of industrial expansion was in the Northeast due to availability of abundant natural resources, access to the Great Lakes and ports for foreign shipments, abundant supplies of power, and availability of cheap labor (while rail travel aided the industrialization of the Northeast, the transcontinental railroad did not affect this growth)
Reasons for the decline of the Byzantine Empire
-Its geographic proximity to the Arabs, Slavs, and Seljuk Turks, all of whom were becoming more powerful -The loss of commercial dominance of the Italians -Religious controversy with the West and a subsequent split with the Roman Catholic Church -The sack of Constantinople during the fourth Crusade
Princeton
-January 3, 1777 -American commander: George Washington -British commanders: Charles Cornwallis, Charles Mawhood -American victory -Encouraged the French government to send supplies to the Americans -In England, support for the war declined
Fears of the "yellow peril" were raised again
-Japanese were imported in large numbers to work in agriculture. They displaced Anglo workers and resentment grew. -Asians were restricted from naturalization at the turn of the century. -The San Francisco Board of Education segregated Caucasians and Asians in 1905 -This resentment led to an international "Gentlemen's Agreement" in 1907 ---Japanese immigration to the United States was voluntarily restricted (but the measure was ineffective in reducing tension) ---Integrated schools were permitted ---Agitation against Asians continued
The Anti-Federalist Party
-Jefferson, Madison -Later coalesced into the Democratic-Republican Party -Believed in the concept of limited federal power based on the farming interests of the country -Developed a political philosophy that believed in the worth of the individual
The California missions
-Jesuits established five permanent settlements in Baja California in the early 1700s -Franciscan friars established 21 Spanish missions along the California coast from San Diego to Sonoma (one day's journey apart at completion), 1769-1823 -Linked by California's first transportation route, the El Camino Real -Father Serra is credited with the development of the mission system; his lasting contributions are controversial -Around 1830, the mission system began a secularization process. By 1836, most mission property was privately owned
Coordinating Conjunctions
-Join parts of a sentence (words, phrases and clauses) that are grammatically equal or similar -FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)
Bunker Hill
-June 17, 1775 -American commanders: Israel Putnam, William Prescott -British commander: William Howe -British victory -British took the hill but suffered huge losses compared to the Americans -Americans proved that they could stand up to the British army but war would not be won easily
The ratification of the Constitution
-June 21, 1788 -Was framed due to the need for a strong central government -The government under the Constitution solved many major problems ---A federal system was created that divided federal and state power ---Separation of powers and checks and balances were included to limit the power of the central government
Word Parts (vocabulary instruction)
-Knowing some common prefixes and suffixes (affixes), base words, and root words can help students learn the meanings of many new words -For example, if students learn just the four most common prefixes in English (un-, re-, in-, dis-), they will have important clues about the meaning of about two-thirds of all English words that have prefixes -Prefixes are relatively easy to learn because they have clear meanings (un- = not, re = again), they are usually spelled the same way from word to word, and they always occur at the beginning of words
Russia and the Ottoman Empire
-Landlocked, did not have a geographical outlet to the Mediterranean -The Ottoman Empire was centered in Turkey, whose borders include the Black Sea (north) and the Mediterranean Sea (south) -Historically, a characteristic of Russian foreign policy from the 17th century onward was to obtain permanent access to the Mediterranean -A port on the Black Sea would allow Russia to better control its own destiny -Britain and other European countries prevented the territorial expansion of Russia in the direction of Turkey (European objective was the to maintain the current balance of power) -The most notable attempt by Russia to upset the balance resulted in Russian defeat during the Crimean War (1853-56)
The Roman Empire
-Lasted five centuries -The Pax Romana (Roman peace) was two centuries without a major war (27 B.C.-A.D. 180) -By the end of the second century A.D., Rome was in economic and political decline, which weakened the empire
Roman contributions to the western world
-Law (greatest contribution): rule of law/equality before the law, civil and contract law codes -Engineering and architecture: concrete, arch, roads (200,000 miles of roads), aqueducts and cisterns, monumental buildings (the Colosseum) -Culture: history, literature (Virgil's Aeneid, Ovid's Metamorphoses), rhetoric (the art and study of the use of language with persuasive effect) -Continued the Greek tradition in literature, art, sculpture, and the humanities
The Beginning Reader: Developmental Expectation
-Letters are associated with sounds -Children begin to read simple CVC words (such as mat, sun, pin) -They usually represent such words with a single sound, and later spell with the first and last consonant: for example, CT for cat -When writing later, vowels are included in each syllable -Children now rhyme and blend words -When reading later, they begin to recognize "chunks," or phonograms.
Ancient Africans' advances in their societies and cultures
-Lineage was the basis of tribal organization -Religion, politics, and law became the focus of African culture -Art and sculpture were emphasized
The shared heritage of the various tribes
-Lineage was traced on the paternal side -Native tobacco and jimsonweed were widely used in ceremonial activities -Sweathouses were used (by men only) -The groups' religions were similar in myths, creation stories, shamanism, and the influence of nature -Ceremonies dealt with birth, death, puberty, marriage, hunting, and so on -Fables dealth with animals and other natural phenomena of the region (coyote, raven, bear, snake, thunder, and so on) -Roles were sex differentiated: the men hunted and fished, and the women gathered food and materials and killed small game -The oral story tradition was used by all California Indians
The Klamath Mountains
-Located in the northwestern corner of the states -They are an extension of the Coast Ranges -The mountains are rugged, steep, and in the 6,000- to 8,000-foot range -The area receives heavy precipitation, and dense forests cover the mountains
Westward Expansion: 1812-1820
-Louisiana Territory: Louisiana, Missouri added to the Union -Old Northwest: Indiana, Illinois added to the Union -Mississippi Territory: Mississippi, Alabama added to the Union
Feudalism: economic
-Manor estates ---Owned by lords ---Peasant serfs given land to work in exchange for percentage of crop ---Free peasants worked as skilled laborers ---Dues and fees charged for tenancy, use of roads, bridges, etc.
Inventions of the Industrial Revolution
-Manufacturing: flying shuttle -Birth of the factory system: spinning jenny, water frame, spinning mule, watt steam engine, power loom, cotton gin -Iron-making: coke smelting, grooved rollers -Transportation: steam locomotive, steamboat
Johannes Kepler
-Mathematician, astronomer -Believed God had created the world according to an intelligible plan and that man could understand this plan through application of reason -"Three laws of Planetary Motion"—mathematical calculations regarding planetary orbits that supported heliocentric theory (the motion of planets around the sun)
Isaac Newton
-Mathematician, physicist, and astronomer -The most influential scientist of the Enlightenment -Described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion, which dominated the scientific view of the physical universe for the next three centuries -Showed that the motions of objects on Earth and of celestial bodies are governed by the same set of natural laws, by demonstrating the consistency between Kepler's laws of planetary motion and his theory of gravitation; thus removing the last doubts about heliocentrism and advancing the Scientific Revolution
Galileo Galilei
-Mathematician, physicist, astronomer -With a telescope, provided the first observational evidence in support of Copernicus -Observed the phases of Venus; discovered the four largest moons of Jupiter; observed and analyzed sunspots -Was questioned before the Inquisition, the primary purpose of which was to eradicate heresy and strengthen the Catholic Church -In 1633, fearing execution, he recanted the heliocentric view of the solar system
Fort Ticonderoga
-May 10, 1775 -American commanders: Ethan Allen, Benedict Arnold -British commander: William Delaplace -American victory -Americans seized the fort's 100 canons, which were badly needed by colonial forces
High Frequency Word Recognition (reading assessment)
-Measures word recognition out of context -In general, proficient readers can read words in and out of context, and poor readers over-rely on context for decoding -This also assists the teacher in determining a level to start testing in oral reading inventories
The Emergent Reader: Reading Instruction
Begin phonemic awareness: -Help to recognize print in environment -Help to make predictions in stories -Observe pretending to read -Help to recognize letter shapes
The Panama Canal
Buit to make passage between Atlantic and Pacific oceans easier and faster because there were many Navy ships that needed to get from Gulf of Mexico out to the Pacific to help protect American islands in case of invasion; built by Roosevelt
Industrialization reflected changing attitudes and conditions
-Mechanization and the factory system were introduced -The growth of labor unions resulted from problems caused by industrialization -Social, economic, and political changed became evident -The rise of cities paralleled the industrial growth of America -The need for government intervention increased ---The Sherman (1890) and Clayton (1914) Antitrust Acts restricted the power of giant corporations ---Workmen's compensation laws, child labor laws, and regulations on working conditions and minimum wages were part of the congressional reform movement to improve the plight of the working man -The need for conservation of natural resources was a result of the continued industrial growth of America
Westward Expansion: 1848
-Mexican Cession: Mexican-American War ended in victory for the United States; Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ceded Utah, Nevada, California, Arizona, and New Mexico to the United States -Pacific Northwest: Northwest boundary dispute with Britain settles; Oregon Territory organized
Westward Expansion: 1850
-Michigan Territory: Michigan added to the Union -Louisiana Territory: Arkansas, Iowa, and Wisconsin added to the Union -Pacific Coast: California added to the Union
Napoleon and the First Empire
-Military and political leader during the later stages of the French Revolution -Emperor of the French from 1804-1815 -His legal reform, the Napoleonic Code, has been a major influence on many civil law jurisdictions worldwide -Best remembered for the wars he led against a series of coalitions, the Napoleonic Wars, during which he established hegemony over much of Europe and sought to spread revolutionary ideals
Text Comprehension Classroom Activities
-Monitoring comprehension -Using graphic and semantic organizers -Answering questions -Generating questions -Recognizing story structure -Summarizing -Making use of prior knowledge -Using mental imagery
Proposition 13
Californians staged a "tax revolt" that slashed property taxes and forced painful cuts in government services
Food of California Indians
-Most important and only reliable food for the majority of California Indians, including Indians of the foothills, was acorn nuts (the nuts of oak trees) -Almost all California Indians depended on acorn meal because oaks grew in most parts of California -After pounding the acorn kernel into a powder, Indians used water to leach the acorn's bitter tannic acid. The resulting meal could be boiled into a mush, baked into cakes, or stored -Coastal and river Indians ate fish -Few Indians included large game animals as a regular part of their diet -Seeds and berries were a part of the Indians' diet because grasses and wild oats covered many hills and valleys -Yucca plants were used as both a food and a basket source
Collapse of the mission system
-Most institutions collapse when the purpose in establishing them is no longer relevant -When the last mission was established in Sonoma in 1823, the move to secularize the missions was in full swing -The Mexican Revolution of 1821 ended centuries of Spanish domination over Alta California -During the Mexican period, there was a dramatic decline in the importance of the missions -Converting the Indians to Christianity was no longer relevant, and the development of farming communities (pueblos) eliminated the agricultural purpose for maintaining the mission system -By 1834, the secularization/privatization of the missions was complete
Religion in the colonies
-Most prevalent religion was Protestant -A single, established church was not practical in America -The decline of Puritanism led to greater religious tolerance -Georgia was not founded with religious freedom as a cornerstone; it was founded by James Oglethorpe, who brought debtors and former prisoners to Georgia to provide a population base to protect Georgia from Spanish territorial expansion -Other colonies were established to provide for religious freedom: Maryland (Catholic), Rhode Island (extensive freedom for all religions), Pennsylvania (Quakers), Massachusetts (Puritan), and Delaware (Quakers) ---With the exception of Rhode Island, religious freedom only extended to the dominant religion of the colony
Rome's political problems
-No formal system in place to choose Roman emperors; some chosen directly by the emperor, others were heirs to the throne, others were able to buy the throne -Informal and corrupt process of succession resulted in weak and ineffective rulers and many political assassinations -By the end of the fifth century, the emperors were so weak that they were the puppets of the military, often bribing the army to stay in power
Sight-Word Programs
-Non-systematic phonics instruction -Begin by teaching children a sight-word reading vocabulary of from 50 to 100 words -Only after they learn to read these words to children receive instruction in the Alphabetic Principle
Literature-Based Programs
-Non-systematic phonics instruction -Emphasize reading and writing -Phonics instruction is embedded in these activities, but letter-sound relationships are taught incidentally, usually based on key letters that appear in student reading materials
Basal Reading Programs
-Non-systematic phonics instruction -Focus on whole-word or meaning-based activities -These programs pay only limited attention to letter-sound relationships and provide little or no instruction in how to blend letters to pronounce words
Yorktown
-October 19, 1781 -American commanders: George Washington, Comte de Rochambeau, Compte de Grasse -British commanders: Charles Cornwallis, Banastre Tarleton -American victory -Tarleton's surrender brought war to an end (though it was formally ended in 1783 with the Treaty of Paris) -Britain recognized the independence of the United States of America (France and Spain had done so by 1779)
Folk tales
-Prose narratives that follow traditional storylines that arise from oral traditions in histories -As old as language -Adapt from culture to culture -Original author is never known -Arise through the process of recombining traditional elements (motifs) and/or transferring an established plot (tale-type) from one hero, one location, or one era to another -Telling tales is culturally universal and shares a commonality with primitive and advanced societies alike -This genre includes fairy tales, legends of all types, animal folk tales, fables, tall tales, and humorous anecdotes
California missions: positive outcomes
-Provided presidios (Spanish garrisons) with food and goods -In some cases enjoyed great economic success -Gave Spanish a foothold in California
Government under "The Articles of Confederation"
-Ratified March, 1781 -Established the first government for the United States of America -Successfully negotiated the Treaty of Paris (1783) to end the Revolutionary War -Passed the Land Ordinance of 1785, creating a system for western land surveys and provisions for land sales -Passed the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, which established a process for western frontier regions to organize into territories and become new states But... -Proved inadequate as a central government -Limited by major weaknesses
The Roman Republic: decline
-Ravaged by economic and political decline and repeated civil wars -Caesar was assassinated in 44 B.C. -Augustus became the first emperor of the Roman Empire (27 B.C.)
