Cultural Geography Final

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What is pollution like in cities, and what are possible solutions?

-An urban problem is pollution. Some cities only allow half of the people to drive at once, others switch to electric cars/taxis and rails, and some have completely banned cars or made it too expensive for gas and include driving fees. -The reduction of cars as most prominent in the MDCs, we're pollution is much higher generated. Some cities have tried to make zone two (factories) on the outskirts to reduce a concentration of pollution near housing. -East Asia contributes 33% of the worlds carbon omissions, but they also make up 22% of the world population. North America only makes up 5% of the worlds population, but contributes 19% of the worlds carbon emissions. South Asia makes up 25% of the worlds population but only contribute 7% of carbon omissions. -The world is highly dependent on fossil fuels (oil, coal, natural gas) for energy which is nonrenewable. These can be continued for use of carbon dioxide capturers/counterers are used at the same time. We should rely more on biomass such as solar and wind energy. Many states have switched their dependence from coal to natural gas with fracking in the United States. The central US has mostly stuck to coal. Incentives would decrease our use of nonrenewable resources.

What are some examples of cultural differences in the world?

-China eats mostly veggies and hot drinks to help with the digestion. We eat lots of meat and cold drinks. China uses a turntable and shares their food. Every country has its own delicacies. Japan's is horse meat. Boratistan's is boiled sheep head with or without the brain. China's is fish head and eyes. -People relax differently in different countries. Pakistan has less technology so they do more socializing. In America, we do a lot of watching TV. Throughout time, the ownership of TV skyrocketed in MDCs. LDCs play more sports that are cheap and take up little space, such as ping-pong. Though, women sports are more prominent in MDCs. The US has the best women's soccer. The Internet in China is more accessible and affordable than in the US. The US has a quarter of Internet users globally. Facebook is banded in China and most prominent in the US. Dress code is different in countries is based on climatic adaptation.

What are the patterns of diffusion of Christianity, Islam, Hinduism and Buddhism?

-Christianity: originated in Palestine, Israel, and spread to adjacent regions. Then, it spread from those adjacent regions to others. After that, it spread to the New World, Africa, the Philippines, Brazil, and Latin America. Thus, experienced expansion and relocation diffusion -Islam: originated in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, then spread to adjacent regions. Then, it's spread through the Persian Gulf to places like India, Bangladesh, and Thailand. Experienced expansion and relocation diffusion. -Buddhism: originated in northern India, and spread to adjacent regions. Then, it just stayed in that area. It is mostly gone from India today. It only really experienced expansion diffusion. -Hinduism: originated in India and Nepal, and did not defuse much

What are the patterns of diffusion of Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism?

What did the lingua franka map show us?

-English speaking countries are found in different regions of the world -French speaking countries are found in different regions of the world -English and French former colonies have adopted colonial languages -The largest English-speaking country is the United States -The largest Spanish-speaking country is Mexico -The largest Arabic speaking country is Egypt -Arabic speaking countries are mostly found in Africa and Asia -Spanish speaking countries are mostly found in Latin America -Russian speaking countries are mostly found in Asia

What are the largest countries and the smallest countries by landmass?

-Giant: Russia (1/6 of worlds land mass), Canada, China, US -tiny: St. Lucia, Singapore, Malta, Monaco (smaller than EU)! -to be recognized as a country, 2/3 of the United Nations must recognize you. Taijuan used to be a country, but is no longer recognized as one and is a territory. Also, you need a functioning government, sovereignty, and territory.

What are the Indo-European language family and the Sino-Tibetan language family?

-Indo-European: this is the largest language family. It accounts for almost half of the worlds population (45.7%). The branches include the Romance branch (Spanish, Italian, French, Portuguese), The West Germanic branch (English, German, Dutch), The Balto-Slavic branch (Russian, Ukrainian, Slovic, Polish), and the Indo-Iranian Branch (Indic portion- Bhili, Bengali, Urdu and the Iranian portion- Persian, Baluchi, Kurdish). -Sino-Tibetan: this is the second largest language family, accounting for over 20% of the worlds population (21.1%). Accounts accounts for many Chinese languages.

What are the different theories about where the Indo-European language originated?

-Kurgan Theory: It originated at the border of Russia and Kazakhstan, and spread to neighboring territories in all directions. -Anatolian Hearth Theory: it originated in turkey, and spread to Greece, then Macedonia, then Yugoslavia, then Emily, then to France. On the other side in the east, it's spread from Turkey to Iran, to Afghanistan, to India. -both are expansion diffusion. We see the differences in these languages in the different places. In Western Europe, they speak romance languages, in the north they speak Germanic languages, in the east they speak Slavic languages, and in the Asian areas they speak Iranian and Indian languages

How are Islam woman treated, and how do certain countries treat them differently and respect to politics?

