Cultural Anthropology Final Chapters 6-9

12. What is the primary weakness of both the gender division-of-labor and prolonged-infant-dependency models for the benefits of marriage?

There are many ways other than marriage for groups of men and women to work together.

13. Why do some argue that sexual competition is higher among humans than in other primates?

Unlike most other primates, human females are sexually receptive throughout the year.

40. Which theory hypothesizes that the taboo for incest is based on sibling association?

Westermarck's childhood-familiarity theory

14. What factor predicts male-female bonding among birds and mammals?

a gendered division of labor between food gathering and defending a home territory

22. Anthropologists have determined that the percentage of societies known to include one or more explicit economic transactions either before or after a marriage occurs at which of the following rates?

about 75

38. The incest taboo is found in __________ known societies.

all

23. Of the following, which is the most common distribution of economic marriage transactions among societies that have them?

bride price

25. Bride wealth is another term for __________.

bride price

37. The US custom of the bride's family paying for the wedding is most similar to which type of marital exchange?

dowry

20. What is a common element in ceremonies marking the onset of marriage?

feasting

11. Marriage may have developed as an adaptive response to which social issue?

food insecurity

31. Societies that practice bride exchange tend to __________.

have a relatively high contribution of women to primary subsistence

28. Societies that have the custom of bride price are likely to practice __________ and lack

horticulture; social stratification

21. In which societies are ceremonial expressions of aggression a common part of marriage ritual?

in societies where the two sets of kin are actual or potential rivals

7. Same-sex marriages are __________.

not typical in any known society

19. In the United States, what proportion of women under the age of 45 report living together while unmarried?

one third

16. Which explanation for the universality of marriage has the most support from the ethnographic record and comparative animal studies?

postpartum requirements

24. Bride __________ is a gift of money or goods from the groom or his kin to the bride's kin.

price

27. Bride price is associated with __________.

relatively low status of women

29. In some societies, bride __________ can be substituted for the bride price.

service

4. What two major factors do all forms of marriage consider?

sexual and economic

18. How does a Kwoma girl inform her betrothed that their trial marriage was accepted by her in-laws?

she prepares a meal for him

17. Trobriand couples who are going to marry advertise this by __________.

showing themselves together in public

6. Why are young people's attitudes toward marriage now changing among the Na of China?

social pressure in school

32. Which society practices formal gift exchange from the time a boy and girl announce their intention to marry until the marriage has taken place?

the Andaman Islanders

39. In which group were incestuous marriages permitted?

the ancient Egyptian royal families

33. A dowry is a transfer of goods from __________ to the bride, the groom, or the couple.

the bride's family

36. To whom are the goods first transferred in an indirect dowry?

the bride's father

10. Children of a Nandi female-female marriage will name __________ as their father.

the female who has the role of husband

1. Marriage is considered a __________ trait by anthropologists, because it is practiced by almost all societies ever studied.

universal

8. In what situation did Azande warriors traditionally take on "boy-wives"?

when they could not afford wives

35. Societies that practice dowry tend to be those in which __________.

women contribute little to primary subsistence

26. Bride price occurs all over the world but is particularly common in __________.

Africa

2. Why do anthropologists hold that families are universal?

All societies have parent-child groups.

3. Which of the following is a typical part of the social institution of marriage?

It is a socially approved sexual union.

34. In what modern nation might you still find the practice of dowry?

Italy

5. In which society did people not marry, but rather lived their whole lives in a residential group made up of maternal kin?

Na

9. Among the __________, a pastoral and agricultural society of Kenya, about three percent of the marriages are female-female.

Nandi

30. Which of the following societies is more likely to practice bride service?

Native American foragers

15. What did Frank Marlow conclude about the postpartum foraging patterns of the Hadza?

Nursing women contributed significantly less food to the household than other women.