Mental Imagery (text comprehension classroom activity)
-Readers (especially younger readers) who visualize during reading understand and remember what they read better than readers who do not visualize -Help students by urging them to picture a setting, character, or event described in the text
Absolutism
-Refers to the absolute rule of monarchs with unlimited power -The theory of absolute monarchs and the divine right of kings (rule by God's will) -Evolved from the limited power of the ruling class during the Middle Ages to the Age of Absolutism in the 16th-18th century
Literature and Philosophy
-Reflected the new secular trends -Humanism stressed the importance of the individual -Machiavelli's "The Prince" stressed that "the ends justify the means" as a political philosophy -The influence of the "classical" arts was strong, and a new emphasis was placed on science
Powers of Congress
-Regulate trade -Mint and distribute a single currency -Declare war -Make treaties -Impose tariffs -Establish immigration laws -Tax -Borrow money -Maintain the military forces of the nation
The (Protestant) Reformation
-Renaissance secularism created tension between princely kingdoms and the authority of the Church -There also emerged within the Church questions about its worldly rather than spiritual interest in acquiring power and wealth -This internal struggle led to a rift in the Church, the rise of Protestant faiths, and more than a century of religious warfare
The Carolingians
-Replaced the Franks as legitimate rulers -Pepin the Short (A.D. 747-768) was appointed by the pope as king and established the Papal States on former Byzantine lands -Charlemagne (A.D. 768-814) dominated the political structure of the early Middle Ages ---He was crowned "Emperor of the Romans" by Pope Leo in A.D. 800 and had a major impact on the history of Europe ---He revived the concept of the Holy Roman Empire and established authority over secular rulers -His empire included most of the former Roman Empire and additional Germanic lands between the Rhine and Elbe rivers ---The Carolingian Renaissance resulted in the establishment of a palace academy with a prescribed academic curriculum
Spanish exploration of the Baja peninsula
-Result of the search for the Seven Cities of Cibola by Cortés in the 1530s -Spain was interested in conquest and wealth -Exploration centered on a search for an island inhabited by Amazon-like women who used golden weapons
National leaders from California
-Richard Nixon: 36th president, born in Yorba Linda, California (only native Californian to become pres) -Ronald Reagan: 40th president, born in Illinois, lived in California for many years -Herbert Hoover: 31st president, born in Iowa, lived in California for many years -Earl Warren: Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, 30th governor of California, born in Los Angeles, California
Greece: geography
-Rugged landscape of mountains and valleys, scattered islands led to the development of independent city-states (polis) rather than one unified empire -Scarcity of good agricultural land encouraged seafaring in eastern Greece -The southern mainland, with adequate agricultural resources, relied on farming
The East African Coast
-Saw the development of city-states -East African civilization was based on international trade and seaport cities -Swahili culture developed its own language and thrived in the city-states -The Portuguese destroyed much of the East African trade after 1500
The Dred Scott decision
-Scott, a slave, was "purchased," moved with his "owners" to a free state, and sued for his freedom. -The court ruled that 1) slaves and their descendants were not citizens and could not sue, 2) Since slaves were "property" they could not be taken away from their "owners" without due process -Failed to solve the slavery question -Overturned with the passage of the 14th Amendment
Drafting
-Second step of the writing process; logically follows prewriting -Develop the initial draft of actual sentences and paragraphs -Don't worry about correctness or editing; rather, follow the organizational plan set up in the prewriting stage and incorporate all ideas into the essay -Purpose: to get all the prewriting ideas into print
The Central Valley
-Separates the Sierra Nevada and the Coast Range -Extends from the northwest to the southeast for 400 miles and is an average of 50 miles wide -The valley is a flat, sedimentary plain. The soil is fertile and makes the valley the major agricultural region of the state. -60% of California's farmland is located in the Central Valley -A majority of the state;s water supply is caught in the Central Valley as runoff from the Sierra Nevada -The Sacramento Delta, encompassing 1,200 square miles of waterways, is located where the Sacramento (south-flowing) and San Joaquin (north-flowing) rivers meet
John Marshall
-Served for 34 years as chief justice (1801-35) -His decisions shaped the role of the Supreme Court and American constitutional law -Landmark cases: Marbury v. Madison (1803) and McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
Telegraphic Speech
-Simplified speech or an early form of speech -This is usually a two-word sentence spoken by a 2-year-old -First sentences consist of just enough words to get the meaning across (e.g. I cold)
Causes of the Civil War
-Social-economic differences between North and South -States' Rights vs. Federal Authority -Expansion of slavery
California Climate
-Southern California's climate characterized as Mediterranean and is unique in the United States -The state has many diverse microclimates, though generally the coastal climate is mild and the interior is much more extreme -The interior basins have the most extreme temperatures
California state insignia
-State flower: California golden poppy ---The profusion of the California golden poppy and its lore in California history resulted in its being named the state flower in 1903 -State bird: California valley quail ---Became the official state bird in 1931; selected because it is considered an indigenous game bird -State tree: California redwood (coast redwood and giant sequoia) ---Almost entirely confined to forests of California -State freshwater fish: California golden trout ---One of the four native trout species of the rugged Kern River system
The population of the colonies
-Steadily increased -Burgeoning birthrate; large families of 10 or more were common -Steady immigration from abroad -Europeans and Africans were the major population groups ---Europe: immigrants from England and other countries of western Europe ---Africa: forced arrival of approx. one-half million slaves
Choral/Unison Reading (reading aloud exercise)
-Students read along as a group with the teacher/another fluent adult reader -They might follow along with you as you read from a big book, or they might read from their own copy of the book you are reading -Predictable books are particularly useful, because their repetitious style invites students to join in -Begin by reading the book aloud as you model fluent reading -Students should read the book with you 3 to 5 times total -At this time, students should be able to read the text independently
Tape-Assisted Reading (reading aloud exercise)
-Students read along in their books as they hear a fluent reader read the book on an audiotape -You need a book at the student's independent reading level and a tape recording of the book read by a fluent reader at about 80 to 100 words per minute -The tape should not have sound effects or music -1st reading: student should follow along with the tape, pointing to each word in his/her book as the reader reads it -Next: student should try to read aloud along with the tape -Reading along with the tape should continue until the student is able to read the book independently, without the support of the tape
The Fluent Reader: Developmental Expectation
-Students read larger units of print and use analogy to decode larger words -Decoding becomes fluent -Reading, accuracy and speed are stressed
Readers' Theatre (reading aloud exercise)
-Students rehearse and perform a play for peers or others -They read from scripts that have been derived from books that are rich in dialogue -Students play characters who speak lines or a narrator who shares necessary background information -Provides readers with a legitimate reason to reread text and practice fluency -Also promotes cooperative interaction with peers and makes the reading task appealing
Tribes' similar material belongings
-Subsistence agricultural implements: mortar ad pestle, metate, grinding slab, and digging sticks -Receptacles: baskets (most famous), pottery, wood, and stone bowls -Musical instruments: drum, rattle, flute, rasp, and bow -Money: clam disks and olivella shells
Recent issues faced by California officials and citizens
-Sustaining economic growth -Providing adequate public services and education to a huge population -Urban issues of poverty and violence -Rising numbers of immigrants, both legal and illegal -How to access and efficiently use its shrinking resources, particularly water
Migrations of American pioneer families to California
-Swelled the American population in California (1840s) -American Pioneers settled in the San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys -They increased the demand that California become part of the United States
Private Speech
-Talking out loud to oneself with no intention to communicate with others -This helps children to integrate language and thought
Phonemic Awareness Instruction
-Teaches children to notice, think about, and work with/manipulate sounds in spoken language. This helps children become aware of English sound systems, consonants, and vowels. -Teachers can use a variety of instructional methods, however, teaching one or two types of phoneme manipulation—specifically, blending and segmenting phonemes in words—is likely to produce greater benefits -Should be explicit about the connection between phonemic awareness and reading
Generating Questions (text comprehension classroom activity)
-Teaching students to ask their own questions improves their active processing of text and their comprehension -By doing this, students become aware of whether they can answer the questions and whether they understand what they are reading -Students learn to ask themselves questions that require them to integrate information from different segments of text
Congressional (Radical) Reconstruction
-Thaddeus Stevens/Charles Sumner: Punish the South -1868-1876 -Supported by military rule (South divided into five military districts) -Civil rights bills passed -States must ratify the 14th Amendment (extended citizenship to former slaves) -State constitutions include a guarantee or full suffrage to freedmen -15th Amendment (right to vote for freedmen)
California's economy in the 1880s
-The California land boom of the 1880s, swelled the population again -The ensuing bank collapse in 1887 devastated the economy -Hard times and economic retrenchment followed
California encompasses seven distinct regions
-The Coast Ranges -The Klamath Mountains -The Sierra Nevada (the Snowy Range) -The Central Valley -The Basin and Range -The Cascade Range and Modoc Plateau -The Transverse and Peninsular ranges
The Confederate States of America
-The Confederate States of America were formed -Seven states seceded from the Union before Lincoln took office and four more after the battle at Fort Sumter; other states and territories were claimed by CSA without formal secession and/or control -President: Jefferson Davis
North American Indians
-The Hopewell people were skilled farmers and flourished in the Ohio and Mississippi valleys (200 B.C.-A.D. 400) -Mississippian culture developed in A.D. 800 and built large religious mound structures -The Anasazi culture (A.D. 800-1300) developed in the Southwest; the Anansazi were skilled builders (Mesa Verde cliff houses) and sophisticated farmers -The Pueblo Indians inhabited the Southwest after the Anasazi and built extensive adobe cities
The English colonies began to develop self-government
-The House of Burgesses (1619) was an early colonial attempt at representative self-government -The Mayflower Compact (1620) was the basis for government by the consent of the governed -The colonists demanded their rights as Englishmen
The accomplishments of the early Japanese
-The Japanese developed their own language and sophisticated system of writing -They developed literature and poetry -They developed the Shinto religion -They placed great emphasis on a love of nature, beauty, and good manners
Anti-Japanese agitation continued
-The Japanese were ineligible for citizenship (national law), they could not own land (the California Alien Land Act), and more restrictive federal legislation was passed against them in 1913 and 1924 -The U.S. Supreme Court upheld anti-Japanese legislation
The Magna Carta's role in American law
-The Magna Carta was a significant influence on the American Constitution -Major points that were included in the Constitution: ---The importance of a written constitution ---The right to due process of law ---The protection against excessive bail ---Representative government ---Taxation with representation ---Trial by jury ...but NOT freedom of religion, which was inconsistent with feudal rule in the Middle Ages
The Ming and Manchu Dynasties
-The Ming (native Chinese) ousted the Mongols -Ming (1368-1644) rulers limited contact with the West -The Manchus (1644-1911) overran China and followed a policy of isolationism, weakening China
Arabs
-The Muslim empire was ruled by Arab caliphs -Arabs conquered much of the Byzantine and Persian empires (including North Africa) and Spain -The Battle of Tours (A.D. 732) resulted in the Franks halting Muslim expansion in Europe -Muslim Spain lasted from A.D. 711-1031 The Umayyad dynasty increased Arab lands (A.D. 661-750)
Geographic diversity helped to create distinct economic regions of England's permanent colonies in North America
-The New England colonies were associated with shipbuilding and commerce -The middle colonies were associated with farming and commerce -The southern colonies were associated with tobacco, cotton, and slavery
England during the later Middle Ages
-The Norman Conquest (invasion of England by William the Conqueror, duke of Normandy) had a profound impact on the development of the culture, language, and judicial system of England ---The Battle of Hastings (1066) ended Anglo-Saxon rule in England ---By the 12th century, English common law was firmly established ---The Magna Carta (1215) limited the power of the king; it is the most important document in English constitutional law ---By the 14th century, the English Parliament was firmly established
Early cultures in Mesoamerica (chronological order)
-The Olmec -The Mayas -The Toltecs -The Aztecs
Smaller civilizations of the Near East
-The Phoenicians -The Lydians -The Israelites
Spain and Portugal during the later Middle Ages
-The Reconquista reestablished Christian control over Muslim Spain in 1492, Portugal in 1250 ---The Spanish state was marked by strong, absolutist rule ---The monarch instituted inquisitions and also expelled the Jews
The spread of the Renaissance throughout Europe
-The Renaissance of northern Europe emphasized the teachings of Christianity and placed less reliance on humanism -The French Renaissance reflected a democratic realism -The English Renaissance did not flower until the Elizabethan Age
Mesopotamian civilizations
-The Sumerians -The Babylonians -The Hittites -The Assyrians -The Chaldeans -The Persians
Fluency
-The ability to read a text accurately and quickly; when reading aloud, the ability to do so effortlessly and with expression (sounds natural, as if they are speaking). -Provides a bridge between word recognition and comprehension. Because they do not have to concentrate on decoding the words, they can focus their attention on what the text means. Readers recognize words and comprehend at the same time and focus their attention on making connections among the ideas in a text and between these ideas and their background knowledge. -Develops gradually over time and with practice. -To read with expression, readers must be able to divide the text into meaningful chunks (including phrases and clauses), know when to pause appropriately within and at the ends of sentences and when to change emphasis and tone.
