Cultural Anthropology 111 ch.7-14

How Sushi Went Global

Tokyo's Tsukiji is the 'Walstreet' of Sushi/Fish. This is an example of globalization of a regional industry with intense international competition).

Symbolizing Roles: Behind the Veil

Westerners view the veil as misogynistic, but the veil actually provides many freedoms for women: respect, prevent conception, preserves honor, prevents dust and debris from getting into the eye, a new way to assert muslin identity

Kula Ring

circulation of gifts among trading partners amongst the Trobriand Islanders of Papua New Guinea. Unlike capitalism, they possess item for a period of time, then give it away. There's an expected time frame to give the gift in order to established relationship & accumulate status. This is an example of balanced reciprocity.

disease

clinical or biological aspects of a medical condition, something that can be observed/measured & treated by a health professional

Internalized controls

controls that come from within a society that guides a person towards right behavior based on a moral system (ex: not stealing because you think it's wrong)

sanctions

punishments that result from breaking rules

Consanguine relationship

related through biology

Affine relationship

related through marriage/legal systems

Matrilineal

relating to a social system in which family descent and inheritance rights are traced through the mother

Social capital

set of resources accessible to a person based on the virtue of their membership with a social group

Externalized controls

imposed from outside the group the regulate behavior by encouraging conformity to social norms (ex: community gossip or a death sentence)

Tribute

offering something regularly, example of redistribution (ex: Hindu puja and prasad, or taxes)

Pushes and Pulls

the forces that spur migration from the country of origin and draw immigrants to a particular new destination

A Healing Ritual by Shostak

(!Kung) healers possess a healing force called 'n/um' and they absorb the badness into their own being. healers can travel to the spirit realm and back. Big bonfire, women & healers are dancing with drums (and singing) and the beat is getting faster then shaman goes into seizure like state. Then shaman tries to convince spirit to release n/um.

Pushes

People are pushed to leave their home country by poverty, famine, natural disasters, war, ethnic conflict, genocide, disease, or political or religious oppression.

Patrilineal

based on or tracing descent through the male line

Kin

family members

Cosmology

worldview and origin myths

Balanced Reciprocity

Form of Reciprocity: they trade with others outside their trusted circle - the value of goods and time frame of repayment is specified. The value of item/service is more closely monitored & expected within a certain time frame (ex: buying an expensive birthday gift for a friend, you expect equal value in return; wedding or baby registry; Trobriand Islanders use KULA RING).

Generalized Reciprocity

Form of reciprocity: often practiced between families and friends. The value or time of repayment is not specified. (ex: birthday gifts, ju/'hoansi share responsibility of large kills because they all contributed to its death. Hunters and their families don't keep a lot of their kills. So after giving families the meat they got, then a food debt bond is created for the next set of hunters - they know each other well).

When girls started wearing pink

Franklin Roosevelt had long hair are wore a dress in his baby photos. In 1918, an article declared that pink was for boys and blue was for girls because pink was a 'strong' color. Then, in 1927, TIME started printing a chart for clothing appropriate for certain genders. In the 1960s, during women's liberation there was a big drive for anti-fem and androgynous clothes - female oriented clothes forced women into subservient positions. 1985 was the return of gendered clothes because of the rise in prenatal testing and children of women's liberation wanted for gendered clothes for their kids.

Medical Anthropology and Azarcon

In LA, California, a child's stomach was pumped because they has 'azarcon' which is 90% lead, and it's used in Mex-Ame culture to treat indigestion. Solution: issued a survey about who used azarcon & greta, health edu campaigns, spanish radio stations gave PSAs, information packets, posters designed by Mex-Ame students

Where Fat is a Mark of Beauty

In Nigeria, it's seen as beautiful if a woman is fatter. Elder matrons impart tips on how to be a good mother and make the daughter get fatter in time for her wedding.

Potluck

In North America, each participant brings food or supplies to share. If participant doesn't contribute, they're considered a free-loader (shows reciprocity). An example of redistribution.

