CSUF GEOG332 US Geography Smith - Exam 2

What are barrier islands? What is the problem with building on barrier islands?

-A long, narrow, sandy island formed offshore by wave action - sand is too unstable to build on

What are the agricultural crops in this region? How about the inland South?

-Primary and secondary = agriculture like cotton, sugar cane, citrus fruit, rice, tobacco, corn, commercial fishing, mineral production, petroleum and natural gas, and mining -Tertiary and Quaternary = major military bases, coastal south is important military center, space program, politics, government policy, tourism - disney world, cruise ship industry; research triangle park (quaternary service sector)

What are examples of primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary sectors in the Appalachia region?

-Primary and secondary: cotton gin, farming, tobacco, fruits and vegetables (onion), livestock -Tertiary and quaternary: military bases and tourism (mountains and national parks)

Commercial agriculture

-West coast -Mediterranean climate -Mixed crops and livestock: feeding the animals -Dairy farms; closer to cities -Grain farming: cereals, bread, snack food -Livestock ranching: commercial grassing in large areas -Mediterranean agriculture: -Mediterranean climate, citrus, olives, grapes -Gardening and food culture: truck farming (strawberries)

Subsistence farms

-family gardens -Sharing with friends and Neighbors -Shifting cultivation/ slash and burn -Pastoral Nomadism: moving animals -Intensive subsistence agriculture -Purpose of farm -Percentage of farmers: less developed countries <55% are farmers More developed countries >2% are farmers -More farmers use manual labor / power and tools -Family size -Relationship of farming to other businesses "agribusiness"

What are the eight characteristics that L'Enfant wanted to include in his design of Washington DC and what did they represent?

1. Manor public buildings on higher ground: symbolize importance 2. Spacing of government branches; symbolizes the separation of power 3. Broad diagonal avenue; 4. Define the key intersection nobe: "circle" for parks or monuments 5. GrandePromenade; public open space, monuments, museums 6. Canal in the core area; stimulating the private sector 7. Sites for colleges and national cathedral; expressing our cultural values of faith and higher education 8. Monument to George Washington; good leaders deserve recognition

What are the five boroughs in New York?

1. Staten Island 2. Brooklyn 3. Queens 4. Manhattan 5. Bronx

Hurricane Harvey

130 - 140 mph (sustained) Houston sprawled city Water drains right off (great drainage) Is was a 4 Lots of rainfall Less than 100 deaths People were told to stay home

Intensive Subsistence Farming

A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land.

Multiple Nuclei Model

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities.

Sector Model

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business district (CBD).

What is the Intercoastal Waterway?

A series of natural and artificial canals and channels along the Gulf coast from Brownsville, Texas, to Florida designed to provide local and regional transportation

The Concentric Zone Model

A structural model of the American central city that suggests the existence of five concentric land-use rings arranged around a common center.

Cash-grain farms

A type of primary production based on raising grains for profit

the Underground Railroad

African-American migration has also produced a lasting legacy for Southern Ontario, although the migration dates from an earlier time period. Prior to the Civil War, some African-Americans slaves escaped from their masters and fled northward with the support of the Underground Railroad. Some of these slaves made it as far as southern Ontario and Nova Scotia in Canada, where many of their descendants still live.

What is Ellis Island?

An island in the harbor of New York City. The chief immigration station of the United States was on Ellis Island from 1892 to 1943, a time when millions of people, especially from Europe, came to the United States.

What mountain system stretches through this region?

Appalachian Mountains chain, which stretches northeastward from Alabama to eastern Canada.

Where are the highest elevations in the Appalachians?

At 6,684 feet in elevation, North Carolina's Mount Mitchell tops off the list of highest Appalachian Mountains.

Why was Washington DC selected to be the place to build the capital?

Because of where the two rivers come together; Eastern Branch River and Potomac River

Why was Megalopolis dependent on port cities?

Being able to transport goods and Water transportation is the cheapest form of transportation.

Hurricane Katrina

Below sea level made this a horrible hurricane Levees breaking Only a 3, but more devastating Lots of chaos, told to evacuate, but people couldn't get out of town People on rooftops begging for help Flooding and winds Over 1,800 deaths

What influences weather and climate in the Atlantic Periphery?

Cool to mild summers and cold, snowy winters. As latitude increases, temperature decreases, have warm summers and cold winters.

We discussed the significance of Core and Periphery in this region. Can you explain it?

Core area: economically strong, leaders Peripheral area: economically weak, dependent

What were the impacts of glaciation in the Atlantic Periphery?

Dramatic evidence of the scraping impact of glaciers and other erosion process in the region remains on the landscape today in a feature known as the Great Stone Face. This huge slab of granite was one of New Hampshire's most famous landmarks before it suddenly disappeared in 2003. The Appalachian Mountains are a lot smaller because of erosion.

Flat topography, lack of drainage and an abundance of rainfall, what types of problems?