Semantics
-The analysis and study of meanings of words, phrases, and sentences -This is useful as a strategy in decoding to analyze the word that "sounds" correct in a sentence.
Structure
-The arrangement of materials within a work; the relationship of the parts of a work to the whole; the logical divisions of a work. -The most common principles are series (A, B, C, D, E), contrast (A vs. B, C vs. D, E vs. A) and repetition (AA, BB, AB). -The most common units are play (scene, act), novel (chapter), and poem (line, stanza).
Setting
-The background to a story; the physical location of a story, play, or novel. -The setting of a narrative will normally involve both time and place.
The intellectual response to the Industrial Revolution
-The classical economists advanced the theory of laissez faire -Thomas Malthus (1776-1834) theorized that population growth would far outstrip food production -The revolutionary socialism of Karl Marx advocated a violent overthrow of the present economic system ---History was seen as a class struggle between the exploiters (bourgeoisie) and the exploited (proletariat) ---"The Communist Manifesto" (1848), written by Marx and Friedrich Engels, advanced the theories of modern scientific socialism
The Sumerians
-The creators of Mesopotamian civilization (3500-3000 B.C.) -Used Tigris and Euphrates rivers for trade and commerce, as well as areas surrounding the Persian Gulf -Material progress included large-scale irrigation projects, an advanced system of mathematics, and the invention of the wheel -The ziggurat was the center of community life and served as a temple, storehouse, and treasury -Sargon established the first empire (c. 2371 B.C.)
The Continental Divide
-The crest of the Rocky Mountains -Rivers that begin east of it flow toward the Atlantic Ocean -Western rivers flow toward the Pacific Ocean
Geographic and economic factors that contributed to the growth of slavery
-The dependence on slavery and cotton created a unique Southern economy -The development of the "Cotton South" led to sectionalism
Rhetorical techniques
-The devices used in effective or persuasive language. -Most common examples include contrast, repetitions, paradox, understatement, sarcasm, and rhetorical question.
The Age of Reason/Enlightenment
-The disintegration of traditional feudal loyalties, the rise of powerful monarchies, and the collapse of a single religious doctrine caused European intellectuals to think about new ways of unifying and governing nation-states -Their exploration of new ideas in the "Age of Reason" was encouraged by the exciting processes and discoveries of the scientific revolution
The end of Radical Reconstruction
-The disputed election of 1876 ended Radical Reconstruction with the election of Hayes -Compromise of 1877: Hayes was elected on the understanding that he would remove the last military troops from the Southern states -The "Redeemer" Democrats took over -Social justice for backs received a setback -Jim Crow Laws and Black Codes further restricted black rights -The national commitment to equal opportunity was delayed until the 1960s, when the civil rights and voting rights of African Americans were finally protected and enforced under new federal laws passed by the U.S. Congress
The election of Lincoln
-The election in 1860 of Lincoln, a sectional candidate, made secession inevitable -Sectionalism is loyalty to the interests of one's own region or section of the country, rather than the nation as a whole... Lincoln and the north were anti-slavery, so the south, fearing that its "right" to own slaves would not be protected, seceded
General characteristics of the Renaissance
-The emphasis was on man rather than God -There was a reawakening or rebirth of classical models -The ideal of the "universal man" was widely held
The ancient Near East: cultural contributions
-The first system of independent states -The first system of writing (cuneiform and hieroglyphics) -The first massive architectural achievements (ziggurat and pyramid) -The first lasting monotheism -The beginning of science, mathematics, and astronomy -The first codification of law
The Piedmont
-The foothills at the base of the Appalachian mountains -In the eastern region of the United States
The Alphabetic Principle
-The goal of phonics instruction -The understanding that there are systematic and predictable relationships between written letters and spoken sounds -Knowing these relationships will help children recognize familiar words accurately and automatically, and "decode" new words -Contributes greatly to children's ability to read words both in isolation and connected text
Economic advantages of California
-The gross domestic product (GDP) ranks California number one in the nation -The California GDP ranks it among the top 10 COUNTRIES in the world -Vast natural resources (oil, timber, minerals, etc.) and abundant fertile land allow for future growth -Cali leads the nation in manufacturing and agricultural production -The higher education system (junior colleges, state colleges, and universities) is among the finest in the nation
The Remedial Reader: Developmental Expectation
-The key approach to successful reading programs is preventive rather than remedial while understanding that there is a full range of learners in the classroom -Therefore, students who are struggling to read are taught from the same systematic framework taught in the early grades of successful readers
Strategy/Rhetorical strategy
-The management of language for a specific effect. -In a poem, the planned pacing of elements to acheive an effect. Example: the rhetorical strategy of most love poems is deployed to convince the loved one to return the speaker's love. By appealing to the loved one's sympathy ("If you don't return my love, my heart will break."), or by flattery ("How could I not love someone as beautiful as you?"), or by threat ("When you're old, you'll be sorry you refused me."), the lover attempts to persuade the loved one to love in return.
Tone
-The manner in which an author expresses his or her attitude; the intonation of the voice that expresses meaning. -Described by adjectives -May change from chapter to chapter or even line to line -May be the result of allusion, diction, figurative language, imagery, irony, symbol, syntax, or style.
Effects of the Reformation
-The medieval political unity of Europe was replaced by the spirit of modern nationalism -The authority of the state was strengthened -The middle class was strengthened -Calvinism gave capitalism its psychological base -Religious wars reflected the fervor of the times
Narrative techniques
-The methods involved in telling a story; the procedures used by a writer of stories or accounts. -A general term that asks you to discuss the procedures used in the telling of a story. -Examples of techniques used are point of view, manipulation of time, dialogue, or interior monologue.
Style
-The mode of expression in a language; the characteristic manner of expression of an author. -Elements/techniques include diction, syntax, figurative language, imagery, selection of detail, sound effects, and tone.
Outlining
-The most formal and traditional form of organizing (prewriting) -Clearly organizes each idea, which examples or ideas will be discussed, and the order in which they will all be presented -Visually displays the difference between main ideas (identified by roman numerals), supporting ideas (identified by capital letters), and minor points (identified by numbers)
The Holy Roman Empire during the late Middle Ages
-The pope was dominant in religious matters and the monarch in secular matters -A continuing power struggle evolved between the papacy and the secular ruler during the late Middle Ages
Judicial review
-The power of the federal courts to interpret the Constitution and to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional -Allows the courts to exercise "checks and balances" over the legislative and executive branches -Not provided for in the Constitution but was exercised by the Supreme Court in the famous Marbury v. Madison case (1803)
Rain and snow
-The profile of the northern part of the state contrasts with that of the southern -Rainfall varies throughout the north from 15 to 50 inches per year -At the extreme end of the scale, the redwood forests of the northern coast can receive more than 100 inches of rain -California's high mountain ranges, including the Sierra Nevada, the Cascades, and the Trinity Apls, receive snow during the winter months -Here resorts like Lake Tahoe and Mount Shasta can receive more than 10 feet of snow per year—and often more in a given winter seasons
France during the later Middle Ages
-The rise of feudal monarchs resulted in the development of the nation-states of France ---By the early 13th century, royal authority had expanded and France had become a European power ---Conflicts with the pope over the extent of religious rule resulted in an increase in the authority of the monarch ---The Hundred Years War (1337-1453) between England and France resulted in the English being driven out of most of France
How geographic factors isolated many tribes
-The rugged topography of mountains and deserts isolated California's indigenous peoples from the cultures that developed on the Great Plains to the east and Mexico to the south -The landscape made extended travel on foot within the region extremely difficult as well; thus, regional relations between tribal groups were limited, creating a diverse patchwork of isolated and distinct tribal groupings
Causes of the Industrial Revolution
-The scientific revolution brought about new mechanical inventions -The availability of investment capital and the rise of the middle class provided an economic base -Geographic and social conditions in England favored industrialization: ---The cotton textile industry was well established ---Britain was a colonial and maritime power and was able to easily ship products; rivers provided the necessary waterpower to run machinery ---England had abundant reserves of coal and iron ---The necessary labor force was in place following the enclosure movement that forced thousands of people from rural land to cities ---Investment capital supplied by a burgeoning middle class provided money to purchase equipment for the emergent factories
Grapheme
-The smallest part of written language that represents a phoneme in the spelling of a word -May be just one letter (such as b, d, f, p, s) or several letters (such as ch, sh, th, -ck, ea, -igh)
Phoneme
-The smallest unit of sound/part of spoken language that makes a difference in the meaning of words -English has about 41 -Sometimes represented by more than one letter Examples: "oh" (/o/), "if" (/i/ /f/), "stop" (/s/ /t/ /o/ /p/), "check" (/ch/ /e/ /k/)
The Cascade Range and Modoc Plateau
-The southern extreme of the Cascade Range is located in the northeastern corner of California. It extends 550 miles northward into Canada. -The area is separate from the Sierra Nevada and is about 25 miles wide -The Cascade Range mountains were formed exclusively by volcanic activity. Many, like Mt. Shasta (14,162 feet), are dormant or extinct volcanoes -Lassen Peak is the largest plug-dome (filled with magma) volcano in the world -The Modoc Plateau is a level tableland of volcanic origin
The Modoc Plateau
-The southern extreme of the Cascade Range is located in the northeastern corner of California. It extends 550 miles northward into Canada. -The area is separate from the Sierra Nevada and is about 25 miles wide -The Cascade Range mountains were formed exclusively by volcanic activity. Many, like Mt. Shasta (14,162 feet), are dormant or extinct volcanoes -Lassen Peak is the largest plug-dome (filled with magma) volcano in the world -The Modoc Plateau is a level tableland of volcanic origin
Jargon
-The special language of a profession or group. -The term usually has pejorative associations, with the implication that it is evasive, tedious, and unintelligible to outsiders.