Polyandry: When Brother's Take a Wife

In a Tibetan society, it's economically and socially favorable to have one woman have many husbands (typically all the husbands are brothers). There's less divide over inherited resources since each pf the children acknowledges all the husbands as a father figure. Typically the youngest son would be most displeased with the marriage causing them to separate because the bride would be too old for them. Monogamous households are very fragmented, polyandry: has security, increased standard of living, access to land, clothes, jewelry, rugs, saddles, and horses, with decreased work pressure since there's multiple fathers, there's also a reduction in population growth and decreased pressure on resources

monogamy

Marriage to only one person at a time

Gender Stereotype Perpetuation

These are perpetuated by: religion (adam and eve), myths & stories (pandora's box, little red ridinghood), popular culture (sports, movies), barbie dolls saying "math class is tough!"

Religion

a way to explain the world around us; this is tied to subsistence strategies - if something is difficult to get it'll become important (ex: sedna the native american origin myth for obtaining seafood so natives try to appease her or demeter/ceres to get wheat "cereal"), ways to explain the world not easily explained by science

Kin types

actual relationships categorized

double day

after a woman finishes work she has to come home and do housework as well

ghosts

after death, many believe that souls transform into ghost & can cause harm to the living

co-marriage

among the eskimo: a family brings widow into their family because the widow can't sustain themselves alone

Money

anything used to measure and pay for the value of goods and services (exact amount). Part of Market Economy.

ritual

behavior that is formalized, is regularly repeated, and has symbolic content

coercive power

changing someone's behavior through argumentation WITH physical force or threat of it (ex: school yard bullying)

Types of political organization

chiefdom, states, tribes, bands, centralized society, decentralized society

Core Countries

industrialized former colonial states that dominate the world economic system, extracting cheap labor & raw materials from periphery countries and sending them to the industrialized core (1st world). Controls most lucrative economic processes (ex: financial service sector). Can have peripheral areas in those countries

Creating a Public Health System in Rural Haiti

infant mortality was rampant in poorest area of Haiti, many residents pushed off land due to hydroelectric dam, Paul Farmer created Zamni Lasante (Partners in health) after participant observation, he recruited a volunteer group to build a well = infant mortality dropped, outdoor latrines / replace dirt floors / thatched roofs = improved sanitation and hygiene, locals were trained as community health workers and this was important so more people will know about it and use these facilities if it's their own cultural people (self-sufficiency).

Supernatural Beings

invisible beings that exhibit form, personality, attitudes, and powers

Feminine

irrational (illogical), emotional (hysterical), submissive, dependent/nurturing, weak/gentle

Special Purpose Money

items were only used to measure the value of things in the marketplace & lacked any practical use. Opposite of multipurpose money.

family

kinship of mom, dad, & kids, but this isn't always the case. because cultural norms, values, and social structures can always change, kinship and this are always contested

joking relationship

less formal relationship, people can joke around as they discuss any topic

Masculine

logical (rational), unemotional, dominant, authority figure/tough, strong, aggressive

Footbinding in China

lotus shoes were used to promote this, so that small feet can be seen as a sign of beauty. This trend was a clear indication of the social forces at play that subjugated women

Taboo

polynesian word for prohibition, breaking a taboo leads to negative consequences. many take place out of public view, and these usually grow as a reason for exceptionally bad performances (ex: don't say someone's done a perfect game)

Demons

powerful, evil beings that tricks people to sin

Run for the Wall by Dubisch

several hundred motorcycles go across the country for 10 days in honor of Vietnam war veterans (Arizona to D.C.). This is a pilgrimage (a ritual that takes you to a powerful place), motorcycles are a symbol for American values of freedom, self-reliance, patriotism } which makes it attractive to veterans. They stopped at a Navajo Reservation / Brotherhood of Warriors, Angel Fire, Limon Colorado, then the memorial wall in D.C.

