Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns

food desert

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... *Human Adaptation*... A _____ is generally an area found in an urban setting with little or no access to large grocery stores that offer fresh and affordable foods (fresh fruit, vegetables, meats, dairy, and grains) needed to maintain a healthy diet (J. Smith 2011). --------------- *Definition* _____: An area found in an urban setting with little or no access to grocery stores that offer fresh and affordable produce needed to maintain a healthy diet and tend to have many more fast-food restaurants and convenience stores with limited, overpriced processed food items as a source of nutrition. =============== *Class 11 (2-20-20)*... *_____*... -Syracuse, NY =-The lack of grocery stores in certain cities affected whether babies were born underweight and that affected their life chances

cultural, biological

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... *Human Adaptation*... When we speak of human adaptation to a particular environment, we are referring to two types of adaptation: ___1___ and ___2___.

cultural

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... *Human Adaptation*... When we speak of human adaptation to a particular environment, we are referring to two types of adaptation: _____ and biological. _____ responses to cold climates include "technological" solutions such as building fires, using animal skins as clothing and blankets, and seeking refuge from the elements in caves or constructed dwellings

biological

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... *Human Adaptation*... When we speak of human adaptation to a particular environment, we are referring to two types of adaptation: cultural and _____.

The Modern Pastoralist

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... *Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence*... *Food-Producing Societies*... *Pastoralism*... *_____* (The Modern Pastoralist) A modern form of pastoralism is practiced by cattle and sheep ranchers in western North America, Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, and a few other areas of the world. These ranchers do not identify themselves as subsistence pastoralists, but rather as businessmen who produce milk or beef for national and international markets... The latest craze among a few North American entrepreneurial pastoralists, not driven by cattle ownership and concentrated animal-feeding operations where cattle are fattened up on corn before they are slaughtered for consumption, involves goat herders with their rent-a-goat programs.

band

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... *Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence*... *Hunting-and-Gathering Societies*... Despite the considerable variations among contemporary foragers and collectors, it is possible to make the following four generalizations about most of them: 1. Food-collecting/foraging societies have low population densities... 2. Foraging and collecting societies are usually nomadic or seminomadic... 3. The basic social unit among foragers and collectors is the family or _____, a loose federation of families. The typical form of social organization among hunting-and-gathering families is small groups of kinsmen coming together at certain times of the year... 4. Contemporary foraging and collecting peoples occupy the remote and marginal areas of the Earth.

remote and marginal areas

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... *Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence*... *Hunting-and-Gathering Societies*... Despite the considerable variations among contemporary foragers and collectors, it is possible to make the following four generalizations about most of them: 1. Food-collecting/foraging societies have low population densities... 2. Foraging and collecting societies are usually nomadic or seminomadic... 3. The basic social unit among foragers and collectors is the family or band, a loose federation of families... 4. Contemporary foraging and collecting peoples occupy the _____ of the Earth. These areas include the Alaskan tundra, the Kalahari Desert, the Australian outback, and the Ituri Forest of central Africa.

food collectors, food foragers

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... *Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence*... *Hunting-and-Gathering Societies*... Even though most societies have become food producers, a handful of societies in the world today (with a combined population of less than a half million people) are still hunters and gatherers. Some hunter-gatherers are known to be ___1___... Others are known as ___2___...

freegan

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... *Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence*... *Hunting-and-Gathering Societies*... In contrast to the locavores who hunt for their local foods at direct markets, _____s are in search of discarded foods. _____s, somewhat akin to the dumpster divers, are gathering foods or reclaiming foods in as many ways as possible with the intent of not having to pay for food. --------------- *Definition* _____: Akin to the dumpster divers in that they are individuals gathering foods or reclaiming foods in as many ways as possible with the intent of not having to pay for food.

optimal foraging theory

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... *Environment and Technology*... Often..., people go out of their way to acquire some special foods while avoiding other foods that may be both plentiful and nutritious in their local habitats. Although early anthropologists wrote off such behavior as irrational and arbitrary, cultural ecologists in recent years have examined these peculiar behaviors more carefully and have found that they often make sense in terms of the energy expended versus the caloric value of the foods consumed. This theory—known as the _____—suggests that foragers will choose the animal and plant species that tend to maximize their caloric return for the time they spend searching, killing, collecting, and preparing (E. Smith 1983; Sutton and Anderson 2009). --------------- *Definition* _____: A theory that foragers choose those species of plants and animals that maximize their caloric intake for the time spent hunting and gathering. =============== *Class 12 (2-25-20)*... *_____*... -It is a rational assessment of availability and cost. =People will exploit what they need, but not anymore. Response to tragedy of the commons

common

*Class 12 (2-25-20)*... *Carrying Capacity*... =We'll come across the idea of a _____s - a _____ resource that animals may collectively graze, and humans may exploit =-Book on the tragedy of the _____s... =Anthropologists argue that this example is wrong in that they were all selfish beings, but many examples exist in which _____s are managed well/successfully

Characteristics of Hunting and Gathering Societies

*Class 12 (2-25-20)*... *_____* (Characteristics of Hunting and Gathering Societies) -Low population densities -Usually nomadic or seminomadic rather than sedentary -Basic social unit is the family or band =-Group of related families apparently called a clan. Smaller societies which tend to move after sort-of following the availability of plants and animals which change their location. -Contemporary food-collecting peoples occupy the remote and marginally useful areas of the Earth.