Student-Adult Reading (reading aloud exercise)
-The student reads one-on-one with an adult (teacher, parent, classroom aide or tutor) -The adult reads the text first, providing the students with a model of fluent reading -Then the student reads the same passage to the adult with the adult providing assistance and encouragement -The student rereads the passage until the reading is quite fluent (should take approx. 3 to 4 readings)
Text Comprehension
-The ultimate goal of reading -Although the basics of reading (word recognition and fluency) can be learned in a few years, reading to learn subject matter does not occur automatically -Should be emphasized from the beginning, rather than waiting until students have mastered the basics of reading -Instruction at all grade levels can benefit from showing students how reading is a process of making sense out of text, or constructing meaning
Opposition to the War of 1812
-The war was being fought because of the expansionist goals of the West -The war was unpopular in the Northeast, which viewed the war as a land grab by western war hawks who wanted to obtain Canada for the United States -The war intensified the sectional interests developing in the country following the Revolutionary War -The Federalist opposition to the War of 1812 harmed its credibility as a political party and led to its demise
Story Structure (text comprehension classroom activity)
-The way content and events of a story are organized into a plot -Students who recognize this have greater appreciation, understanding, and memory for stories -In instruction, students learn to identify the categories of content (setting, initiating events, internal reactions, goals, attempts, and outcomes) and how this content is organized into a plot -Students often learn to recognize this through the use of story maps -Instruction in the content and organization of stories improves students comprehension and memory of stories
Prevailing Westerlies
-The wind west of the Appalachians -An importance influence on climate: ---In the winter, cold air from the northwest produces freezing temperatures ---In the summer, warm, moist southwesterly winds cause hot, humid weather
Transitional Phrases
-The words and phrases that move the reader on to new ideas -Help the reader understand not only ideas but also their relationship to one another -Traditional transitions to introduce ideas: for example, additionally, for instance, furthermore Transitions that show a change in direction: however, on the other hand, conversely -Transitions between paragraph units (not only... but also...) remind the reader of the important point in a previous paragraph and how it relates to the thrust of the current one
The Coast Ranges
-There are mountain ranges along the western coast of California, extending from the Klamath Mountains in the north (Oregon border region) to the southwestern section of the Sierra Nevada (Southern California) -The San Andreas Fault system divides this region along a north/south axis -The range is approx. 550 miles long -The plant diversity ranges from giant redwoods in the north to chaparral in the south -The mountains are a series of parallel ranges formed by sedimentary deposition uplifted by faulting and folding -The climate of the Coast Ranges varies from low-pressure areas that produce fog and rain in the northern sections to a Mediterranean-type condition in the south
Development of feudalism and a samurai warrior-class
-There were three periods of feudal government—Kamakura, Ashikaga, and Tokugawa -The Shogun was the actual ruler; the emperors were figureheads -Nobles struggled for power during the Ashikaga Shogunate (1394-1573) -The arts flourished -Central government grew strong during the Tokugawa Era (1603-1868) -The old Samurai class and feudal way of life declined, resulting in major political and social changes
Open hostility toward the Chinese erupted
-They were blamed for most of the economic problems (backlash from the mining and railroad frontier) -The Chinese Exclusion Act was passed by federal Congress in 1882 (excluded Chinese from immigrating to the U.S.) -By 1877, politicians, newspapers, and citizens urged open agitation against the Chinese in California -The Workingmen's Party was established. It was nativist, anti-Chinese, and anti-big business (1877) ---It demanded a constitutional convention and populist-type reforms ---The California Constitution (1879) codified anti-Chinese legislation
Revising
-Third step of the writing process -Begin fine-tuning the wording of the draft and/or rearranging the ideas or paragraph -Think about changes that will make the writing more logical and forceful (i.e. move a paragraph to a different location, rewrite a topic sentence, add a new example, improve the essay through addition or deletion) -Perpose: to ensure that the ideas flow logically and that the writer's points are presented with clarity
The Transverse and Peninsular Ranges
-This area extends from Santa Barbara to San Diego -The Transverse/Los Angeles ranges extend in an easterly (transverse) direction from the coast. (All other California ranges extend north and south.) -These ranges include the Santa Ynez, Santa Monica, San Gabriel, and San Bernadino mountains -The Los Angeles Basin is the state's largest coastal basin and was formed by the alluvial deposition of soil from the surrounding mountain ranges -The Penninsular ranges extend south from the San Bernadino Mountains in Baja California and from the Pacific Ocean east to the Salton Sea Trough -The faulted eastern sections of the Peninsular ranges are characterized by sharp drop-offs. It is a complex region of active fault zones. Significant faults include the San Jacinto (near Palm Springs) and the Elsinore.
The Transverse and Peninsular ranges
-This area extends from Santa Barbara to San Diego -The Transverse/Los Angeles ranges extend in an easterly (transverse) direction from the coast. (All other California ranges extend north and south.) -These ranges include the Santa Ynez, Santa Monica, San Gabriel, and San Bernadino mountains -The Los Angeles Basin is the state's largest coastal basin and was formed by the alluvial deposition of soil from the surrounding mountain ranges -The Penninsular ranges extend south from the San Bernadino Mountains in Baja California and from the Pacific Ocean east to the Salton Sea Trough -The faulted eastern sections of the Peninsular ranges are characterized by sharp drop-offs. It is a complex region of active fault zones. Significant faults include the San Jacinto (near Palm Springs) and the Elsinore.
The Basin and Range
-This extreme landscape of short, parallel mountain ranges and desert basins extends along the eastern border of California ---The northern section is part of a lava plateau ---The southern section is generally dry. The Mojave Desert is the major geographical feature in the south. -The Northwest and Southwest Great Basin, the Northwestern Sonoran Desert, and the Salton Sea Trough are significant areas in this region -Death Valley (in the Mojave Desert), the lowest point in the U.S., was formed by faulting (not erosion) -The system extends in to Nevada and Utah -Irrigation with water from the Colorado River has allowed large-scale farming in the Imperial and Coachella valleys
Spelling Inventory (reading assessment)
-Through examination of words spelled correctly and incorrectly, a student's skills can be classified into developmental spelling stages -In this way, skills are examined that directly tie to reading -This assists in planning appropriate spelling and reading instruction.
Islamic civilization: trade and cultural expansion
-Trade and commerce led to a high standard of living in cities -Muslim trade helped spread Islamic culture to foreign lands -Many factors helped trade expand, including no taxation and strong banking practices -Ibn Battuta (Islamic scholar, A.D. 1305-1368) spread Islamic culture by traveling widely
Five primary sectors for employment
-Trade, transportation, and utilities -Government -Professional and business services -Education and health services -Leisure and hospitality
Animal folk tales
-Type of folk tale -Abound in every culture -In most cases, the animal characters are clearly anthropomorphic and display human personalities
Fairy tales
-Type of folk tale -Presented as entirely fictional pieces -Often begin with a formulaic opening line, such as "Once upon a time..." or "In a certain country there once lived..." -Recurring plots: supernatural adventures and mishaps of youngest daughters, misadventures of transformed princes, encounters with mermaids, wood fairies, and elves (e.g. Cinderella, Rumpelstiltskin, Snow White, Sleeping Beauty, Hansel and Gretel)
Descriptive Writing
-Typically describes a person, place, or thing in such a way that the reader has a vivid impression of the written work -The written work has a basic purpose of describing something such as an emotion, event, or location -The use of evocative imagery and phrasing that engages all of the sense plays a dominant role
Analyzing Poetry: Is the meaning clear?
-Understand the meaning of all the words in the poem, especially words you think you know but which don't seem to fit in the context of the poem. -Understand the grammar of the poem. -Beware of skewed word order (i.e. a direct object before the subject and verb: "His sounding lyre the poet struck" means the poet played his harp, not that he was hit by a musical instrument.)
Citing Sources
-Understanding proper documentation and bibliographic citation is essential -Using a style manual, such as The Chicago Manual of Style or that of the Modern Language Association (MLA), is most helpful
The economic downturn renewed the call for political reform
-Upton Sinclair (a reform candidate) ran unsuccessfully for governor on a platform for political change -The Utopian society promoted economic and social reform -The Townsend Plan favored pensions for the aged and a graduated income tax
India: developments
-Urban culture -Planned cities (i.e. citywide sanitation systems) -Metallurgy (gold, copper, bronze, tin) -Measurement (weight, time, length, mass)
Colon
-Usually translated to mean "as follows"; should never be used after "is," "are," "was" or "were" when presenting a series. -To introduce a formal appositive, list, summary, quotation, example or other explanatory material whether or not the words as followed or the following are used. ---The following attended (or, Those who attended are as follows): Bob, Mary, Jack, and Sue. ---Patrick Henry's words were the rallying cry of the revolt: "Give me liberty or give me death!"
Analyzing Poetry: What is the dramatic situation?
-WHO is the speaker? Or who are the speakers? Male or female? -WHERE is s/he? -WHEN does this poem take place? -WHAT are the circumstances?
World War I produced a new economic boom
-Wages, production, manufacturing, and commerce expanded rapidly -The Panama Canal was opened in 1914, which extended international links -An influx of immigrants arrived in the 1920s ---Economic advances were tied to movie, oil, and agricultural production ---A real estate boom fueled the housing industry ---By 1930, the California population had grown to 6 million, an increase of 65% during one decade. It was now the 6th most populous state
The Assyrians
-Warrior nation; created an empire based on military superiority, conquest, and terrorism (911-550 B.C.) -Empire origniated in the highland region of the upper Tigris rRiver but grew to encompass the entire area of the Fertile Crescent -Military techniques included siege warfare, intimidation, and the use of iron weapons -Created a centralized government, a postal service, an extensive library, and a system of highways
Foreign policy during the early national period
-Weak and ineffectual
Analyzing Poetry
-What is the dramatic situation? -What is the structure of the poem? -What is the theme of the poem? -Is the meaning clear? -What is the tone of the poem? -What are the important images and figures of speech?
Agricultural production
-With cheap land available and a river of immigrants flooding the state, agriculture also boomed -By 1919, California's fruit, nut, and olive growers were outproducing all other similar farm interests in the rest of the nation
Renaissance—Rebirth of Classical Greek and Roman Culture
-Works of Greeks and Romans reconnected Europeans with their ancient heritage -Emphasis on "humanism" ---Progress through rational thought ---Universal nature of the human condition -Secularism ---Writings of the Greek and Roman philosophers and commentaries on their works ---Free politics and governance from Church control -Realism and formalism ---Art that emphasized the lives of everyday people realistic rather than idealized depictions ---Architecture based on Greek and Roman forms
Satire
-Writing that seeks to arouse a reader's disapproval of an object by ridicule. -Usually comedy that exposes errors with an eye to correcting vice and folly. (Examples can be found in the novels of Charles Dickens, Mark Twain, and Joseph Heller.)