Leveling Mechanism

social and economic obligation to distribute wealth so no one accumulates more than anyone else. When people start settling, they also start to accumulate goods. Between individuals this takes place through demand sharing.

tribes

type of political organization: seminomadic, elders tend to be leaders, largely egalitarian, groups with higher population density than bands, horticultural/pastoralists, clan memberships are what tie villages in a tribe together, decentralized, ranked system (status passed through families), age sets (groups of common age) (ex: melanesian 'big man'). rite of passages (marks entrance into next stage of life - Masai have warrior rite of passage).

Prestige

type of social award that can only be given to a person by others

Political Organization

the way society maintains order internally & manages affairs externally: power relations are negotiated, may be embedded from within or imposed from the outside

marriage/kinship in modern world

there's been an increase in changes made in family dynamics and increased choices brought on by the spread of knowledge and ideas through globalization, divorce and remarriage is more common now, blended families, single-parent families, extended families, choosing to not have kids, choosing not to marry, same-sex marriage, having children via reproductive technologies

Childbirth in America

this is seen as a medical procedure (or emergency), pain medicine only given when woman is in absolute pain

Childbirth in Sweden

this is seen as intensely personal & fulfilling achievement, maternity ward is a quiet place for concentration and not just sterile, others besides doctors are allowed to be present, pain medication is explained and they don't have to act in pain

Childbirth in Mexico

this is seen as stressful, but normal part of life, in the home, ladies of the house or midwives assist with delivery or whoever can (woman), anyone can be present because people are still needed to continue daily activities (husbands are helpers), pain is just dealt with - no pain meds

centralized society

type of political organization: a ruling body of one or more people is given authority to govern, has cultural materialism (society's organization correlates to adaptions needed to survive in environment, tends to be heterogeneous societies)

Organizing Relatives: Crow

typical of kinship patterns through matrilineal descent (unilineal sometimes)

Organizing Relatives: Omaha

unilineal descent (either matrilineal or patrilineal), distinguishing cousins has importance

Organizing Relatives: Iroquois

unilineal, same terms used for father's sister & mother's sister to reflect shared memberships

Supernatural Forces

unseen powers that are not personified and may be manipulated to achieve good or evil

Biomedicine (Western)

use of biology & other natural sciences to treat diseases and promote healing. Involved technology, medicine, surgery, and invasive procedures, & bio-med trained professionals. We are encultured to believe it won't fail.

Ethnomedicine (Alternative)

use of non-western health systems to identify, treat, and prevent diseases. Often involves natural healing remedies, religious healing rituals, and locally-trained healers (ex: acupuncture, cupping, amchi)

Science

way to understand world around you through phenomena

Prestige Economy

when prestige, not financial reward, is sought & gained (ex: trobriand islanders and kula ring)

Social Distance

when this is minimal (like between families & friends) then generalized reciprocity can occur

bands

type of political organization: foragers, 50-100 people, decentralized power = more egalitarian, informal mediators solve conflicts, illness can be seen as supernatural punishments, pays attention to carrying capacity because they depend on the environment, has reciprocity, (ex: ju/hoansi of Kalahari)

States

type of political organization: industrial, heterogenous, and centralized government, written doe of laws, bureacracy is necessry in order to administer the needs of the people, stratified so only certain members have power, (ex: swaziland monarchy or teotihuacan)

Chiefdoms

type of political organization: intensive agriculture, tends to be larger population, centralized with formal leadership, chiefs are leaders, (ex: iroquois had a ranked society, samoa has fa'amatai system, iroquois has clan mother that determines authority passed to daughters)

decentralized society

type of political organization: no centralized governing body, foragers & horticulturalists, lineage dictates role in society, informal leaders help mediate conflict, informal sanctions are widely used.

Multipurpose money

(commodity money) the item has value in itself and is not just symbolic. Societies that tend to use the previous two types of money find themselves "poor" in market economy. Opposite of special purpose money.