Historically Known Foragers [Hunter-Gatherers]

*Class 12 (2-25-20)*... *_____* (Historically Known Foragers) [Hunter-Gatherers] =World map on page 155 1. Eskimos or Inuit 2. Subarctic Indians 3. Northwest Coast Indians 4. Plateau Indians 5. California Indians 6. Great Basin Indians 7. Plains Indians 8. Amazon Basin Hunter-Gatherers 9. Gran Chaco Indians 10. Tehuelche 11. Fuegians 12. "Pygmies" 13. Okiek 14. Hazda 15. San 16. Native Australians 17. Maori 18. Toala 19. Agta 20. Punan 21. Kubu 22. Semang 23. Andaman Islanders 24. Miabri 25. Vedda 26. Kadar 27. Chenchu 28. Birhor 29. Ainu 30. Chukchi

Why Food Production Led to Declining Health

*Class 12 (2-25-20)*... *_____* (Why Food Production Led to Declining Health) -Foragers had a more balanced diet (plants and animal proteins). -Farmers ran the risk of malnutrition or starvation if the crops failed. -Increased population brought people into greater contact and made everyone more susceptible to parasitic and infectious diseases. =-and more parasitic diseases apparently =-People must defecate and urinate after consumption of food and water. When you go to a village with no sewage or plumbing, people may poop in a field or something. Then parasites and lots of stool around you make you more exposed. =-Children pee or defecate in water that is also used for drinking, etc. Some disease named cystosemiasis or something like that rises to top of river to feed at hours of day - we will read about supposedly. Goes through life cycle in your body. =-Contemporary example: coronavirus on cruise ship =-US public officials argued that unhealthy people should not be put on the same plane back to US =--But for political reasons, public health considerations were overridden, and plane came back mixed

carrying capacity

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... *Environment and Technology*... ...environmental factors set an upper limit on the ultimate productivity of any given food-getting system and the size of the population it can support. Cultural ecologists call this limit the environment's _____ (Glossow 1978; Sutton and Anderson 2009). A natural consequence of exceeding the _____ is damage to the environment, such as killing off too much game or depleting the soil of its nutrients for growing crops or raising animals... *Summary*... 3. _____ is the maximum number of people a particular society can support, given the available resources. If a culture exceeds its _____, permanent damage to the environment usually results. --------------- *Definition* _____: The maximum number of people a given society can support, given the available resources. =============== *Class 12 (2-25-20)*... *_____*... --Most anthropologists agree that the environment sets limits on the form that food-getting patterns may take. =---Limits the kind of food production that can take place --Exceeding the _____ causes damage to the environment. =--Calamity settles in if a society reaches the _____ =---Ex: Yukiton Peninsula(?) =Food deserts are not an example of breaking _____ - Because we can still create food, it's the structure of the society that has led to that desert

shifting cultivation

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... *Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence*... *Food-Producing Societies*... *Horticulture*... A major technique of horticulturalists, especially those found in tropical regions of the world, is _____, sometimes called swidden cultivation or the slash-and-burn method. This technique involves clearing the land by manually cutting down the growth, burning it, and planting in the burned area... Slash-and-burn cultivating can eventually destroy the environment if fields are not given sufficient time to lie fallow. In such cases the forests may be replaced by grasslands or the soil nutrients may be depleted, which results in poverty for the farmers... At first glance it appears that slash-and-burn cultivation makes poor use of the land... Although there are inherent limitations to the technique, slash-and-burn horticulturalists are often extremely adept at maximizing their resources... The governments of many developing countries, however, are interested in transforming traditional economies (such as those based on slash-and-burn agriculture) into world market economies, thereby attracting foreign capital, providing wage-paying jobs for local people, and raising a country's gross national product... In another example, coastal Miskito Indians of Nicaragua have been farming for centuries while facing hurricanes and droughts. But now they are facing climate change and are no longer able to predict the seasons, so they do not know when to plant... There are success stories of interesting adaptations to cultural and environmental pressures. One example is from Miguel Pinedo-Vasquez, who spent a decade working among people who live along the Amazon River (Levine 2008)... Today we find horticulture practiced among front and backyard gardeners and those who have transformed their yards into edible landscapes (see Figure 7.12). --------------- *Definition* _____ (swidden cultivation, slash-and-burn method): A form of plant cultivation in which seeds are planted in fertile soil prepared by cutting and burning the natural growth; relatively short periods of cultivation are followed by longer fallow periods. =============== *Class 12 (2-25-20)*... *_____ (Swidden or Slash-and-Burn Method)* -A form or technique of plant cultivation in which seeds are planted in fertile soil prepared by cutting and burning the natural growth -Relatively short periods of cultivation are followed by longer periods of letting the land lay fallow

perennial, seed, root

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... *Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence*... *Food-Producing Societies*... *Horticulture*... The crops grown by horticulturalists can be divided into three categories: ___1___..., annual ___2___..., and ___3___.

perennial

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... *Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence*... *Food-Producing Societies*... *Horticulture*... The crops grown by horticulturalists can be divided into three categories: _____ (those items that can be used year after year), annual seed..., and root. _____ crops include bananas and plantains, figs, dates, and coconuts...

seed

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... *Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence*... *Food-Producing Societies*... *Horticulture*... The crops grown by horticulturalists can be divided into three categories: perennial..., annual _____ (_____ that has to be planted yearly), and root. ...the major )_____ crops (which tend to be high in protein) are wheat, barley, corn, oats, sorghum, rice, and millet...

root

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... *Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence*... *Food-Producing Societies*... *Horticulture*... The crops grown by horticulturalists can be divided into three categories: perennial..., annual seed, and _____. ...the main _____ crops (which tend to be high in starch and carbohydrates) are yams, arrowroots, taro, manioc, and potatoes.

Industrialization

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... *Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence*... *Food-Producing Societies*... *Industrial Agriculture* As we have seen, the domestication of plants and animals around 10,000 years ago expanded people's food-getting capacity exponentially from what it had been when they relied on hunting and gathering alone... _____ in food production relies on technological sources of energy rather than human or animal energy. --------------- *Definition* _____: A process resulting in the economic change from home production of goods to large-scale mechanized factory production.

agribusiness

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... *Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence*... *Food-Producing Societies*... *Industrial Agriculture*... _____—large-scale agricultural enterprises involving the latest technology and a sizable salaried workforce.

stock friendship

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... *Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence*... *Food-Producing Societies*... *Pastoralism*... *The Maasai of East Africa*... Cattle serve both economic purposes (milk and blood for food, dung for building houses, and bone for tools) and noneconomic purposes (_____, marriage payments, and ceremonial sacrifices). --------------- *Definition* _____: A gift of livestock from one man to another to strengthen their friendship.