Flooding and erosion problems

Discuss the significance of fishing in this region. How did that impact the forests in the Atlantic Periphery

Foresting, fishing

Huguenots

French Protestants influenced by John Calvin

What is the dominant type of weather in the north midwest region?

Hot and humid summers. Most rain in summer, Very cold winters

What have been some of the natural disasters in the Coastal South?

Hurricanes, flooding, winds

Reversing the flow of the Chicago River

In 1887, the Illinois General Assembly decided to reverse the flow of the Chicago River through civil engineering by taking water from Lake Michigan and discharging it into the Mississippi River watershed, partly in response to concerns created by an extreme weather event in 1885 that threatened the city's water supply.

How has the physical geography benefited the growth of New York City?

It was a good place to farm and to ship things. They had lots of industries, which allowed for more jobs

Who came up with the term Megalopolis?

Jean Gottman

What is the topography like in the Coastal South?

Low and flat - many swamps, lakes, and coastal marshes

What is the dominant landform in north midwest region and what are the effects of this?

Lowland lies between the Appalachian Mountains province to the east and the younger and higher Rocky Mountains to the west. The topography of this vast interior lowland generally varies from flat to gently rolling hills. The topography of the Great Lakes and CormBelt region has little relief, in part because much of the area has been shaped by periodic glaciation over the past 2 million years.

What is the agriculture like in the Atlantic Periphery?

Maine; blueberries and cranberries Massachusetts; cranberries Vermont; maple syrup and dairy products

How do military bases play a role in sparking economic activity at various locations in this region?

Military families spend lots of money there and bases provide employment to civilians; also families cause demand for civilian goods and services (housing, education, and transportation) leading to employment for teachers, realtors, mechanics, and other service professionals

What are the characteristics we see in the Coastal South that speak of diversity?

Music, food, speech patterns, architectural styles, etc.

Is it the high elevation in these Appalachian mountains that lead to flooding?

No, it is the steep mountains

Is the population in the Coastal South homogenous?

No, very diverse

Atlantic Periphery

North of New York, the states Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont

Flash floods cost millions in damages. What area is prone to flash floods and why?

Occur often, especially in the southern Appalachians, where a combination of especially high levels of annual rainfall and steep topography can result in very rapid discharge of water down the slopes

How does tourism play a significant part in the economy of the Coastal South?

Resort communities - Walt Disney World!! - $$$$ comes in Cruise liners - $$$ comes in too

Where and what is the Rust Belt?

Rust Belt is parts of the northeastern and midwestern US that are characterized by declining industry, aging factories, and a falling population. Steel-producing cities in Pennsylvania and Ohio are at its center. Also known as steal towns, then called rust belt after people left the area

Why is coal a mixed blessing?

dangerous, bad for the environment, respiratory, death; but also provided livelihoods and jobs (generational jobs)

The Great Flood of 1993

The Great Flood of 1993 was a flood that occurred in the Midwestern United States, along the Mississippi and Missouri rivers and their tributaries, from April to October 1993. The flood was among the most costly and devastating to ever occur in the United States, with $15 billion in damages.

The Inland South

The Inland South states, including West Virginia, Tennessee, Kentucky, and Arkansas, are rich in tradition and history. The first three are also called Appalachia because they're in and around the Appalachian Mountains. Arkansas is home to the Ozark Mountains.

What was the Northwest Ordinance of 1785?

The Land Ordinance of 1785 was adopted by the United States Congress of the Confederation on May 20, 1785. It set up a standardized system whereby settlers could purchase title to farmland in the undeveloped west. Congress at the time did not have the power to raise revenue by direct taxation, so land sales provided an important revenue stream. The Ordinance set up a survey system that eventually covered over 3/4 of the area of the continental United States.

How do the Labrador Current and the Gulf Stream contribute to weather and climate in the Atlantic Periphery?

The cold Labrador Current drifts southward immediately offshore, and the warm Gulf Stream flows to the east of the Labrador Current. These weather contributes to fogs result in cooler temperatures, contribute to cloud cover, and sometimes cause hazard to shipping and aviation.

What is white flight?

The phenomenon of white people moving out of urban areas, particularly those with significant minority populations, and into suburban areas.

What are significant reasons for still building skyscrapers?

The race to build the tallest skyscraper

the Coastal South

The southern regions of SC, GA, FL which continued to rely on rice

Why is this area so prone to thunderstorms and hurricanes?

The warm air masses and warm ocean currents coming up from the equatorial region create energy packed air that meets the cold fronts from the polar region.

The Great Migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

Is Megalopolis homogenous?

no, absolutely not

Pastoral Nomadism

s taking your animals up in the hills during the summer where it is cooler and bringing them back to the valley in the winter where it is warmer.

Primate City

the largest city in its country or region, disproportionately larger than any others in the urban hierarchy. A primate city distribution is a rank-size distribution that has one very large city with many much smaller cities and towns, and no intermediate-sized urban centers.