Reciprocity and the Power of Giving

(example of balanced reciprocity) colonists knew of the reciprocal giving in Native cultures they dubbed 'Indian Gift'. These gifts carry a sense of obligation and circulation. This is a social relationship, so the gift's SHOULDN'T be immediately returned. Potlatches are a war of wealth rather than blood.

Sedna (Inuit Goddess)

(example of supernatural being/force) responsible for sending seals to hunters. Sedna followed a bird after being promised food, but was lied to. Her father came to rescue her, but her father threw her overboard out of fear of birds returning. Sedna lived & was angry, so she sent dogs to attack her father. She went to live at the bottom of the sea to send animals to be killed

rite of intensification

(group) rituals, often seasonal, that reinforce group solidarity, and cultural values, and group social and political status relationships. ceremony or event often associated with a change in seasons or other changes in nature/the environment (ex: thanksgiving, dia de los muertos)

rite of passage

(single) rituals associated with the social movements of an individual from one culturally defined role and status to another during the passage from birth to death. ceremony or event marking a transition from one social status to a new social status. Has three stages: separation, transition [change], reincorporation [reenter social group with new status] (ex: Ndembu of East Africa)

Big Man

(the village head) in Melanesian societies is a charismatic wealthy person with no authority but has prestige & persuasive power. They have to keep the respect of the people because their position can be challenged. An earned position that earns respect through eloquence, persuasion, and fairness (how well can they organize a feast)

Leprosy in India (Hansen's Disease)

-Disease POV: the cause for this disease is a bacteria (Mycobacterium leprae), it takes a long time to infect, and can be easily treated with antibiotics over three months, noncontagious -Illness POV: (cultural misperception) limbs and skin can randomly fall off, highly contagious so those infected must go to colonies, social stigma attached -Sita POV: had to hide her illness and treat it far away in secret so that her chances of getting married didn't decrease, but once she got married she stopped treatment to have a child. But eventually her child and husband died, and her in-laws didn't have the money to keep getting her treatment, so she got sent to a colony -Ram Dev POV: purposely self-mutilated to get more money from begging

Three Parts of Religion

1. Belief in supernatural being or force (is fierce and have a lot of control) 2. rituals: (ex: going to church), repetitive behaviors that must be done in specific way to create a powerful and long-lasting "mood" of a different reality (altered state of consciousness - yanomamo take psychoactive roots for this) 3. Symbols: enhance belief in supernatural force

Assessing Status of Women

1. Economic: degree of control women have over strategic resources outside the household (ex: wage gap) 2. Political: degree of control women have over decisions affecting the entire group (outside the household) 3. Physical Mobility: ability of women to travel freely 4. Social Mobility: ability of women to raise rank via accessing resources 5. Women solidarity: ability of women to get together

Functions of Religion

1. removes you from the everyday, so that you focus on a higher being that brings people together 2. cosmology 3. ethical code of conduct 4. structure to people's lives intense feeling of belonging - "communitas" 5. form of status quo by maintaining control (religion is very conservative) 6. promote change (beneficial to religion) - revitalization movements with natives iroquois and plains

Migration from Fouzhou to NYC

50-70% of people in this area migrated out to NYC. NYC had a need for low-wage workers. A 19 y/o was sent to NYC to earn money for family at home and there was family already there. Lower Eastside facilitates a lot of Chinese immigrant movement. Existing ethnic enclave is a pull and NY airports are a bridge.

Distribution of Health & illness Mirror that of Wealth and Poverty

A hospital on the eastside has a lot of people of color patients but the staff is mostly white, so there's a large socio-economic and political divide. Many of the staff would have negative assumptions about patients on welfare and would assume that black women could withstand more pain than other races, so they were administered less medication

descent group

A kinship group in which primary relationships are traced through consanguine ("blood") relatives.