Maasai

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... *Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence*... *Food-Producing Societies*... *Pastoralism*... *The _____ of East Africa* The _____ culture of Kenya and Tanzania is an excellent example of a pastoral society... Over the past century and a half, the _____ have gained the reputation, among Africans and Europeans alike, of being quintessential cattle keepers... British colonial administrators often claimed that the _____, with their unending quest to expand the size of their herds, were being ecologically destructive. Although no pastoral societies live in complete harmony with their environments, the _____ over the centuries have developed a functional system for managing their environmental resources for the benefit of their domesticated herds... The _____ have traditionally combined their detailed knowledge of the environment (climatic cycles, vegetation, permanent water sources, and the presence of mosquitoes and tsetse flies) with a willingness to remain mobile, flexible, and cooperative... The _____, however, have not only managed but have also actually transformed their environment for the benefit of their livestock in important ways. First, owing to their military prowess, the _____ were able to prevent the permanent settlement of farmers on the grasslands, thereby preserving the savanna for open grazing. And second, they engaged in the controversial practice of controlled burning of the grasslands for two reasons: first, to destroy the breeding grounds of the tsetse fly, which causes trypanosomiasis ("sleeping sickness," affecting both people and cattle), and second, to stimulate the growth of new, more nutritious grasses... With the arrival of colonial governments in the late nineteenth century, however, the _____ found it increasingly difficult to practice their traditional patterns of pastoralism... They are becoming permanently settled, investing money in the land (drilling wells), sending their children to school, and engaging in the previously unthinkable practice of selling their livestock for cash. In the twenty-first century, _____ herders still dress in their traditional red shuka, a cloth wrapped around their body, and carry a walking stick, while others drive pickup trucks, talk on cell phones, and belong to non-governmental organizations... But Westernization can push only so far before a proud people begin to push back. Believing that they have been evicted from their ancestral land, large groups of _____ are protesting by driving their herds onto nearby farmland.

transhumance, nomadism, sedentary ranching and dairy farming

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... *Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence*... *Food-Producing Societies*... *Pastoralism*... Anthropologists differentiate between two types of movement patterns among pastoralists: ___1___ and ___2___. A third form of pastoralism found in industrial societies is known as ___3___... As Rada and Neville Dyson-Hudson (1980) pointed out, however, the enormous variations even within societies render the distinction between ___1___ and ___2___ somewhat sterile. =============== *Class 12 (2-25-20)*... -___1___ --Some of the men move livestock seasonally to different pastures while the women, children, and other men remain in permanent settlements. =-Migrations tend to be up and down. -___2___ --There are no permanent villages; the whole social unit of men, woman, and children move the livestock to new pastures. =-Migrations tend to be geographic. =These are two ways in which nomads can move

transhumance

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... *Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence*... *Food-Producing Societies*... *Pastoralism*... Anthropologists differentiate between two types of movement patterns among pastoralists: _____ and nomadism. A third form of pastoralism found in industrial societies is known as sedentary ranching and dairy farming. _____ is the seasonal movement of livestock between upland and lowland pastures. --------------- *Definition* _____: The movement pattern of pastoralists in which some of the men move livestock seasonally.

nomadism

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... *Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence*... *Food-Producing Societies*... *Pastoralism*... Anthropologists differentiate between two types of movement patterns among pastoralists: transhumance and _____. A third form of pastoralism found in industrial societies is known as sedentary ranching and dairy farming... _____ is the migration of whole villages relocating when new pastures are needed for the animals... A general characteristic of nomadic pastoralists is that they take advantage of seasonal variations in pasturage so as to maximize the food supply of their herds. --------------- *Definition* _____: The movement pattern of pastoralists involving the periodic migration of human populations in search of food or pasture for livestock.

sedentary ranching and dairy farming

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... *Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence*... *Food-Producing Societies*... *Pastoralism*... Anthropologists differentiate between two types of movement patterns among pastoralists: transhumance and nomadism. A third form of pastoralism found in industrial societies is known as _____.

cattle complex

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... *Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence*... *Food-Producing Societies*... *Pastoralism*... Melville Herskovits (1924), an anthropologist who worked among East African pastoralists, found that cattle served three purposes, from which he derived the term _____. First, cattle were an economic venture with a utilitarian purpose... Second, cattle had a social function, played a symbolic role, and were important status symbols... Third, farmers are attached to their cattle; cattle are valued and adorned. =============== *Class 12 (2-25-20)*... *_____: Cattle in Social Relationship with People* -Cattle are an economic venture with a utilitarian purpose (food, fertilizer, fuel, etc.). -Cattle have a social function and a symbolic role (ceremonial and status use). =-This complex at least tries to work together (prof just said they work together) -Cattle are valued and adorned. =Examples in book include the Inca or something like that

pure pastoralists

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... *Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence*... *Food-Producing Societies*... *Pastoralism*... The consensus among anthropologists is that _____—that is, those who get all of their food from livestock—are either extremely rare or nonexistent.