Uncle Tom's Cabin
-Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852 -Had the most profound effect on the national antislavery movement prior to the Civil War -Intensified both the anti-slavery debate and abolitionist attitudes in the United States -Portrayed vivid tales of the injustices and inhumanity of slavery -By the eve of the Civil War (1860), the book had a profound impact on turning public opinion against slavery and had sold over 2 million copies -Upon meeting Stowe, Lincoln allegedly proclaimed, "So you're the little woman who wrote the book that made this great war!"
The Octopus: A California Story
-Written in 1901 by Frank Norris -Described the far-reaching and destructive practices of the California railroad monopolies -Chronicles the domination of the railroad industries by the robber barons, who systematically destroyed, with unfair practices, small agricultural businesses -The Octopus had a direct effect on the California reform movement, which led to legislation that prohibited rebates and other unfair business practices
The Later Middle Ages
-c. 1000-1500
Principles of Composition
-paragraphing -transitional phrases -context
Acorn Preparation
. dry . store . crack . leach before eating
Idioms
1. A set phrase with a specific non-literal meaning. ---raining cats and dogs, kick the bucket, etc. 2. A conventional construction or usage that follows no specific grammatical rule but MUST be worded a certain way; expressions that "sound right" to native English speakers because they are so commonly used and are correct simply because they are so widely accepted. ---"addicted to" as opposed to "addicted of;" "disagree with" as opposed to "disagree from"
Chinese Immigrants
Chinese immigrants began arriving in America in significant numbers in the 1850s, most from the southern provinces of China where war, persecution and famine caused the deaths of millions. American businessmen actively sought Chinese laborers in mines and other industries, using them to provide much of the labor for building the transcontinental railroads. While the Chinese were first praised as diligent workers, praise later turned to hostility as the railroad was completed and competition for other jobs increased. Anti-Chinese political activity and violence erupted between 1880-1900 throughout the West, resulting in scores of deaths.
Spanish Conquest
Christopher Columbus convinced the King of Spain to sponsor his voyage to Asia by the Atlantic Ocean, and thus found the Americas. The Spanish took control of the Indians and began converting them to Catholicism. Soon, the Spanish slave trade started. Disease and malnutrition decimated the Indian population.
Nonrestrictive Clauses/Phrases
Clauses and phrases that are descriptive but not needed to get across the basic meaning of the sentence. ---Harold, who dislikes school, is failing English.
Transcontinental Railroad
Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west. Chinese on the Cental Pacific and Irish on the Union Pacific.
Adverbs
Describe actions (verbs); often end in -ly. X - The mechanic repaired my engine and installed a new clutch very quick. O - The mechanic repaired my engine and installed a new clutch very quickly.
Adjectives
Describe things (nouns and pronouns) X - The mechanic repaired my engine and installed a new clutch very quick. O - The quick work of the mechanic pleased me very much.
The Remedial Reader: Age
3rd to 8th grade (students who do not demonstrate competency)
The Fluent Reader: Age
4th to 8th grade (orthographic)
Affix
A bound morpheme attached before (prefix), after (suffix), in (infix), around (circumfix), or above (suprafix) a root or base word to modify its meaning or linguistic function
Oxymoron
A combination of opposites; the union of contradictory terms. (Romeo's line "feather of lead, bright smoke, cold fire, sick health" contains four examples of the device.)
Analogy
A comparison of similar traits between dissimilar things in order to highlight a point of similarity. "We scored a touchdown on the educational assistance plan."
Convention
A device of style or subject matter so often used that it becomes a recognized means of expression. (A lover observing the literary love conventions cannot eat or sleep and grows pale and lean.)
Euphemism
A figure of speech using indirection to avoid offensive bluntness, such as deceased for dead or remains for corpse.
Railroad Commission
A full-time, three-member paid commission elected by the people to regulate oil and gas and some transportation entities
Muckraker
A journalist who uncovers abuses and corruption in a society
The United Farm Workers
A labor union created from the merging of two groups, the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee (AWOC) led by Filipino organizer Larry Itliong, and the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) led by César Chávez.
Tragedy
A play with a serious content and an unhappy ending. (Shakespeare's Hamlet, Miller's Death of a Salesman.)
Sonnet
A poem having 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter, and a formal arrangement of rhymes.
Rhetorical question
A question asked for effect, not in expectation of a reply. No reply is expected because the question presupposes only one possible answer.
Silicon Valley
A region of western California southeast of San Francisco known for its high-tech design and manufacturing industries
The Bear Flag Revolt
A short-lived independence rebellion precipitated by American settlers in California's Sacramento Valley against Mexican authorities. The Americans issued a declaration of independence and hoisted a flag, white with a grizzly bear facing a red star. The innsurectionists elected Frémont to head the "Republic of California." The Republic was quick to fall. Commandor Sloat claimed California for the United States, and replaced the bear flag with the American flag.
Attitude
A speaker's authors, or character's disposition toward or opinion of a subject. (Hamlet's attitude toward Gertrude is a mixture of affection and revulsion, changing from one to the other within a single scene.)
Paradox
A statement that seems to be self-contradicting but, in fact, is true. (The figure in a Donne sonnet that concludes "I shall never be chaste except you ravish me" is a good example of the device.)
Allegory
A story in which people, things, and events have another meaning. (Orwell's Animal Farm)
Yellow Peril
A supposed threat to the US posed by Japan and China. Fear of asian immigration and Japan's rising military power.
Morpheme
A unit of meaning that cannot be divided into smaller elements, such as the word "book"
Note taking
A versatile prewriting method that can take many forms, such as listing, free-writing, mapping, charting, bulleting, and so forth.
What kind of passage was Cabrillo searching for?
A water passage between the Pacific and Atlantic
Syllable
A word part that contains a vowel, or in spoken language, a vowel sound (e-vent; news-pa-per; ver-y)
When did the earliest peoples arrive in California?
About 15,000 years ago
What did the California Indians eat?
Acorns . Oak trees were plentiful
Oil production
After the discovery of oil in Los Angeles County and throughout the Los Angeles basin in the 1920s, oil became the most profitable economic venture in Southern California
Who else, beside Spain, viewed Russian exploration as a threat?
American government
The Gulf Stream
An Atlantic warm-water current that warms the East Coast in winter and is responsible for excellent fishing
Parable
An allegorical story designed to suggest a principle, illustrate a moral, or answer a question.
John Sutter
An immigrant who was instrumental in the early settlement of Califonria by Americans, he had originally obtained his lands in Northern California through a Mexican grant. Gold was discovered by workmen excavating to build a sawmill on his land in the Sacramento Valley in 1848, touching off the California gold rush.
Dangling Modifier
An introductory phrase that does not refer clearly or logically to a subsequent modifier (usually the subject) in a sentence. X - Strolling along the beach, a wave suddenly drenched us. O - While we were strolling along the beach, a wave suddenly drenched us.
Anti Chinese Sentiment
Anti-Chinese sentiment only increased when the completion of the transcontinental railroad freed up 9,000 Chinese laborers, fueling the hostility of American workers who, like the miners before them, resented Chinese immigrants for the economic competition they presented and blamed them for the bad economy.
Characteristics of medieval civilization during the late Middle Ages: architecture
Architecture was dominated by the Romanesque (11th-12th century) and Gothic (13th-15th century) styles
Turks
-Assumed leadership of the Muslim world -The Seljuks fought with the crusaders and regained lost land -Mongols invaded the eastern Muslim Empire -The Ottoman Empire expanded territory and lasted for many centuries -Constantinople was the center of the Ottoman Empire -By the middle of the 16th century, the Ottomans controlled not only Turkey but most of southeastern Europe, the Crimea, Iran, and a majority of the Middle East -By the 19th century, he Ottoman Empire was contemptuously referred to as the "Sick Man of Europe" and depended on English intervention, especially directed against Russia, for its political survival
Nicolaus Copernicus
-Astronomer -Challenged the Church doctrine of a geocentric (earth-centered) theory of the universe (Ptolemy's theory; was the prevailing thought for more than 1,000 years) -Believed that the sun was the center of the solar system, and the earth moved around it -Proposed and published his heliocentric (sun-centered) theory -Theories were rejected by the Catholic Church
The Progressive Movement in California
-Attempted to protect the working class from the monopolistic control of big business, especially the railroad industry -Aim of the Progressives was to bring government closer to the people -The Progressive Party in California was nativist and strongly anti-Asian
Constantine
-Attempted to stem the tide -The empire split into the Western and Eastern Roman Empires -Barbarian invasions by Germanic and Asiatic tribes (the Goths, Vandals, and Huns) devastated Rome, and it fell in A.D. 476 -The Eastern Roman Empire at Constantinople (formerly Byzantium) remained intact; survived until 1453 (foundation of the Byzantine Empire)
The Persians
-Attempted to unify the entire Near East under one rule (500s B.C.) -Established an international government -Zoroastrianism, an ethical religion based on concepts of good and evil -Failed to conquer the Greeks; Persia was eventually conquered by Alexander the Great (334-331 B.C.)
Causes of the War of 1812
-British violations of U.S. neutrality because of Britain's ongoing war with France -British seizure of American merchant vessels -British practice of "impressment" (stopping U.S. merchant ships and forcing American sailors into service for the British navy) -British support of American Indian tribes against American expansion -Conflict over frontier land -"War Hawks" (those who favored war) in Congress advocated pushing the British out of the frontier and even expelling them from Canada
Central Valley Project
-Brought water from Northern to Southern California -Series of dams and reservoirs first started during the Depression -Shasta Dam is the largest water reclamation project in the state
California missions: organization
-Built in areas with high concentration of native population -Church, workshops, kitchens, living quarters, and storerooms constructed from materials on hand -Cultivation of cereal grains, grapes, fruit trees, and olives; raising of livestock
Bear Flag Revolt
-By the 1840s, white settlers began to move from Missouri westward -A group of these settlers, worried that the Mexican government was about to make a move against them, marched into Sonoma in 1846 and raised their grizzly bear flag, proclaiming California an independent republic -When word reached them that the U.S. was already at war with Mexico, the "Bear Flag Revolt" was abandoned, and the rebels joined John C. Frémont in the "California Battalion" fighting to make California a part of the United States
California 1848-1850
-California ceded by Mexico to the United States (Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo) -Military government established -Discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill in 1848 ---"Rush" of 100,000 new immigrants -Deadlock in Washington over organizing California as a territory due to slavery debate -Californians held constitutional convention of their own ---Created an unofficial state government ---Slavery prohibited -California admitted to the Union as a free state via Compromise of 1850
Analyzing Poetry: What is the tone of the poem?