Berdache

Among certain Native American peoples, a person, usually a male, who assumes the gender identity and is granted the social status of the opposite sex. (example of a third gender)

Example of Rite of Passage

Bar/Bat Mitzvah 1. separate - attend special prep classes 2. transition (liminal) - taught to read hebrew for a passage in the torah 3. reincorperation - they read torah in hebrew in front of family members

unilineal

Based on descent through a single descent line, either males or females

Negative Reciprocity

Form of Reciprocity: otherwise known as a 'moocher', they get more than you exchange, they try to get economic benefits not social benefits. Common in cultures where economic benefits are separate from social benefits

Differences between Chiefs and Big Men

Chief's powers are hereditary, coercive power, they help develop a military. Big Men's powers are based on earning respect, persuasive power (they need to be eloquent), they have authority because it's based on people's choice

sexual dimorphism

Differences in physical characteristics between males and females of the same species.

Economic Transactions Associated with Marriage

Dowry (brides family to grooms family), Bride Price/ Bride Wealth (groom's family provides brides family with wealth, Bride Service (groom provides this to bride's family). Can be a reciprocal relationship of gift-giving

The Nuer of Southern Sudan

E.E Evans Pritchard - classic representation of a descent group - Pastoral, cattle herding people - Patrilineal descent group - CATTLE played central role!! Cattle was owned by males, and were used as compensation for a women in a proposal - however, women tended to them

Market Economy

Form of Distribution: a more formal & bureaucratic system, laws of supply & demand with a set price. Social relations aren't depended on this exchange. Buyers and sellers exchange goods or services that have been mutually assigned (ex: bartering, currency). Intensive agriculture and Industrial economies are based on this

Redistribution

Form of Distribution: process by which goods & money will flow into a central source. Not found in exchanges between members of foraging societies. Collection of goods from people by a central authority (chief) who then redistributes goods back to the people (ex: taxes fix potholes, tributes, potlatches, 'potlucks')

Reciprocity

Form of Distribution: set of social rules that govern the specialized sharing of food & other items. Mutual giving and receiving services in culturally determined ways that build and reinforce social networks (foraging relies on this because they're a nuclear family). All societies have this. This comes in three kinds: generalized, balanced, and negative.

Cargo System

Form of Leveling Mechanism: (cofradia) is found in Maya villages/towns from Mexico through Central America. A political-religious system in which men must serve in a volunteer position as a town laborer or official for at least one year. The more years served = more prestige gained

Examples of Religious Revitalization

Handsome lake religion: practice accommodation & blends religion to revitalize culture New Tidings: revitalization

Epilepsy Among the Hmong

Hmong helped the US during the Vietnam War, but after the loss many Hmong were transported to US. In this case, a Hmong family has a young daughter with epilepsy, but because of no translator and cultural miscommunications the daughter wasn't treated properly and the parents were accused of mistreatment. The family thought that epilepsy was a sign of soul-loss, so they treated it with ethnomedicine and eventually the daughter was better.

Bridges

People are enabled to migrate to a particular place because of family networks, transportation links, educational opportunities, government immigration policies, recruitment agencies, human smugglers, etc.

Pulls

People are pulled to migrate to certain places by higher wages, job opportunities, educational opportunities, access to health care, or investment opportunities.

Barriers

People may be hindered from migrating because of geographical distance, language or cultural barriers, tightly regulated borders, costs (for passports, visas, transportation, housing), etc.

Modernization Theories

Post-World War II economic theories that predicted that with the end of colonialism, less-developed countries would follow the same trajectory toward modernization as the industrialized countries.

Development

Post-World War II strategy of wealthy nations to spur global economic growth, alleviate poverty, and raise living standards through strategic investment in national economies of former colonies. Western development model for 3rd world countries compromised of state investment in infrastructure for economic growth

Eating Christmas in the Kalahari

Richard B. Lee; !Kung, Kalahari, Africa Anthropologist buys an ox that is huge Natives keep telling him it is too small Turns out it is a custom to avoid arrogance and tell others their kill is small Cross Cultural misunderstanding. There are no generous acts, everything is calculated

Example of Rite of Intensification

Thanksgiving 1. group solidarity - all about family (everyone participates) everyone is traveling and eating together 2. values - thankfulness, volunteering, shopping 3. social/political status - who hosts? biggest house? specialty dishes? where you sit? who carves turkey? who travels furthest?