Changes Resulting from Food Production

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... *Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence*... *Food-Producing Societies*... *_____* (Changes Resulting from Food Production) That food producing, as compared to hunting and gathering, should result in a dramatic increase in population is not difficult to understand... Not only did populations become larger as a result of the neolithic revolution, but they also became more sedentary... The cultivation of crops also brought about other important cultural changes. For example, farming can potentially generate more food per unit of land than hunting-and-gathering activities, especially if the farmer has intercropped multiple crop varieties... The neolithic revolution also stimulated a greater division of labor... Without these and many other inventions that resulted from an increase in labor specialization, it is unlikely that we would have ever reached the second revolution: the rise of civilization. The multitude of changes brought about by the neolithic revolution cannot be overestimated... There are reasons early farmers paid a high price for their newfound food-getting strategy. First, hunters and gatherers generally had a more balanced diet (composed of both plants and animal proteins) than did early farmers, who were often limited in the number of crops planted and time to still hunt and gather items to balance out their diet. Second, if early farmers were dependent on a small number of crops, they ran the risk of serious malnutrition or even starvation if those crops should fail. And finally, the increased population densities caused by the neolithic revolution brought people into closer contact with one another and consequently made everyone more susceptible to both parasitic and infectious diseases. Food production also had some dramatic social effects. The egalitarianism of traditional hunting-and-gathering societies was replaced by increasing social inequality and other problems such as poverty, crime, war, aggression, and environmental degradation =============== *Class 12 (2-25-20)*... *_____* -Increased population -Populations became more sedentary. =-Stay put, don't move as much -Stimulated a greater division of labor -Decline in overall health reduced the life expectancy from 26 to 19 years. =-Can say domestication of animals and plants are good thing for humans, but it carried consequences such as this decrease in health =-Why would being able to produce food lead to such a negative change?

Peasant

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... *Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence*... *Food-Producing Societies*... *_____ry* With the intensification of agriculture and the rise of civilization came the development of the _____ry. _____ farmers differ from American Indian horticulturalists, Polynesian fishing people, or East African herders in that they are not isolated or self-sufficient societies. Instead, _____s are tied to the larger unit (the city or state)—politically, religiously, and economically. More specifically, _____s are subject to the laws and controls of the state, are influenced by the urban-based religious hierarchies, and exchange their farm surpluses for goods produced in other parts of the state... ...the relationship between the _____s and the state is hardly egalitarian. The _____s almost always occupy the lowest stratum of society. --------------- *Definition* _____: Rural peoples, usually on the lowest rung of society's ladder, who provide urban inhabitants with farm products but have little access to wealth or political power.

Intuit

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... *Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence*... *Hunting-and-Gathering Societies*... *The Ju/'hoansi of the Kalahari region*... *The _____* Like the Ju/'hoansi, the traditional _____ of the Arctic region live in a delicate balance with their environment... Understanding the seasonal migratory patterns of animals is central to the _____s' subsistence strategy... Much of what we have described about traditional _____ hunting and fishing practices has changed over the last several decades... Since the late 1970s, the _____ have introduced legislation to protect their traditional ways and to maintain their subsistence lifestyle. =============== *Class 12 (2-25-20)*... *_____* -Although the _____ from Nuvavut, Canada, have been using snowmobiles for more than a half century, they face new challenges as they adapt to the influences of global warming.

Ju/'hoansi, Intuit

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... *Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence*... *Hunting-and-Gathering Societies*... *The ___1___ of the Kalahari region*... *The ___2___*... These two ethnic groups—the ___1___ and the ___2___—have been used consistently for a number of decades as classic examples of hunting-and-gathering societies.

Ju/'hoansi

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... *Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence*... *Hunting-and-Gathering Societies*... *The _____ of the Kalahari region* One of the best-studied foraging societies, the _____, inhabit the northwestern part of Africa in the Kalahari Desert, which straddles Namibia, Botswana, and Angola... Even though the terms affluence and abundance tend to be relative, Richard Lee (1968) presented convincing evidence to suggest that the _____ were not teetering on the brink of starvation. In fact, their food-gathering techniques were both productive and reliable... During the 1960s, when the first ethnographic studies were conducted, the _____ were general foragers, with the men hunting with bows and poisoned arrows and the women gathering edible plants... By the mid-1970s, however, the _____ were adopting many of the lifeways of the neighboring Bantu peoples... Along with these changes in material culture, John Yellen (1990) found that the _____ began to place less emphasis on personal intimacy, sharing, and interdependence... The introduction of money, commodities, and wage labor expedited the process of culture change within the _____ culture... Today, the _____ living in //Nhoq'ma village at Nhoma in the Tsumkwe are embarking on ecotourism and playing host to tourists... *The Intuit* =============== *Class 12 (2-25-20)*... *_____* -Traditionally, hunters and gatherers of the Kalahari Desert interact with local pastoralists and other neighboring groups. Today, however, tourists from around the world visit the traditional bushmen in their villages in Namibia, Kalahari Desert. =-Small group of foragers in Kalahari Desert who move around look for food. Small band (or clan?) based society.

fish

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... *Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence*... *Hunting-and-Gathering Societies*... Although hunting and gathering has been largely replaced by food production, there remains one important form of hunting that many world economies depend on—that is, _____ing. Hunting and gathering is distinguished by its basic method: collecting or tracking down food. _____ing is different; it is distinguished by the type of animal rather than by the method of getting hold of the _____... Value is placed on the quantity of _____ caught and traded on an international scale among strangers... We have described the linkages between _____ers and their environment and how globalization is forcing _____ing vessels to explore waters all over the world to meet the public's increasing demand to have fresh _____ on a regular basis. However, declining _____ stocks as a result of over_____ing is only part of the story in terms of the environment being able to support future generations of _____ers working the waters. =============== *Class 12 (2-25-20)*... *_____ing* -Distinguished by type of animal rather than by method of obtaining -Too many industrial commercial vessels _____ing for dwindling supply of _____ --Many moving to oceans around Africa and South America -Climate change making the industry vulnerable to both artisan _____ing families and commercial fleets. =Still a form of foraging. In principal, the ocean is a common. Scale of operation of _____ing was such that commons maintained enough resources for _____ing populations to regenerate. Two things have happened to make that challenging: =-Rise of commercial _____ing =--Cod was the most desirable _____ for a long time, but it was such a popular _____ that as tech capabilities for industrial _____ing developed, the cod breeding grounds got over_____ed and for a while, cod remained endangered and now are just very expensive. =-Global warming changes availability of _____ in many regions

low population densities, nomadic or seminomadic, band, remote and marginal areas