-Can mean the mood or atmosphere of a work or a manner of speaking, but its most common use as a term of literary analysis is to denote the inferred attitude of an author -Author's attitude may be different from that of the speaker (usually the case in ironic works)
Mycenaean civilization
-Centers of Aegean civilization; depended on the Aegean Sea to develop and extend their culture -The Mycenaean civilization (c. 2000-1150 B.C.) developed heavily fortified cities and based prosperity on trade and warfare -The Dorians conquered the Peloponnesus (peninsula of southern Greece) and ushered in a "dark age" characterized by violence and instability -Iona became the birthplace for the Hellenic civilization
California politics
-Characterized as a power struggle between the north and south and between rural and urban areas ---Much of the economic growth focused on Southern California driving a wedge between established political elites in the northern half and new power brokers in the southern half
Philosophy influenced by the Age of Reason
-Christianity and church dogma were questioned -The proper function of government was defined by Voltaire, Montesquieu, Locke, and Rousseau. Their ideas led to the philosophical bases for the American and French revolutions. -In economics, the doctrine of "laissez faire" (limited government intervention in business affairs) stood in opposition to regulated trade -Adam Smith wrote the "Wealth of Nations" (1776) and advocated manufacturing as the true source of a nation's wealth (the laws of the market place and not government regulations dictate national economies); considered the father of modern economics
Characteristics of medieval civilization during the late Middle Ages
-Class division of society -The decline of feudalism and manorialism -The commercial revival -Education -Philosophy -Architecture
The geography and economy of the New England colonies
-Colonies: Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut -Geography: mountainous, rolling hills, rocky soil, cold to harsh winters, short summer, ports on the Atlantic -Economy: shipbuilding, fisheries, commerce, lumbering, small-scale manufacturing
The geography and economy of the middle colonies
-Colonies: Pennsylvania, New York, Delaware, New Jersey -Geography: open fertile plains, mild to cold winters, long summers, ports on the Atlantic -Economy: large-scale corn and grain production, commerce, small-scale manufacturing
Conflicts with the Louisiana Purchase
-Concern from both Federalists and Jeffersonians about whether the purchase was unconstitutional -Napoleon did not have the right to sell the land (Louisiana was Spain's before it was France's, and Spain specified in the Treaty of San Ildefonso that the land was not to be sold) -Concern with whether the French, Spanish, and free blacks living there should be made citizens -Concern from Federalists that the farmers of the west would clash politically with/threaten the power of the merchants and bankers of the east coast states -Concern that an increase in slave holding states created out of the new territory would exacerbate divisions between north and south
Short Story
-Condensed story ranging in length from 2,000-10,000 words, most often with a singular/limited purpose -Made up of elements such as plot, character, setting, point of view, and theme -Often based on common dramatic structure
The Babylonians
-Conquered Sumeria and established a new empire (2300-1750 B.C.) -The code of Hammurabi was the first universal written codification of laws in recorded history (c. 1750 B.C.) -Ahievements included a centralized government and advancements in algebra and geometry
The Hittites
-Conquered much of Asia Minor and Northern Mesopotamia (2000-1200 B.C.) -A major contribution included the invention of iron smelting, which revolutionized warfare
Characteristics of medieval civilization during the late Middle Ages: education
Education stressed the liberal arts. -Theology influenced both religion and politics -Universities were created in Paris, Oxford, and Cambridge during the 11th and 12th centuries -Latin was the language of intellectual Europe; vernacular was used by the 12th century.
Central California tribes:
1. Maidu 2. Miwok
Westward Expansion: 1821
Florida purchased from Spain
What was the US government's response to the Russian threat?
Monroe Doctrine
Denotation
The dictionary meaning of a word, as opposed to connotation.
California's size/dimensions
-Extends approx. 800 miles from north to south, ranges from 150 to 350 miles east to west -3rd largest state in land size -Area: 163,693 square miles
California and WWI
Wages, production, manufactureing and commerce expanded rapidly. Real Estate Boom. Movies, oil and Agriculture thrived.
Cesar Chavez
-Attempted to unionize migrant (seasonal) farm workers in the early 1960s -He was able to accomplish many of his political objectives through a nationwide boycott of the California and grape industries to force growers to compromise at the bargaining table -By establishing the United Farm Workers (UFW) union, Chavez provided a political forum and powerful collective-bargaining agency for migrant workers ---Those who joined the UFW were not only Hispanics; many Filipino and Anglo workers also readily joined -Prior to Chavez's efforts, migrant workers were intimidated by the power of agribusiness -Chavez's belief in nonviolence, coupled with his brilliant political acumen and popular support, resulted in better pay and working conditions for migrant workers -He was also concerned with bilingual education for Hispanic students and medical treatment for the indigent and homeless, but the focus of his work was always the migrant farm worker
Long Island
-August 27, 1776 -American commanders: George Washington, Charles Lee -British commander: William Howe -British victory -Despite defeat, Washington calmly and confidently managed a surprise evacuation of troops across the East River to Manhattan
Northern military strategy
-Based on the inevitability of the South having to fight a defensive war -Primary objective: capture the capital (political symbol of the south) ---South was relying on recognition from France and England to further its objective of secession (France and Eng remained officially neutral throughout the war) ---If the Southern capital fell, the North was certain the foreign countries would see the South as an unsustainable political entity ---The North also hoped that capturing Richmond would force the South to surrender quickly ---Took 4 years (failed attempts: Bull Run in 1861 and Peninsular Campaign in 1862, after which the North abandoned its plan for the immediate capture of Richmond) -Blockade the South's Atlantic seaports, cut off trade, and economically strangle the South -Divide the South at the Mississippi River; controlling the river would geographically split the Confederacy east and west, forcing the South to fight a two-front war and and limiting the supply avenues open to the South (river came under Union control with the fall of Vicksburg in 1863)
Islam
-Based on the teachings of Mohammed -The spread of Islam started in the seventh century A.D. -The Koran became the center for Islamic moral and ethical conduct -Mohammed established a theocracy based on Islamic law
Battles of the War of 1812
-Battle of Lake Erie (1813): Naval battles led by Capt. Oliver Perry claimed Lake Erie for the United States -Battle of Baltimore (1814): British forces advanced through Washington, D.C. and burned the Capital. Britain failed to capture Fort McHenry, later immortalized in the Star Spangled banner. -Battle of New Orleans (1815): The final major battle of the war; due to slow communication, it was fought after the war was already ended by the Treaty of Ghent. Andrew Jackson defeated an invading British Army intent on seizing New Orleans and the vast territory the United States had acquired with the Louisiana Purchase; became an American Hero.
Analyzing Poetry: What is the theme of the poem?
-Be able to see the point of the poem. -Define what the poem says and why. i.e. A love poem usually praises the loved one in the hope that the speaker's love will be returned.
The Franks
-Became the dominant Germanic tribe -Clovis, king of the Franks (A.D. 481-511), was converted to Christianity -Domestic feuds and civil war broke out among the Merovingians (A.D. 561) ---Political power shifted away from the monarchy ---Charles Martel (Frankish military/political leader) halted the Muslim advance into Europe at the Battle of Tours (A.D. 732); Martel's victory helped preserve western civilization
The Phoenicians
-Became the first explorers, traders, and colonizers of the ancient world; their civilization reached its peak in 1000 B.C. -Greatest seafaring civilization in the ancient world -Developed extensive trade networks throughout the Mediterranean and set up distant trade networks and trading colonies such as Tyre and Sidon -Invented the first true alphabet -Dominated the Mediterranean commerce and exported manufactured glass and purple dye (royal purple)
The French Revolution
-Began as an attempt by the leaders of the industrial and commercial classes to end the injustices of the French monarchy -Rallying cry of the French Revolution, "Liberty, Equality and Fraternity," led to a Reign of Terror against the aristocracy -The fall of the Bastille on July 14 marks France's 4th of July -Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power at a time of renewed social unrest in France
Development of the Renaissance
-Began in Italy during the 14th century -Conflicts between the papacy and the Holy Roman Empire in the 13th and 14th centuries resulted in regional autonomy (independent/self-government) for the Italian city-states -The heritage of the Greek and Roman civilizations contributed to the development of the Italian Renaissance -The Crusades focused attention eastward (on Greece and the Near East) -By the 14th century, the move toward secularization was predominant
The Hellenistic Age
-Began with the death of Alexander the Great -323-30 B.C. -Fusion of Greek and Eastern cultures -A time of great economic growth and expansion; an increase in international trade and commerce -Rise of cities; Rhodes, Alexandria, and Antioch replaced Athens in commercial importance -An end to the Greek city-state system as a major political entity
Christianity: basic doctrines
-Began with the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth (compassion for the poor and downtrodden) -Emphasized the Holy Bible as the word of God, the sacraments as the instruments of God's grace, and the importance of a moral life for salvation -Paul of Tarsus (Paul the Apostle), an early Jewish convert to Christianity, was responsible for the spread of Christian theology and the resulting response from the Roman empire (opposition/resistance; Christianity firmly rooted in the collapsing world of Roman rule)
The Whig Party
-Born from the ashes of the Federalist party -Opposed the Democratic Party's belief in states' rights and instead favored a strong national government
Early Japanese civilization
-Borrowed from China -Archaeology has revealed Japan's ancient past -Japanese culture developed during the Heian Era (794-1156) -Poetic form such as the Haiku developed, and literature spread
San Andreas Fault system
-Extends for 500 miles -Its movement is largely horizontal, with the west side of the fault moving northward and the east side moving southward -California is a region of frequent seismic activity
Hamilton's financial plan
-Designed to protect the emerging industrial economy of the new nation; placed the national government on a sound financial basis (before, the nation's unstable financial foundations lacked a central vision and structures to guide the economic future) -Called for using the power of the federal government to strengthen the manufacturing interests of the country ---The national government paid back the state, national, and foreign debts to demonstrate the credibility of the new government ---The national government encouraged American business expansion by passing excise taxes and a tariff ---The national government raised revenue by initiating a tax on domestic whiskey ---The national government authorized the use of coins and paper money to encourage the growth of commerce ---The national government encouraged the development of a national bank to facilitate the expansion of business -Led to the development of political parties
Persuasive Writing
-Designed to take a stand on an issue and convince the reader of the plausibility or correctness of that stand -Often employs an appeal to the reader's logic or ethics and uses strong and credible logic -Techniques include emphasizing benefits while ignoring drawbacks; creating a list of "for and against" points; using transitions such as "furthermore," "moreover," and "therefore"; making opposing viewpoints seem like minor problems; asking rhetorical questions; and ending with a positive and thought-provoking statement -Examples: arguments, biases, opinions, studies, counterclaims, and reasoning
Sparta
-Developed a totalitarian and militaristic state dependent on slave labor to sustain its agricultural system; state owned most of the land -Warrior state, dependent on a superior military (result of constant threat of rebellion) -Essential for Spartans to be subservient to the interests of the state in order to maintain power -The purpose of government was to keep up the military strength of the state -The rigid structure of Spartan society allowed the Spartans to rule even though Spartan citizens were outnumbered by noncitizens by about 10 to 1 -Large families discouraged -At birth, all Spartan males belonged to the state; by age seven, boys enrolled in military-style camps -Spartan way of life extended to mothers examining newborn children to determine of they were healthy; those that were not were left to die -After defeating the Persians, conflict between Athens and Sparta dominated Greek politics
The Kingdom of Zimbabwe
-Developed in the interior of the continent -Grew from an iron-working settlement -Huge stone structures were constructed -Economy was based on the gold trade
American Indian culture
-Developed over many centuries -The first American Indians originated from Asia -Agriculture changed some Indian culture from a nomadic existence to farming communities
The forest states
-Developed strong governments -Benin grew wealthy and powerful until European contact threatened society -Slave trade produced wealth for the cities and the expansion of the slave trade extended into Africa's interior -Trade, taxes, and a powerful government resulted in Asante becoming a strong state
Concepts that may influence bias and stereotyping in oral English usage
-Dialect -Idiolect
Cabrillo
-Discovered San Diego Bay, the Santa Barbara Islands, Point Conception, and Point Reyes (1542-43) -Searched for a water passage between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans -Future voyages traveled the entire coast of California
The discovery of gold
-Discovery of gold by James W. Marshall in 1848 changed the political, social, and economic history of the state -"Gold fever" became a national phenomenon; the California settler population increased tremendously from 15,000 in 1847 to 92,000 in 1850, and 380,000 in 1860 -This population growth led to statehood (California was the 31st state) -Other consequences: ---Trade and commerce expanded, especially in the San Francisco and Sacramento areas ---Transportation systems developed to accommodate the mining and cattle frontiers ---The mistreatment of non-European peoples, including the Chinese and Indians, was commonplace
Impact of Spanish Exploration and Conquest on Indigenous People of the Americas
-Disease devastated native populations ---Smallpox, measles, typhus ---From Mexico, spread into the American southwest and southward toward the Andes ---From 1520-1620, 20 million dead ---Conquest aided by weakening of native forces -Aztecs conquered by Cortes in 1521 -Inca Empire conquered by Pizarro in 1513 -Mass transfer of wealth (gold and silver) from the Americas to Spain -End of political and economic independence—organized for labor within the Spanish economic system -Loss of native culture -Conversion to Christianity
Reasons for the Reformation
-Dissatisfaction with church ritual and Latin overtones -Humanism emphasized man's needs and concerns -The printing press allowed mass communication (Luther's 95 Theses were translated, widely copied, distributed throughout Europe) -Luther's excommunication
Non-Systematic Phonics Instruction
-Does not teach consonant and vowel letter-sound relationships in a prescribed sequence -Informal; based on the teacher's perceptions of what students need to learn and when they need to learn it -Often neglects vowels; does not provide practice materials that offer children the opportunity to apply what they are learning about letter-sound relationships Programs often include: -literature-based programs -basal reading programs -sight-word programs
Napoleon and the First Empire: domestic reforms
-Domestic reforms resulted in a more efficient government. -The Napoleonic Code: ---No privileges/tax exemptions based on lineage ---Government promotion was based on ability ---Modernized French law (equality before the law)
Neoclassicism
-Dominated the culture of the 18th century -There was an attempt to revive the classic style and form of ancient Greece and Rome -In literature, the novel was the outcome; in architecture, the Rococo style was dominant -In music, Haydn and Mozart emphasized the Classical era's formal symmetrical structures, simple rhythms, and tuneful melodies. Beethoven influenced both the Classical and Romantic periods.