Bridges and Barriers

The factors that disable/enable migration

Sexual Division of Labor

The patterned ways in which productive activities and tasks are assigned to women versus men in a culture.

Cote d'Ivoire & The Global Economy

This country exports 40% of the world's cocoa. The companies under pay workers in order to obtain a high profit. After an election, the leader refused to give up power and put an embargo on their cocoa production, thus raising the global price of cocoa. This event revealed the interconnectedness of rural farmers and global chocolate consumers, how global financial markets can impact farmers, and the link between consumers and producers

tricksters

plays tricks or practical jokes on people (ex: coyote caused wickedness & seduced women, it was a negative role model)

Polytheistic

a belief system consisting of many supernatural beings of approximately equal power

Monotheistic

a belief system that focuses on ONE all powerful supernatural being

Dependency Theory

a critique of modernization theory arguing that despite the end of colonialism, the underlying economic relations of the modern world economic system had not changed (neocolonialism)

polygyny

a form of marriage in which men have more than one wife

polyandry

a form of marriage in which women have more than one husband

affinal relationship

a kinship relationship established through marriage and/or alliance, not through biology or common descent

shaman

a part-time practitioner of the supernatural who has special powers to mediate between the supernatural world & the community. practitioners can use herbs to cure headaches and they don't really use formal science. serve as healers, counselors, and mediators (medico-religious healer). They exist in non-state level / decentralized societies. spirits have multiple ways of communicating to them, spirits act as an explanation of something

Entrepreneurial Immigrants

a person who moves to a new location to conduct trade and establish a business

formal sanctions

a punishment that can be legally imposed (ex: fines or prison)

informal sanctions

a punishment that can be preventative or retributive (ex: gossip)

Indentured Servitude

a relationship in which people who have few cash resources accept work in exchange for items to live on the land/food. This is exploitative because laborers can't pay off their debts

marriage

a socially recognized relationship that may involve physical and emotional intimacy as well as legal rights to property and inheritance

Souls

a supernatural component of humans and sometimes animals, believed to give life, based on faith (ex: Yanomamo Indians and Berawan of Borneo believed in souls leaving the body at death or during illness, respectively)

clans

a type of descent group based on a claim to a founding ancestor but LACKING genealogical documentation

lineage

a type of descent group that traces genealogical connection through generations by linking persons to a founding ancestor

ambilineal

a type of unilateral descent that follows either the father's or the mother's side exclusively

incest taboo

cultural rules that forbid sexual relations with certain close relatives. in some cases, cross-cousins are more accepted than parallel cousins. May have developed to protect family from sexual competitiveness and jealousy that could hurt cooperation

Descent & Change in a Chinese Village (Fuzhou)

daughters were expected to marry outside of their Chinese village that was known to have a founding 'Chen'. In the late 1960s, the hall to commemorate the Chens was destroyed in the Cultural Revolution. Their kinship and lineage was put on pressure by this event, globalization, migration to NYC, and time-space compression

Organizing Relatives: Sudanese

each category of relative is given a distinct term based on genealogical distance from Ego - 8 different cousin terms distinguished by what side of the family they're on

persuasive power

focuses on changing someone's behavior through argumentation using religious or cultural beliefs WITHOUT force (ex: a cult all killing themselves thinking they're going to heaven)

Mana

force like religion, an impersonal supernatural force that flows in & out of people and objects (polynesia), can be harnessed

Avoidance relationship

formal relationship, certain topics mauy be avoided or there may be some physical avoidance (ex: yanomamo son-in-laws and mother-in-laws can't be in the same room)

priests

full-time supernatural practitioner part of a centralized authority. (ex: chaplain, pastor, monk). performs regular rites/rituals in a place of worship, undergo training - unlike shamans (spiritual guide)

Professional Immigrants

highly trained individuals who move to fill economic niches in a middle-class profession often marked by shortages in the receiving country (ex: university students trained in western-style professions that lack implementation at home, periphery to core)

Sick Role

how a culture perceives sickness, you have to act a certain way to be qualified as sick

Kinship

how you're related to different members of your family (puts people into categories)

Potlatch

in Pacific NW Coast where people come to give foods/gifts to celebrate. Guests are invited to event of significance (feast, dance, recite oral history). Acceptance of gifts signifies the guests agree that the host has the right to the position and its responsibility. An example of redistribution.