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... *Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence*... *Hunting-and-Gathering Societies*... Despite the considerable variations among contemporary foragers and collectors, it is possible to make the following four generalizations about most of them: 1. Food-collecting/foraging societies have ___1___... 2. Foraging and collecting societies are usually ___2___... 3. The basic social unit among foragers and collectors is the family or ___3___, a loose federation of families... 4. Contemporary foraging and collecting peoples occupy the ___4___ of the Earth.

low population densities

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... *Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence*... *Hunting-and-Gathering Societies*... Despite the considerable variations among contemporary foragers and collectors, it is possible to make the following four generalizations about most of them: 1. Food-collecting/foraging societies have _____. This is because they have thresholds for extraction, that is, using what is in their environment so that they do not overexploit their resources... 2. Foraging and collecting societies are usually nomadic or seminomadic. 3. The basic social unit among foragers and collectors is the family or band, a loose federation of families... 4. Contemporary foraging and collecting peoples occupy the remote and marginal areas of the Earth.

nomadic or seminomadic

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... *Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence*... *Hunting-and-Gathering Societies*... Despite the considerable variations among contemporary foragers and collectors, it is possible to make the following four generalizations about most of them: 1. Food-collecting/foraging societies have low population densities... 2. Foraging and collecting societies are usually _____. By and large, hunters and gatherers move periodically from place to place in search of wild animals and vegetation and usually do not recognize individual land rights... 3. The basic social unit among foragers and collectors is the family or band, a loose federation of families... 4. Contemporary foraging and collecting peoples occupy the remote and marginal areas of the Earth.

neolithic revolution

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... *Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence*... *Hunting-and-Gathering Societies*... People have been hunting, gathering, and fishing for the overwhelming majority of the time they have been on Earth. It was not until the _____—approximately 10,000 years ago—that humans for the first time produced their food by means of horticulture or animal husbandry (B. Smith 1998)... *Food-Producing Societies* Approximately 10,000 years ago, humans made a revolutionary transition from hunting and gathering to food production (the domestication of plants and animals)... This shift from hunting and gathering to producing food, known as the _____, occurred in several different areas of the world independently. The earliest known plant and animal domestication occurred around 10,000 years ago in the Middle East in the region referred to as the Fertile Crescent, including parts of Jordan, Israel, Syria, southeastern Turkey, northern Iraq, and western Iran... Elsewhere in the world[,] domesticated crops and livestock developed independently of the Fertile Crescent... A number of theories have been suggested to explain why the _____ occurred. Although no definitive explanation has emerged, most archaeologists agree that the shift to food production was a response to certain environmental or demographic conditions, such as variations in rainfall or population pressures... Whatever the cause or causes may have been, there is little doubt about the monumental consequences of the _____. --------------- *Definition* _____: A stage in human cultural evolution (beginning around 10,000 years ago) characterized by the transition from hunting and gathering to the domestication of plants and animals. =============== *Class 12 (2-25-20)*... *_____ Food-Producing Societies*... -Transition from food collection to food production began 10,000 years ago. -Humans began to cultivate crops and keep herds of animals. -Humans were able to produce food rather than rely only on what nature produced. =-Interesting consequences. When you produce more, you have a surplus, when you have a surplus, you have a higher carrying capacity, then with more people comes more specialization of roles

food collectors

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... *Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence*... *Hunting-and-Gathering Societies*... Some hunter-gatherers are known to be _____; they live in differentiated environments where extreme weather differences (such as snow for months at a time) require them to exploit specific food resources and often store them in bulk (Binford 1980). Others are known as food foragers...

food foragers

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... *Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence*... *Hunting-and-Gathering Societies*... Some hunter-gatherers are known to be food collectors... Others are known as _____, and they reside in undifferentiated environments where there are short-term weather events with limited seasonal variation that do not require them to store food.

locavore

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... *Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence*... *Hunting-and-Gathering Societies*... The Oxford English Dictionary added a new entry in 2007—_____, a person who is committed to eating locally in the community or within a narrow radius of where one resides. --------------- *Definition* _____: A person who is committed to eating foods grown locally in the community or within a narrow radius of where one resides.

Pastoral Projects

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... *Resistance to Industrial Agriculture: An Applied Perspective*... *Fishery Projects*... *_____* (Pastoral Projects) National and international development agencies are working on projects to help with pasture management for livestock in regions of the world where climate change has contributed to protracted dry spells.

Community Gardens, Farmers Markets, Back-to-the-Land Movement, Worldwide Opportunities on Organic Farms, Fishery Projects

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... *Resistance to Industrial Agriculture: An Applied Perspective*... In the past decade there has been a growing awareness of issues and ideas for getting involved in small-scale agriculture, organic agriculture, and other alternatives to industrial agriculture. There are many ways to get involved. The following discusses some ongoing project ideas that you may be interested in exploring. *___1___*... *___2___*... *___3___*... *___4___*... *___5___*

Fishery Projects

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... *Resistance to Industrial Agriculture: An Applied Perspective*... [The following are some ways to get involved in small-scale agriculture, organic agriculture, and other alternatives to industrial agriculture.] *Community Gardens*... *Farmers Markets*... *Back-to-the-Land Movement*... *Worldwide Opportunities on Organic Farms*... *_____* Coastal _____ are on the rise. With increased awareness of declining species, government agencies are developing projects to monitor catch levels.