Depression-Era California
-Dust Bowl migrants added more than 350,000 to the population -Economic and social problems, including homelessness, confronted the state
Reading Difficulty Assessment
-Easy text: readers show that no more than 1 in 20 words are difficult (95% success) -Challenging text: readers show that no more than 1 in 10 words are difficult (90% success) -Difficult text: readers show that more than 1 in 10 words are difficult (less than 90% success)
Poetry
-Encompasses works written in verse, perhaps with a meter and rhyme scheme, and uses written language in a pattern that is sung, chanted, or spoken to emphasize the relationships between words and ideas on the basis of sound as well as meaning. -This pattern is frequently associated with a rhythm or meter, and may be supplemented by rhyme or alliteration of both. -A more condensed and refined medium than is prose or everyday speech; it often includes variations in syntax and more frequent and elaborate use of figures of speech, principally metaphor and simile -All human cultures have their own, although it is used for a wide variety of purposes -Generally employed in statements and writings that call for heightened intensity of emotion, for dignity of expression, or for subtlety of contemplation -Valued for combining the aural pleasures of sound with the tempting freshness of ideas, whether these ideas are solemn or comical -3 major categories: narrative, dramatic, lyric
The industrial development of the United States
-Encouraged by western expansion -The settlement of the West was aided by the Homestead Act (1862) and the transcontinental railroad (1869) ----When President Lincoln signed the Pacific Railroad Act (1862), it called for building a railroad from Omaha, Nebraska to Sacramento, California -Western industries were based on mining, cattle, and grain -Farmers and ranchers settled the Great Plains
Drake
-English explorer who sailed up the California coast in 1579 and claimed the area for England -The threat from England compelled Spain to colonize California -Spanish explorations discovered safe harbors at Monterey and San Francisco -For the next 100 years, Spanish colonization of California was minimal
Criticisms of Phonics Instruction
-English spellings are too irregular for phonics instruction to really help children learn to read words -However, phonics instruction teaches children a system for remembering how to read words -Once children learn, for example, that "phone" is spelled this way rather than "foan," their memory helps them to read, spell, and recognize the word instantly and more accurately than they could read "foan" -The same process is true for all irregularly spelled words -Most of these words contain some regular letter-sound relationships that can help children remember how to read them -The alphabetic system is a mnemonic device that supports our memory for specific words
Constantinople
-Established at Byzantium by Emperor Constantine as a "New Rome" in the East in A.D. 330 -Strategically located (where Europe and Asia meet), had excellent defensible borders, and was a crossroads of world trade -With the fall of Rome/collapse of the western empire (A.D. 476), the Eastern Roman Empire became known as the Byzantine Empire; became the heart of the Roman imperial system -Lasted 1,000 years, until A.D. 1453
The Israelites
-Established the first lasting monotheism -Saul established the first kingdom in Palestine (c. 1030-1010 B.C.) -After the death of Solomon (922 B.C.), the Hebrews were divided into two kingdoms (Israel and Judah) -Disunity and conquest resulted in the destruction of Israel (722 B.C.) and Judah (586 B.C.) -The revolt of the Israelites against Rome resulted in the destruction of Jerusalem (A.D. 70) and the forced dispersal of the Jews from Palestine (Jewish Diaspora, c. A.D. 132-135)
The Chaldeans
-Established the new Babylonian Empire under Nebuchadnezzar (605-538 B.C.) -Conquered Mesopotamia, Syria, and Palestine -Developed astrology, astronomy, advanced government bureaucracy, and architectural achievements such as the Hanging Gardens of Babylon
Athens
-Established the world's first democracy (c. 507 B.C.), developed democratic institutions -The Age of Pericles (460-429 B.C.) represented the zenith of Athenian society and the height of its democracy -Developed philosophy as represented by Sophocles and Socrates; the Socratic method of teaching developed during this period) -Became a world commercial center and cosmopolitan city -After defeating the Persians, conflict between Athens and Sparta dominated Greek politics
The Age of Discovery
-European explorers in search of Asia (interested in exploiting a lucrative trade in spices) discovered a new continent. -The Age of Discovery resulted in renewed European rivalry. -Spain, France, England, Portugal and the Netherlands competed for land. North American control: ---Spain: Southwest of North America, Florida ---England: the Atlantic coast of North America below Canada ---France: the Mississippi River region, the Louisiana Territory, the Great Lakes, and Canada ---Netherlands: small area in the Hudson River Valley
Interpretive Writing
-Evident in a written work that explains, explores, or considers the significance of an event, a work of art, etc. -Requires the writer to think critically and then present the results of his or her thinking -Examples: research papers, critiques, summaries, and analyses
Myths
-Evoke events of a time long past -Generally concern the adventures and misadventures of gods, giants, heroes, nymphs, satyrs, and larger-than-life villains, all entities that reside outside of ordinary human existence yet are entwined in our collective consciousness -Set in a time altogether different from our human, historical timeline and often occur at the beginning of creation or in some timeless past age -Usually related to a culture's religious beliefs and rituals -Sacred narrative in the sense that it holds religious or spiritual significance for those who tell it, and it contributes to and expresses their system of core thoughts and values
Checks and Balances
-Executive: veto power over legislation; appointment of federal judges, ambassadors, and other government officials -Legislative: override presidential vetoes; approve presidential appointments; impeachment of president and federal judges -Judicial: legislative oversight; independence guaranteed through lifetime appointments
Social Darwinism
-Expanded Darwin's theory of evolution to include society as a whole -Darwin, in "On the Origin of Species" (1859), theorized that evolution is a continuous process in which successful species adapt to their environment in order to survive -The social Darwinists viewed society as a "struggle for existence"; only the "fittest" members of society would survive -The accumulation of wealth was considered a visible sign of a successful adaptation, and virtue and wealth became synonymous -For social Darwinism to succeed, it was thought that a free and open economic system was needed -Capitalism was regarded as the "natural environment" in which "survival of the fittest" could be tested -The social Darwinists also believed that some races were superior to others, that poverty indicated unfitness, and that a class-structured society was desirable
Common Themes in Literature
-One recurring truth of mythology is that whatever happens among the gods and other mythical beings is in some way a reflection of human events on earth. -Many themes and motifs recur in the myths of various cultures and ages. -A common theme in many cultures explains the creation of the world; these range from a god fashioning the earth from abstract chaos to a specific animal creating it from a handful of mud. -Other myths of cyclical destruction and creation are paralleled by myths of seasonal death and rebirth. -Another common theme is the idea of a long-lost golden age of seeming perfection from which humanity has degenerated (i.e. The Garden of Eden) -The motif of a gigantic flood is extremely widespread; it is one element of a group of myths that concern the destruction and re-creation of the world or a particular society. -Other recurring myths explain the origin of fire or it's retrieval from some being that refuses to share it, the expectation of transcendent changes in the millennium to come, or the complex relationships between the living and the dead.
Partner Reading (reading aloud exercise)
-Paired students take turns reading aloud to each other -More fluent readers can be paired with less fluent readers -Stronger reader reads a paragraph or page first, providing a model of fluent reading -Then the less fluent reader reads the same text aloud -Stronger student gives help with word recognition and provides feedback and encouragement to the less fluent partner -The less fluent partner rereads the passage until s/he can read it independently -Partner reading need not be done with a more and less fluent reader -Two readers of equal ability can practice rereading after hearing the teacher read the passage
The Viking (Norse) invaders
-Pillaged the coasts of Europe in the 8th century -The Danes were responsible for the major invasions of England -Alfred the Great (A.D. 871-99) established the English kingdom after stemming the Danish invasions -In France, the Carolingian king was forced to cede Normandy to the Vikings
The expansion of slavery prior to the 1950s
-Political issue -The Missouri Compromise of 1820 limited the spread of slavery -The annexation of Texas (1845) added potential slave territory to the United States -The Mexican-American War (1846-48) was criticized as a pro-slavery, expansionist war
Feudalism: outcomes
-Political outcomes: stability, leading lords emerged as kings, foundation for nation-states -Economic outcomes: self-sufficiency, foundation for urbanization ---Productive surpluses and specialization of skills would lead to trade ---Trade would lead to growth of towns and cities -Christian value system institutionalized by the Church
Compromise of 1850
-Population explosion resulting from the Gold Rush transformed California, politically, socially, and economically -In less than 2 years, California had enough citizens to apply for statehood -National question was whether California would be a slave or free state -At the time, the Senate was equally divided between slave and free states at 15 each. As long as this balance remained, the South could block any antislavery legislation from passing Congress. -California became a free state and the balance was upset, shifting to the North. In effect, antislavery legislation could pass through Congress. -Fearing a loss of political power, the South threatened to leave the Union -The Compromise of 1850 averted a constitutional crisis when the South accepted California statehood in return for the Fugitive Slave Law, which made it illegal to harbor runaway slaves -The Compromise of 1850 was only a temporary fix. The issue of slavery would continue to to dominate national politics. -California statehood became a background issue to the Civil War
California water delivery system
-Population is 37 million+; fresh water is a precious resource and its availability is a pressing issue -While 75% of the state's water resources originate north of Sacramento, 80% of the demand lies in the southern 2/3 of the state -Engineering has proven to be the controversial solution to California's water problems -Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct Provides water to the Bay Area of San Francisco -California, Los Angeles, and Colorado aqueducts meet the water needs of Los Angeles and San Diego counties -Population and demand continue to grow; new solutions needed to this centuries-old problem
California during the Civil War
-Powerful business interests controlled California politics and the Republican Party, ensuring support for both President Lincoln and the Union cause -California's distance kept it out of the war, but the state sent gold and recruits eastward -In the meantime, both a railroad grant and authorization to build the Central Pacific link to the transcontinental railroad were secured -Homestead Act (1862) allowed citizens to claim free land if they would live on it and improve it for five years -Thus, throughout post-Civil War California, mining, the railroad, and farming combined to promote waves of immigration from the eastern United States, China, and Ireland
Mexican-American War
-President Polk indirectly supported the annexation of California -John C. Frémont, possibly acting on presidential orders, raised the U.S. flag near Monterey, and then retreated from the area -War was declared on Mexico in 1846 ---The Bear Flag Revolt prematurely captured California (1846) ---Commander Sloat captured Monterey Bay and claimed the area for the United States ---General Stockton captured Los Angeles; Governor Pico and General Castro retook the area for Mexico ---Stockton and Kearney defeated Pico and raised the American flag over Los Angeles in 1847 -The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) transferred California from Mexican to American control
Problems with the Articles of Confederation
-Problems became clear during the "Critical Period" after the Revolutionary War (1781-1789) -Had to rely on requesting funds from the states -Did not bind the states together in a true union -No centralized control over trade ---Uniform tariffs could not be imposed ---States could impose their own trade restrictions against other states -13 different currencies continued to exist -No authority to borrow money inside or outside the United States -Lacked balance in Congress between large and small states ---All states given one vote, even though large states were expected to provide more financial support than small states -Unanimous approval was needed for changes or amendments -No executive authority to balance the power of Congress or to ensure that laws of Congress were carried out
Capitalism
-Profits linked to the manufacturing of products -Private ownership of land -Freedom of choice -A competitive free-market system -Limited government restraints
Implications of Teaching Phonics in the Classroom
1. Assess phonics and other word identification strategies. Select and use formal and informal tools such as decoding tests, fluency tests, and sight word checks to collect data, and analyze to plan instruction. 2. Plan instruction that is systematic, explicit, and sequenced according to the increased complexity of linguistic units including sounds, phonemes, onsets and rimes, letters, letter combination syllables, and morphemes. 3. Explicitly teach and model phonics, decoding, and other word identification strategies in reading for meaning. Positive explicit feedback for word identification errors is an essential strategy in this process. 4. Select and design resource material and strategies for assessment and instruction. Resources include materials for teaching decoding, word identification strategies, and sign word mastery in multiple and varied reading and writing experiences. 5. Provide fluency practice in a variety of ways: -Practice decoding and word-attack skills so that they become automatic in reading text. -Provide application and practice decoding skills to fluency in decodable (controlled vocabulary) text and word recognition skills taught out of context. -Continue to develop fluency through the use of decodable texts and other texts written at the student's instructional level. 6. Provide ongoing assessment to demonstrate the student's progress toward the mastery of State Standards.