Piedmont

where the mountains reach the coastal plains

the Heartland of the US

There's a reason the Midwest is called the Heartland — this is where the heart of the country beats. Just as one's own heart gets taxed from being over-worked, the heart of the country is being taxed from just another burden thrown our way. Tariffs disrupt crop and meat exports.

Retirement Migration

Tourism and recreation have also spurred the growth of the retirement migration into the region The migration of older persons to self-selected retirement destinations in the US

What did the video on Appalachia show about the significance of music and religion in this region?

Very significant. When things got tough the people turned to music and religion for comfort and hope. Music helped promote community and sense of belonging -Poor in living, but rich is culture and community

Which of the major cities in the Megalopolis is also a state capital?

Washington DC

What state is totally within the Appalachian Mountains?

West Virginia

What is the Grand Banks?

Which are a series of shallow underwater plateaus where the cold Labrador Current and the warm Gulf Stream meet about 200 miles off the coast of Newfoundland and Nova Scotia. The mixing of these currents helps drive nutrients from the ocean floor to the surface, creating what was once among the richest fishing grounds in the world.

The Appalachians spread from Alabama all the way to Newfoundland. Did glaciers cover the entire area?

Yes - the Appalachian mountains were carved and rounded by glaciers

cash crop

a crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower.

The Great Lakes

a group of five freshwater lakes of the central North America between the United States and Canada; the lakes are Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie and Superior

the Corn Belt

a region of the U.S. Midwest that specializes in growing corn

Megalopolis

an area in the Northeast of the US that consists of the largest cities - Boston - New York City - Philadelphia - Baltimore - Washington, DC.

megalopolis with a lowercase m

an area that's growing

Fall-Line Cities

- Situated along border between Piedmont and Atlantic coastal plain - Where river rapids and falls occur - In the eastern United States, a fall line exists between the Appalachian piedmont and the Atlantic coastal plain; waterfalls or rapids occur on all the principal rivers (e.g., the Delaware, Schuylkill, Patapsco, Potomac, James, and Savannah rivers)

What are the three physiographic provinces that make up the Megalopolis?

- Appalachian Mountains - Piedmont - Atlantic Coastal Plain

What are the major cities in the Megalopolis? Are they the same in characteristics or do they each have their own distinct culture?

- Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington DC - Every city has its own culture.

5 main components of issues in Megalopolis

- Spatial interaction - Functional Complexity - public services - Accessibility - Intensity of Change

What are the different types of commercial agriculture that we discussed in class?

- large farms - mixed crops and livestock

Be able to explain the geographic concepts of the core and periphery.

- Thin rocky soil - Numerous lakes and pounds - Numerous harbors are submerged rivers valley that were modified by glaciation. - Very little flat land near the coast - Landscape; Great Stone Face

Types of mining and their influence

- Shaft mining: go into mountain and retrieve ore - Surface mining: run high pressure hoses and blast away soil - Mountaintop removal: use dynamite to blast tops off mountains

What is the weather like in this area? What climate classification?

- Humid subtropical climate - Summers are hot and humid - Winters are mild with some areas having arctic air spills (snowfalls and cold snaps) - Precipitation is abundant throughout the year - heaviest in spring and summer - Last summer and early fall brings hurricanes

What landforms exist in the Megalopolis area?

- deep harbors from glaciers - rivers - mountains - cheap water transportation

Sustainable farming

- family gardens - planting only what they need or can trade for

What is the Indian Removal Act? Which President authorized it? What is the Trail of Tears?

- It authorized the large-scale removal and resettlement of Naitve MAericans to "Indian Territory" in what is now eastern Oklahoma - Andrew Jackson authorized it - 1830s - thousands of Cherokees, Choctaws, Creeks, Chickasaws, and Seminoles were forcibly relocated to Oklahoma along the "trail of tears"

What are some of the problems/environmental concerns in Megalopolis?

- how to redevelop - High population density - Hard to get around - Rent is high - Clash of cultures - Hard to get services (police, firefighters, etc.)

What are the landform regions that make up the Appalachian area?

- Piedmont - Blue Ridge Mountains - Great Valley (most of population and agriculture) - Ridge and Valley - Appalachian Plateau

Mason-Dixon Line

(in the US) the boundary between Maryland and Pennsylvania, taken as the northern limit of the slave-owning states before the abolition of slavery.

Who were the Acadians? How did they become Cajuns? Be able to explain.

Acadians; a native or inhabitant of Acadia. A descendant of the Acadians deported to Louisiana in the 18th century; a Cajun.

What is the climate like in this area?

C: mid latitude mild (coastal area) D: mid latitude sever (inland)

What types of music originated in this region?

Call and Response, Chanting Mixed with European Hymns - Gospel Blues Jazz Bluegrass Rock - and - roll Country Rhythm and blues (R&B)

Who is the TVA? When was this created and why? Is everyone happy with what the TVA has created? Why or why not?

TVA = Tennessee Valley Authority (1930s) - to control flooding on the Tennessee River and its tributaries as well as to generate hydroelectric power (artificial lakes)