Worldwide Opportunities on Organic Farms

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... *Resistance to Industrial Agriculture: An Applied Perspective*... [The following are some ways to get involved in small-scale agriculture, organic agriculture, and other alternatives to industrial agriculture.] *Community Gardens*... *Farmers Markets*... *Back-to-the-Land Movement*... *_____* A website of registered _____ lists more than a hundred countries where one can learn about organic farming outside of the United States (www.wwoof.org)... *Fishery Projects*

Back-to-the-Land Movement

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... *Resistance to Industrial Agriculture: An Applied Perspective*... [The following are some ways to get involved in small-scale agriculture, organic agriculture, and other alternatives to industrial agriculture.] *Community Gardens*... *Farmers Markets*... *_____* The _____, also known as "back to the landers," is a desire by some to be able to get back to the land to grow their own food for subsistence and to live a life close to nature and in some cases off the grid... *Worldwide Opportunities on Organic Farms*... *Fishery Projects*

Farmers Markets

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... *Resistance to Industrial Agriculture: An Applied Perspective*... [The following are some ways to get involved in small-scale agriculture, organic agriculture, and other alternatives to industrial agriculture.] *Community Gardens*... *_____* _____ and other forms of direct marketing help small-scale farmers to market their fresh farm products to the public, hospitals, schools, restaurants, and other establishments... *Back-to-the-Land Movement*... *Worldwide Opportunities on Organic Farms*... *Fishery Projects*

Community Gardens

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... *Resistance to Industrial Agriculture: An Applied Perspective*... [The following are some ways to get involved in small-scale agriculture, organic agriculture, and other alternatives to industrial agriculture.] *_____* _____ in the United States are on the rise. As a way to become more food secure, community members are establishing gardens in vacant lots... *Farmers Markets*... *Back-to-the-Land Movement*... *Worldwide Opportunities on Organic Farms*... *Fishery Projects*

Adapting to One's Environment

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... *_____* (Adapting to One's Environment) In today's modern world, technology has enabled humans to adapt to a wide range of environments on earth, on water, and even in outer space; to produce vast amounts of food; and to protect themselves from the heat and cold with air conditioners and furnaces. Yet many small-scale societies have made fitting adaptations to their natural environment without the benefit of modern science and technology... We should not overly romanticize small-scale societies, however, by thinking that they always live in total harmony with their environments... A number of studies by anthropologists document highly successful adaptations to the environment among contemporary societies, and we now have archaeological evidence to demonstrate successful land management in prehistoric societies... Some of the ancient Incan farming practices are being revived for contemporary residents of the area... Today, worldwide consumer appetites for cash crops such as corn, coffee, tea, cocoa, sugar, pineapples, soybeans, tobacco, trees (pine, teak, and neem), and flowers (poppies, roses, and tulips) have led to dramatic changes in traditional subsistence strategies and to the demise of traditional ecosystems all over the globe... The relationship between environment and culture is illustrated in Uzbekistan in Central Asia. The drying up of the Aral Sea in Uzbekistan is one of the planet's most shocking disasters ("Aral Sea" 2010)... Similar examples of the drying up of lakes and rivers are also found in northern China, countries in western, southern, and eastern Africa, as well as India, Pakistan, and Brazil (see Figure 7.3). =============== *Class 12 (2-25-20)* *_____*... --Production of vast amounts of food =---Surpluses of food, which elaborates the kinds of things societies can do - specialization of roles --Protection from heat and cold with air conditioners and furnaces =---Can move into environments that are too hot or too cold (hostile) without the aid of technology =----Ex: Dubai

Environment and Technology

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... *_____* (Environment and Technology) Which food-getting strategy is actually developed by any given culture depends, in large measure, on the culture's environment, technology, and way of life. In part, technology—a part of culture—helps people adapt to their specific environment... The specific mode of food getting is influenced by the environment itself and its interface with a people—both their culture and their technology.

Human Adaptation

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... *_____* (Human Adaptation) Anthropologists, particularly those specializing in environmental anthropology, have always had an interest in how humans adjust to their natural environments... Recent economic changes coupled with environmental changes have made more communities, globally, less food secure. =============== *Class 11 (2-20-20)*... *_____* -Humans adapt to climates in two ways: 1. Culturally -Technological solutions, dietary patterns, levels of activities =-"More importantly" 2. Biologically -Changes in the body

Resistance to Industrial Agriculture: An Applied Perspective

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... *_____* (Resistance to Industrial Agriculture: An Applied Perspective) Around the world there is an increased awareness linking agricultural and food systems with the state of environment and personal health. A means of resistance to large-scale industrial agricultural production has been the steady increase in the number of small-scale farmers and farmers markets in the United States, Canada, and Europe... *Summary*... 11. Resistance to industrial agriculture comes in many forms, including that of farmers scaling back, farming on smaller pieces of land and with fewer inputs, as well as the public's involvement in shopping directly for fresh farm products at farmers markets, through CSAs, or getting involved in home gardening.

processing systems

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... ..._____—the transformation of raw commodities into processed food and nonfood items (that is, corn fructose used as a flavoring in soft drinks and corn biomass converted into ethanol, a biodiesel fuel).

Food-Producing Societies

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... ...it is possible to identify five major food-procurement categories found among the world's populations [of which can be grouped into two types of societies]: *[Hunting-and-Gathering Societies]*... *[_____]* 2. Horticulture... 3. Pastoralism... 4. Intensive agriculture... 5. Industrial agriculture...