Improving Malnutrition in Malawi

major malnourishment of kids after they weened off mother's milk, and they only had calorie-rich foods with less nutrition because of the draught. it was decided that they'd look for protien-rich food from goat's milk, so they searched for the right goat that has high yield and can survive. they had to convince male elders that the goats must be given to the women because it's less expensive than traveling to get treatment for the children. they had to develop tasty recipes with the milk that the women would use and they recorded the heights and weights of the kids. the women had the goats breed and were expected to return the first born. years later, they returned here to find that the goats were sold because of economic upheaval but the goats sustained them thus far.

companionate marriage

marriage built on love, intimacy, and personal choice rather than social obligation

arranged marriage

marriage orchestrated by the families of the involved parties

fetishes

material objects believed to embody "supernatural" power (luck) that can aid or protect the owner (ex: rubbing something for good luck, new object that coincides with positive streak)

Organizing Relatives: Eskimo

most common in Europe & N.A., only members of the nuclear family are given distinct terms. Aunts & uncles are distinguished from parents, but not by side of the family. All cousins are lumped together.

Internal Migration

movement of people within their own national borders

Childbirth in Holland

natural process, takes place at home, everyone (other women) assist with delivery, anyone who wants to be there is present, they choose not to get pain medicine to not interfere in natural process.

fictive marriage

non-typical marriage arrangements used to accommodate death of a spouse

Organizing Relatives: Hawaiian

nuclear family deemphasized, relatives are only distinguished by gender. Aunts and uncles are also mothers and fathers, cousins are brothers and sisters. Aunts and uncles help with child-rearing.

semiperiphery countries

occupy a middle position, has developed some industry, draws some resources from periphery and export manufactured products to the core & periphery, but lack economic-political power of core.

Hijra

of North India that are examples of a third gender, were born male and sometimes have voluntary castrations. They depend on charities and performing rituals. they receive a call from the mother goddess to change their gender, they dress and perform the roles of women

Matrilineal Kinship: Walking Marriage in China

people live with extended families practicing matrilineal kinship. Once girls are 12 they start to be sought after, children born from walking marriages know their father's but the fathers bare no economic or social responsibility to their children - only their sisters kids. There's a decrease in theft, rape, and arguments because everyone in the large extended families help each other

fictive relationship

people not related to you or to someone biologically or marriage, but are assigned a kinship term (ex: best friend you consider a sibling, godparents/godchild, sorority sisters and fraternity brothers, priests - 'father', nuns - 'sister' & head nun 'mother superior')

Folk Illness and Medical Anthropology

perceptions of ordinary people about health, illness, and treatment. (ex: 'susto' is a disease that can happen after witnessing a traumatic event, and severe cases can be potentially fatal - this is a culture bond syndrome caused by stress. 'Sweeping' ceremonies used as treatment to make soul go back to body because of soul-loss)

illness

person's experience of a condition, cultural meaning of a biological disease which affects how a person understands / reacts to being sick. (ex: AIDs in the US, Leprosy in India, bubonic plague was a punishment from God)

Refugees

persons who have been forced to move beyond their national borders because of political or religious persecution, armed conflict, or disasters. (internally displaced people can be just as devastating as international).

Labor Immigrants

persons who move in search of a low-skill and low-wage job, often filling an economic niche that native-born workers will not fill (ex: fuzhounese). If we better understood the roles immigrants play in core economy, we may get a better immigration policy.