-Muslim woman face oppression and restrictions in some countries, but the three largest Muslim majority countries have had a woman as their president or Prime Minister. These include Megawati Sukarnopurti in Indonesia, Benazir Bhutto in Pakistan, and Sheikh Hasina Wazed in Bangladesh. -literacy rate for Islam woman is above 90% in most Islam countries, including Iran, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Turkmenistan. Afghanistan is the exception, due to failed government and not their religion. The literacy rate for women there is only 21%. -treatment of women is due to government, not the fact that they are Islam. In Afghanistan, a woman dies every 30 minutes from childbirth, 79% are illiterate, 30% have access to education, a third or abused or experienced violence, 44 years old is their life expectancy, and around 80% face forced marriages. -in most Muslim countries, women are educated, politicians, in the military, leaders, in the police force, and overall thriving. Iran has a Persian paradox, as women face some restrictions but are doing well. They make up 70% of college students, and 80% of all doctors. They serve in the military and are active politicians. Though, they have restrictions on their dress and movement. -they can only spend time with a guy if they are married, making temporary or pleasure marriage is common. -muslims believe that both men and women should dress modestly, but is interpreted different by different countries based on climate and culture. Fully modest women are found in Afghanistan which is less than 1% of the Muslim population.

What are natural gas and coal like worldwide?

-Natural gas: 1/3 of natural gas production is supplied by Russia and southwest Asia, 1/3 by developing regions, and 1/3 by developed countries, primarily the US. The US is the number one producer of natural gas. Russia is second, and I ran his third. Qatar is the richest as it is tiny with lots of natural gas resources. -coal: The US is the richest country in coal with 27.5%, though it produces much pollution. So, many US companies are switching to natural gas instead. Russia has 18.3% of coal, china has 13.3%, Australia has 8.9%, and India has 7%.

What is the diffusion of language use?

-Relocational diffusion is caused by immigration. Expansion diffusion is caused by moving to adjacent and neighboring regions. -are the different branches of Indo European languages usually are close to each other locationally, which shows us that in ancient times, language diffusion was expansion diffusion. People moved from the cultural hearth to an adjacent area.

What countries and areas are the biggest producers, consumers, and exporters of oil?

-Saudi Arabia has the largest proven crude Oil reserves with 261.7 bb (billion barrels). It is the richest and largest exporter of oil in the world. They export 21% of the worlds oil exports. -The world, especially the US, is heavily dependent on fossil fuel's such as oil, natural gas, and coal, making up 90% of energy consumption. -50 to 60% of the worlds reserves of oil is found in the Persian Gulf in countries such as Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, Iran, and the United Arab Emirates. -The United States only has 22.5 bb of oil, making up 1.5% of the world. -The top six countries with oil reserves are Saudi Arabia with 20%, Canada with 13.3%, I ran with 10.1%, Iraq with 8.6%, the united Arab emirates with 7.3%, and Kuwait with 7.8%. -Canada's oil is highly pollutant and expensive to squeeze out of the tar sands it is in. -The demand for oil is increasing rapidly while the supply is only slightly increasing. -do US alone only has eight more years of oil.

How have some multinational states disintegrated, and why are some unstable?

-Some multinational states are unstable. They have many groups with different agendas for their country. -For example, the Kurds/Kurdish or a nation without a state. Many of them live in turkey, as they do not want to be a minority and want their own state. They oppressed minorities and caused instability in the region, which led to a rebellion wanting independence. Then, after World War II, they gained almost full autonomy and Iraq. They now control Northern Iraq. They can't take over turkey because they aren't as valuable to us as turkey is. Turkey has even taken over some of North Iraq from the Kurds. Iraq is disintegrated with The Kurds in the north, the Sunni Muslims in the center, and the Shia Muslims in the south. -ethnic cleansing is making an area that other groups are not allowed to live in. When Bosnia voted for independence, they had many different groups. Thus, it was difficult To divide their country with ethnic lines as each group fought over what territory they wanted. The Serbs decided to use ethnic cleansing to say nobody was allowed on the land they wanted. This resulted in an awful war. This is why Yugoslavia broke up into different countries based on ethnicities... nation states. This also happened to the Soviet union. It's different ethnic groups broke into their own countries in 1991. One country became 15 different countries. These disintegration Borders knocked some individuals out of their own ethnic groups country, causing discrimination.

What are supra nationalism, European cooperation, motives behind cooperation, and deeper levels of cooperation?