Hunting-and-Gathering Societies, Food-Producing Societies

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... ...it is possible to identify five major food-procurement categories found among the world's populations [of which can be grouped into two types of societies]: *[___1___]*... *[___2___]*

Hunting-and-Gathering Societies

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... ...it is possible to identify five major food-procurement categories found among the world's populations [of which can be grouped into two types of societies]: *[_____]* 1. Food foraging *[Food-Producing Societies]*

foraging

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... ...it is possible to identify five major food-procurement categories found among the world's populations: 1. Food _____ (hunters and gatherers) is living by hunting animals, fishing, and gathering wild plants... 2. Horticulture... 3. Pastoralism... 4. Intensive agriculture... 5. Industrial agriculture... *Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence*... *Hunting-and-Gathering Societies* Hunting and gathering (also known as food collecting or _____)—as compared to food producing—involves the use of wild plants and animals that already exist in the natural environment... Early anthropological accounts tended to portray hunters and gatherers as living precariously in a life-or-death struggle with the environment. The association of hunting and gathering with an absence of social, political, and economic complexity is an accurate portrayal of the remaining hunting-and-gathering societies; most are small-scale, with no single individual or group specializing as hunters of a particular animal or gathered item... It is also important to keep in mind that although hunter-gatherers occupy remote habitats, they have always had contact with other people... Today's hunters and gatherers face rapid change... Today's non-food-producing public continues to forage, but in grocery stores and at farmers markets, instead of hunting and gathering their own food... *Summary*... 5. Hunting and gathering, the oldest form of food getting, relies on procuring foods that are naturally available in the environment. Approximately 10,000 years ago, people for the first time began to domesticate plants and animals. 6. Compared to societies with other food-getting practices, hunting-and-gathering societies tend to have low-density populations, are nomadic or seminomadic, live in small social groups, and occupy remote, marginally useful areas of the world. --------------- *Definition* _____ (hunting and gathering): A form of subsistence that relies on using animal and plant resources found in the natural environment.

Industrial agriculture

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... ...it is possible to identify five major food-procurement categories found among the world's populations: 1. Food foraging... 2. Horticulture... 3. Pastoralism... 4. Intensive agriculture... 5. _____ is commercial farming on a much larger scale than intensive agriculture, relying on complex machinery, high-yielding germplasm (DNA from animals and plant seeds), and distribution of products for domestic and export markets. It also is linked to processing systems... *Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence*... *Food-Producing Societies*... *_____*... Farmers operating in industrialized societies today have a wealth of new technology at their disposal to increase productivity... With industrial farming becoming increasingly competitive, a small but growing number of farmers in North America are attempting to gain a competitive edge by using the latest information technology... Since the late eighteenth century, industrialized societies have experienced some noticeable changes... Within the past several decades, _____ has witnessed even more changes with the dramatic expansion of agribusiness... Although _____ has produced farms of enormous size and productivity, these changes have come at a high cost. The machinery and technology needed to run modern-day agribusiness are expensive... _____ has been responsible for considerable environmental degradation... To add to the tinkering, the twenty-first century is witnessing a proliferation of genetically modified seeds for corn, soybeans, canola, and cotton by agricultural and pharmaceutical corporations to increase yields and control inputs (such as fertilizers and chemical pesticides). The long-term use of these seeds has potentially harmful effects on traditional seed varieties (Shiva 2000; J. Smith 2003)... *Summary*... 10. _____, which began several centuries ago, uses vastly more powerful sources of energy than had ever been used previously. It relies on high levels of technology (such as tractors and combines), inputs, high-yielding seeds, a mobile labor force, and a complex system of markets. =============== *Class 11 (2-20-20)*... *Five Major Food Gathering Strategies*... 5. Production of food through complex machinery, high-yielding germplasm, and domestic and export marketing; linked to processing systems =-Where we get massive collections of land that intensively use fertilizers and other stuff =-While intensive agriculture is more like the typical family farm in the US, _____ is massive production by multinational corporations/businesses

Intensive agriculture

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... ...it is possible to identify five major food-procurement categories found among the world's populations: 1. Food foraging... 2. Horticulture... 3. Pastoralism... 4. _____ is a large-scale and complex system of farming and animal husbandry. It is a more productive form of cultivation of food plants than horticulture, owing to the use of animal power (wooden or metal plows), mechanical power (tractors, reapers, combines), irrigation systems, and fertilizers to produce surpluses. 5. Industrial agriculture... *Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence*... *Food-Producing Societies*... *_____* _____ (intensive cultivation), a more recent phenomenon than horticulture, is the most prevalent subsistence pattern. It relies on large-scale production practices that result in much more food being produced per acre than with other subsistence patterns and thus supports larger populations... _____ is characterized by the use of the plow, draft animals, or machinery to pull the plow, fertilizers, irrigation, and other technological innovations that make intensive cultivation much more productive than horticulture... Today, _____ is the primary food production pattern in all developed nations except those that are too arid or too cold for any form of farming... Also closely associated with _____ are both higher levels of productivity and more settled communities... As farming became more intensive, the specialization of labor became more complex... *Summary*... 9. _____, a more recent phenomenon than horticulture, uses technology such as irrigation, fertilizers, and mechanized equipment to increase crop yields capable of supporting large populations. _____ is usually associated with permanent settlements, cities, high levels of labor specialization, and the production of a surplus to be sold or traded at a market. --------------- *Definition* _____: A form of commodity production that requires intensive working of the land with plows and draft animals and the use of techniques of soil and water control. =============== *Class 11 (2-20-20)*... *Five Major Food Gathering Strategies*... 4. _____: Cultivation of food plants using animal or mechanical power, irrigation systems and fertilizers to produce surpluses =-Important thing - it allows us to develop surpluses =-Horticulture is a subsistence strategy in that you sort of live season to season without a lot of surplus =-Surplus is important for one reason because it allows some to be released from the burdens of farming and they can differentiate their labor as a result =--People value work other than food production =--More people can live together =============== *Class 12 (2-25-20)*... *_____*... -Produces high yields and supports large populations... =-Less and less family farms I believe signify popularity of _____