Coastal tribes:
1. Coastal Miwok 2. Esselen 3. Chumash
List 3 reasons Spain & the Franciscans built their missions.
1. Convert Indians to Christianity 2. Establish cultural & agricultural centers 3. Populate Alta California for Spain
Mission Summary: 3 Purposes for building the missions
1. Create permanent, self-sufficient Spanish settlements 2. Defend Spanish empire in Mexico 3. Convert indigenous people
Mission Summary: 3 Negative Outcomes
1. Fatally exposed Indians to European diseases 2. Destroyed native culture 3. Exploited indigenous labor force
Mission Summary: 3 Characteristics of the organization of the missions
1. Locate in areas w/high concentration native population 2. All buildings built with materials on hand 3. Each mission cultivated food
Sierra Nevada tribes:
1. Miwok 2. Mono
Desert tribes:
1. Mojave 2. Serrano
The Steps of the Writing Process
1. Prewriting--note taking, outling and graphic organizers (clustering/venn diagram) 2. Drafting 3. Revising 4. Editing/Proofreading 5. Publishing
Mission Summary: 3 Positive Outcomes
1. Provided presidios w/food & goods 2. Some enjoyed great economic success 3. Gave Spanish a foothold in California
Cabrillo discovered what 4 spots?
1. San Diego Bay 2. Santa Barbara Islands 3. Point Conception 4. Point Reyes
Material belongs found to be similar amongst the California Indians:
1. Subsistence agricultural implements 2. Receptacles 3. Musical instruments 4. Money
Implications of Teaching Fluency Instruction in the Classroom
1. Teachers are good models of fluent reading. By listening, students learn how a reader's voice can help written text make sense. 2. Teachers should read aloud to students daily. 3. Teachers should help students practice orally rereading text that is reasonably easy for them (text containing mostly words they know or can decode easily). The texts should be at students' independent reading level and relatively short (probably 50-200 words) depending upon the age. 4. Teachers should assess to see if the text is at the students' independent reading level. Students should be able to read with about 95% accuracy (only 1 of every 20 words misread). If the text is more difficult, students will focus so much on word recognition that they will not have an opportunity to develop fluency. 5. Teachers use a variety of reading materials, including stories, nonfiction and poetry. Poetry is especially well suited to fluency practice because poems for children are often short and contain rhythm, rhyme, and meaning, making practice fun, easy and rewarding.
Implications of Teaching Phonological Awareness in the Classroom
1. Teachers help children identify and make oral rhymes. "The pig has a (wig)." "Pat the (cat)." "The sun is (fun)." 2. Teachers help children identify and work with syllables in spoken words: "I can clap the parts in my name: An-drew." 3. Teachers help children identify and work with onsets and rimes in spoken syllables or one-syllable words. "The first part of 'sip' is s-." "The last part of 'win' is -in."
Implications of Teaching Phonemic Awareness in the Classroom
1. Teachers help children recognize which words in a set of words begin with the same sound. ("Bell, bike, and boy all have /b/ at the beginning.") 2. Teachers help children isolate and say the first or last sound in a word. ("The beginning sound of dog is /d/." "The ending sound of sit is /t/.") 3. Teachers help children combine or blend separate sounds in a word to say the word ("/m/, /a/, /p/—map"). 4. Teachers help children break or segment a word into its separate sounds ("Up"—/u/,/p/).
Northern California tribes
1. Yurok 2. Hupa 3. Modoc 4. Pomo
When did the Franciscan Friars complete the last mission?
1823
The Civil War
1861-1865 Capitals: -North: Washington, D.C. -South: Richmond, VA Advantages: -The North had an overall superiority in manpower, firepower, and economic resources (almost 5x the population of the south, an established army, substantially more miles of railroad, a stronger industrial base, and stronger financial institutions) - industrial rather than rural -The South had advantages in leadership and territory
The Compromise of 1850
Compromise that made . . . 1. California admitted as a free state 2. Fugitive Slave Law 3. Slave Trade banned in Washington 4.Popular Sovereignty in New Mexico and Utah
California Indian Language
Diverse set of dialects Remember the were isolated by the topography
What inspired Spain to finally colonize California?
Drake's claim in 1579 and the threat by England
California Topography
Drastic changes in topography across the state: rugged mountain peaks, fertile valleys, dense forests, ocean boundaries, and extensive deserts
California topography
Drastic changes in topography across the state: rugged mountain peaks, fertile valleys, dense forests, ocean boundaries, and extensive deserts
Bank of California
During the California economic depression of the 1870s, the collapse of this further weakened the California economy.
The Emergent Reader: Age
Early childhood to pre-K (pre-alphabetic)
Who established the missions along the El Camino Real?
Franciscan Friars
Russia was interest in what "product"
Fur
Famous empires that grew in the West African savanna
Ghana, Mali and Songhai
Alphabet Knowledge (reading assessment)
Identify and form letters
How did the Spanish end up exploring the Baja peninsula?
In 1530s Cortes was in search of Seven Cities of Cibola
The Cumberland and Allegheny plateaus
In the eastern region of the United States
Other Genres of Writing
Include such varied types as personal journals and diaries, letters, summaries, and research papers
The Remedial Reader: Reading Instruction
Includes re-teaching all of the modalities taught as a "beginning reader" and emphasizing: -Assessment of identified reading weaknesses -Teaching explicit strategies based on diagnosis -Linking instruction to prior knowledge -Increasing instruction time -Dividing skills into smaller steps while providing reinforcement and positive feedback
Fort Ross
Ivan Kuskov and a group of fur trapper built this fort near San Francisco., a trading post, near Bodega Bay, built by Russians in 1812. It was a base for sea otter hunters. they sold tools in exchange for salt, wheat, and other foods
Sutter's Fort
John Sutter was an immigrant that settled in California. He started a settlement called New Helvetia. he built a fort on land that the governer gave him, and people who crossed the Sierra Nevada sometimes ended up here.
Derivational morpheme
Meaningful unit combined with roots or stems to form new words with new meanings, with the potential to change the part of speech (e.g. "-ish" added to the noun "boy" results in an adjective "boyish")
Shared heritage: Were sweathouses used by men only or both men and women?
Men only
Shared heritage: Roles were sex differentiated:
Men: hunt, fish Women: gather food & materials, killed small game
What's a presidio?
Military fort
Jedidiah Smith
Mountain man, trapper, and trader known for exploring the Rockies. He opened up the west with his discovery of the South Pass, which was wider and less steep than previous passes and which allowed wagon trails to run through it.
Upton Sinclair
Muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago.
Russian Fur interests in Alaska
Pushed southward
Comma
Separates certain parts of sentences. -Used before a coordinating conjunction in a compound sentence ---I felt happy about my new job, but the pay was not quite enough. -Used to set off interrupting or introductory words or phrases. ---Safe in the house, we watched the rain fall outside. -Used to separate a series of words or word groups. ---Diet, exercise, and rest all contribute to good health. -Used to set off nonrestrictive clauses and phrases ---Harold, who dislikes school, is failing English. -Used to set off appositives ---Mr. Johnson, a teacher, ran for chairman of the school board.
Semicolon
Separates elements of equal power of meaning: two or more words, phrases or sentences. It should never separate a main clause from a subordinate clause or a word or phrase from a clause. -Used to separate main clauses when the separation is not done by a coordinating conjunction. ---Ask Joe for the book; he still has it. -Used to separate items in a series when there are commas within the items. ---Nora's dress was red, blue, and green; Lucy's was lilac and white; and Helen's was black, turquoise, and white.
How are Serra's lasting contributions perceived?
Serra's contributions are controversial
Federal System
Shared between the central government and the states
What's a pueblo?
Small settlement
Islam in Africa
Stimulated new states of West Africa and spread Islamic culture and religion
Implications of Teaching Reading Comprehension in the Classroom
Strategies for teachers to help students improve reading comprehension (first 4 are primary strategies): -ask questions about the text they are reading -ask students to summarize parts of the text -help students clarify words and sentences they don't understand -ask students to predict what might occur next in the text -talk about the content -model, or "think aloud," about their own thinking and understanding -lead students in a discussion about text meaning -help students relate the content of their reading to their life experiences and to other texts they have read
Concepts About Print (reading assessment)
Tests important concepts about books, including: -The front and back of a book -That print tells the story -The concept of letters, words, and sentences -That spaces have a purpose
Phonics Test (reading assessment)
Tests phonics skills that are needed in reading
Railroad's Big Four
The Big Four was the name popularly given to the chief entrepreneurs in the building of the Central Pacific Railroad, the western portion of the First Transcontinental Railroad in the United States.However, the four of them preferred to be known as "The Associates". Controlled the railroad industry and California Politics
How to Calculate Fluency
Total words read - errors = words correct per minute 1. Select 2 or 3 brief passages from appropriate grade-level material (regardless of students' instructional levels). 2. Have individual students read each passage aloud for exactly 1 minute. 3. Count the total number of words the student read for each passage. Compute the average number of words read per minute. 4. Count the number of errors the student made on each passage. Compute the average number of errors per minute. 5. Subtract the average number of errors read per minute from the average total number of words read per minute. The result is the average number of words correct per minute (WCPM). 6. Repeat the procedure several times during the year. Graphing students' WCPM throughout the year easily captures their reading growth. 7. Compare the results with published norms/standards to determine whether students are making suitable progress in their fluency. Example: According to one published norm, students should be reading approx. 60 words per minute correctly by the end of 1st grade, 90 to 100 by the end of 2nd grade, and 114 by the end of 3rd grade.
near in space or time
What does 'nigh' mean in old English?
English, not native language
What does ESL instruction encourage the use of?
to cutoff (not pairing, its homonym)
What does paring mean?
develop a better attitude toward reading
What does the Whole Language Approach help students do?
transactional strategy instruction
What is give and take between student and teacher as they explore successful reading comprehension?
McGuffey's Readers
What was the name of the first reading book for different grade levels that appeared in the 1800s?
Subjective/Nominative
When a noun/pronoun is the subject of a verb ("I," not "me")
Segmenting/Segmentation
When children break words into their individual phonemes, break words into syllables and break syllables into onsets and rimes
Blending
When children combine individual phonemes to form words, combine onsets and rimes to make syllables, and combine syllables to make words
late 1700s
When did children's literature first appear?
Movie production
With the advent of film as a popular form of entertainment, major studios bought property on the outskirts of Los Angeles, creating the legendary studio town of Hollywood
Diction
Word choice; any word/detail that is important to the meaning and effect of the writing.