Medical Anthropology

subfield of anthropology that examines health, illness, & health care system from a bio-cultural perspective. examines which diseases affect a particular population and why. determines how illness is socially constructed, diagnosed, managed/treated in various cultures. health & illness from biology, economics, and politics

Witches

supernatural beings with power to affect others

Power

the ability to compel another person to do something that they wouldn't do otherwise

Ego

the central character and starting point in tracking kinship relatives (ex: you in your own family tree)

ethnopharmocology

the documentation and description of the local use of natural substances in healing remedies and practices

Fordism

the dominant model of industrial production for much of the 20th century, based on social compact between labor, corporations, and the government (post-WWII rise in economic production)

dowry

the gift of goods or money from the bride's family to the groom's family as part of the marriage process

bridewealth

the gift of goods or money from the groom's family to the bride's family as part of the marriage process - often as a way to compensate bride's family for loss of a bride

Commodity chains

the hands an item passes through between producer and consumer (ex: Tsukiji fish market and global sea food trade to sushi international popularity)

Kinship terms

the label given to people that creates rules about how to behave towards someone

Periphery countries

the least developed and least powerful nations; often exploited by the core countries as sources of raw materials, cheap labor, and markets (3rd world, former colonies). This contributes to underdevelopment since resources go from periphery to core. These areas can exist in core countries

levirate marriage

the marriage of a widow to a near relative of her deceased husband; the first male child of a levirate marriage would be considered the legal son of the widow's first husband

sororate marriage

the practice of a man marrying the sister of his deceased wife

Baseball Magic by George Gmelch

the primitive people of Papua New Guinea have rituals to ensure success. Baseball players also have rituals and routines that they do in order to ensure success and each person's method is unique and has personal meaning to them. These rituals provide a sense of order that reduce anxiety (ex: lucky numbers, choice/order of clothing, bats crossing, seeing white horses). fielders rely less on fate, so they have less rituals

Size 6: The Western Women's Harem

the salesperson said that societal norms can be found in the media and all fancy brands don't sell larger sizes otherwise they'd go bankrupt. In her country, no one cared what size she was.For some reason, in the west, women's fashion is a man's business. Female thinness isn't about beauty it's about obedience.

psychological anthropology

the study of the relationship between culture and personality

Gender roles

the task and behavior assigned by a culture to each sex

magic

the techniques used to manipulate supernatural forces and beings, ritualistic actions or words used to reduce anxiety (ex: baseball magic)

Underdevelopment

the term used to suggest that poor countries are poor as a result of their relationship to an unbalanced global economic system. Global economy still structured to extract resources from less-developed countries.

distaffs

the tool that holds the upspun fibers for spinning - are a symbol for women's work around the world

Authority

the use of legitimate power (they have the right to do something). (ex: democratic elections indicate that the people bestow authority to candidate)

A world full of women

women do a lot of work but the problem is that the work isn't valued in society because they are rendered in families within families and aren't sold (so no monetary value). It's not about how hard women work, but rather do women control access to resources that they need. Women are inventors --> string became important to put women in the center of invention. Most women's inventions easily disintegrated, so in history its hard to see the remnants of women's work.

globalization & women migrant workers

women from barbados owrk in an inyernational cell center: (+) not dangerous, sitting, access to tech, air-condition, job security, flexible work hours, dress nicer / (-) female white managers, wages are same as factory, hard to get promotion women are often found as transnational global migrant workers like Taiwan, Philippines, Indonesia: they become nannies and healthcare workers in richer countries by the middle class, treated as slave labor, kids may resent them for leaving, a cinderella complex of falling in love with a rich person in that country

Arranging Marriage in India

young people found it exciting, they felt they were too young to make a big decision like this, they wanted to focus on studying, and they have less anxiety about dating or finding someone to marry. parents want someone of the same caste, a certain height, fair skin, not too educated, not be too ambitious/independent in their career, don't want bride to be a threat, not too many sisters for competition