Pastoralism

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... ...it is possible to identify five major food-procurement categories found among the world's populations: 1. Food foraging... 2. Horticulture... 3. _____ is animal husbandry. Pastoralists breed and care for domestic and other animals (camels, cattle, goats, horses, llamas, reindeer, sheep, and yaks) and then use their products (such as milk, meat, and blood) as their major food sources and as items for exchange. 4. Intensive agriculture... 5. Industrial agriculture... *Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence*... *Food-Producing Societies*... *_____* Like horticulture, _____ first appeared in the neolithic period. This subsistence pattern is sometimes referred to as animal husbandry and involves herding, breeding, consuming, and using domesticated herd animals such as camels, cattle, goats, horses, llamas, reindeer, sheep, and yaks... Even though anthropologists tend to lump all pastoralists into a single subsistence strategy, _____ is not a unified phenomenon... It is clear that livestock play a vital economic role in pastoral societies not only as a food source but also in other ways... *Summary*... 8. _____, keeping domesticated livestock as a main source of food, is usually practiced in areas of the world that are unable to support any type of cultivation. _____ most often involves a nomadic or seminomadic way of life, small family-based communities, scarce food and other resources, and regular contact with cultivators as a way of supplementing their diet. --------------- *Definition* _____: A food-getting strategy based on animal husbandry; found in regions of the world that are generally unsuited for agriculture. =============== *Class 11 (2-20-20)*... *Five Major Food Gathering Strategies*... 3. _____: Keeping domesticated animals and using their products as a major food source =-Main thing to know - people rely on pasture animals; on animals that they pasture. =-Products used as main food sources =--Ex with cows: =---Milk =---Meat =---Blood - they may mix the blood with milk and consume that or just blood... apparently not that weird =============== *Class 12 (2-25-20)*... *_____* -Involves keeping domesticated herd animals -Found in areas of the world that cannot support agriculture because of inadequate terrain, soils, or rainfall -Associated with geographic mobility --Herds must be moved periodically to exploit seasonal pastures. =---Must be "nomadic" -Modern _____ in some areas is a business that makes use of mechanized equipment and rental animals. =When you are living with herds, their well-being is really important to you =-We then elaborate various customs, norms, and even beliefs about these animals

Horticulture

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... ...it is possible to identify five major food-procurement categories found among the world's populations: 1. Food foraging... 2. _____ (subsistence agriculture or garden agriculture) is low-intensity, small-scale cultivation using small fields, plots, or gardens. Horticulturalists rely on human power and simple tools to work small plots of land to produce food primarily for household consumption. 3. Pastoralism... 4. Intensive agriculture... 5. Industrial agriculture... *Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence*... *Food-Producing Societies*... *_____* _____—also known as subsistence agriculture or smallholder agriculture—is small-scale, low-intensity farming on small plots... *Summary*... 7. _____, a form of small-scale plant cultivation that relies on simple technology, produces low yields with minimal surplus. Most horticulturalists plant multiple varieties of seeds to ensure that there is enough food for their households. --------------- *Definition* _____: Small-scale crop cultivation characterized by the use of simple technology and the absence of irrigation. =============== *Class 11 (2-20-20)*... *Five Major Food Gathering Strategies*... 2. _____: Plant cultivation with simple tools and small plots of land, relying solely on human power =-Particular form of growing things that involves the use of elementary tools such as a digging stick and ho =-Burning vegetation is one strategy of _____ - burned vegetation provides some sort of fertilizer - sometimes referred to as slash-and-burn _____ (the more informal term for _____) - they grow crops on the land over and over again until the nutrients in the soil are depleted; then move to new land. =-Subsistence farming =============== *Class 12 (2-25-20)*... -The simplest type of farming, which involves the use of basic hand tolls rather than plows or machinery driven by animals or engines -Horticulturalists produce low yields and generally do not have enough surpluses to develop extensive market systems. -The land is neither irrigated nor enriched by the use of fertilizers. =-Eventually, the milpa is no longer able to produce enough to support a family, so they'll burn another plot and plant vegetation there for a few years =Same as slash-and-burn I believe; used some term like "milpa" the last time apparently =Depends on very simple human technology - produces enough to live but "close to the bone"

foraging, Horticulture, Pastoralism, Intensive agriculture, Industrial agriculture

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... Before we go on, we should identify the various subsistence strategies that have emerged... ...it is possible to identify five major food-procurement categories found among the world's populations: 1. Food ___1___... 2. ___2___... 3. ___3___... 4. ___4___... 5. ___5___... *Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence* The five forms of food procurement (hunting and gathering [___1___], ___2___, ___3___, ___4___, and ___5___) are not mutually exclusive because most human societies use more than one strategy. Where this is the case, however, one form usually predominates. Moreover, in each category we can expect to find considerable variation largely because of differences in environment, historical experiences, technology, and cultural preferences.

subsistence strategy

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns*... Critical to any culture's survival is meeting the society's basic needs for shelter and access to food and drinkable water. In one form or another, every culture has a system for procuring food: growing it, raising it, trading for it, and even shopping for it. This pattern of obtaining food is known as a _____.

Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *_____* (Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns)... In all parts of the world, both culture and the environment influence the traditions that are passed on from one generation to the next in terms of how food is obtained, what is considered food and how it is eaten, and who gets to eat and when... As we move forward in this chapter, we examine a number of different ways by which societies obtain their food. We also explore the various ways in which technology and the environment influence food-getting strategies... Westerners often consider traditional means of procuring food, such as nomadic hunting and gathering and pastoralism, as markedly different from the sedentary food-procurement systems of intensive and industrial agricultural. Before concluding that one particular means is superior to all others, however, let us look at the inherent logic in each food-procurement system... *Summary* 1. If any culture is to survive, it must develop strategies and technologies for procuring or producing food from its environment. Cultural anthropologists recognize five major food-procurement categories (though these are not exclusive): foraging (hunting and gathering), horticulture, pastoralism, intensive agriculture, and industrial agriculture. 2. Though lacking high levels of technology, many small-scale societies have made good subsistence adaptations to their natural environments—hence their long-time survival. 3. The success of various food-getting strategies depends on the interaction between a society's technology and its environment. Although different environments present different limitations and possibilities, it is generally recognized that environments influence rather than determine food-getting practices. The level of technology that any society has at its disposal is a critical factor in adapting to and using the environment.