-The European Union political/military motives are to end conflict on the continent, and fragmentation, and communism, and establish the United States of Europe. They started by taking six countries in 1951, and joined them to establish free trade. It worked, thus the EEC was established (European economic community). -from there, they wanted to deepen cooperation and add more members/geographic expansion. 28 more countries were added by 2013. Most of the new members are from eastern Europe. Countries in Europe who haven't joined want to, but they must have a democracy, gender equality, racial/religious freedom, stable stable economy, etc. -their deep cooperation includes the ECSC, the EEC, the EC, and the EU. They started out with limited free trade of coal and steel, and now have free trade of goods and services. They established one common market, one economic community with the same currency, and the European Union. -their new Parliament represents all of the 28 countries, a common foreign policy, joint defense forces, and is becoming a world superpower. Europe is mostly united politically, economically, and with their military. -selective discrimination favors member states and discriminate against non-member states. Members don't have to pay taxes and face restrictions while nonmembers pay taxes etc.

What are world languages, endangered languages and isolated languages?

-The United Nations have six official languages, which are English, French, Spanish, Russian, Arabic, and mandarin Chinese. These Lingua Franka are used around the world. This is making many languages abandoned and endangered. 47% of the languages used today are endangered, and one is lost every two weeks. Half will disappear by the end of the century. 154 languages are dying in North America, and 84 are in trouble. There are more languages in countries where people are geographically isolated, like sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia. Some want to preserve their languages and teach them to future generations. They make recordings of them for future people to have. Isolated languages that don't belong to his family are especially threatened, such as Japanese -The worlds people speak over 6000 languages. Many countries have programs to preserve the 3000 that will be extinct by 2021. People who speak Hebrew are reviving their extinct language. Celtics are preserving endangered languages.

What is religion like in the USA?

-The United States is the largest Christian country in the world. Over 82% of the country identifies as Christian. The most common denomination is protestant, with Roman catholic being second. -Islam is America's second largest religion, with Muslims making up over 7% (7M) of the population. The most common denomination is Sunni. Many black people are Muslim, as they were slaves brought here from Africa. -we have many marginal Christians, who identify as Christian but don't really go to church or practice -there are about 6 million Jews, 3 million Buddhists, 1 million Hindus, and 4 million other faiths. There are also 30, million atheists/no religion. -The Bible belt is serious about religion, and is found in the south with many Baptists. The Midwest has many Lutherans. Utah, Nevada, and Wyoming have many Mormons. -Minority groups tend to flock to diverse urban areas. There is a large amount of Buddhism in the west, Baha'i in cities, and Islam is widely dispersed.

What are the concentric zone model of urban growth and the donut affect?

-The concentric zone model of urban growth is the most important model of urban structure and growth. This model is used throughout the world. It shows that cities grow and a series of rings or circles. There are five main zones: -zone 1: zone one is in the middle and it's called the central business district. There, there is a high concentration of service activities such as banks and insurance companies. The rest of the zones are wrapped around zone one. -zone 2: zone two is the zone of transition, which is a mix of businesses and houses. Industrial cities may have factories in this zone, and housing that is usually poor and congested for the factory workers. -zone 3: The third zone is the zone of independent workers homes, wear housing improves and may include some land. -zone 4: zone four is the zone of better residencies, having homes with much more land. This zone is where the suburbs are. -zone 5: zone five is the commuter zone. -As the city grows, each inner zone invades the outer zones, for example, zone one invades zone two, and zone two invades zone three, etc. -The Dona effect is the emptying of the second ring of the concentric zone model where the emptying of house is a factory workers occurs when factories move to lower cost locations. The families who can afford it leave for the suburbs, leaving the second zone basically abandoned. -In Paris, the city used to be surrounded with walls, but they sense expanded the walls as the city grew through expansion.

What are the vicious cycle of urban decay, gentrification, and de facto segregation in America?

-The donut effect is causing a vicious cycle of urban decay due to declining populations that lead to a shrinking tax base. Cities have the dilemma of either raising taxes or reducing services. Both options can cause people to flee. This makes it a cycle. -Some cities are countering the cycle with the process of gentrification: A process by which housing in deteriorating inner cities is taken over by middle and high income groups and refurbished. This is to attract people back into the inner cities. Cities will offer service providers such as cops, teachers, etc. good housing for a low-cost if they work in their city. Other cities offer tax free loans to refurbish the housing. This increases the population, tax base, and create more revenue for more and better services. This turns the vicious cycle of decline into a cycle of progress with increased population. -The donut effect can result in de facto segregation in US cities. Blacks tend to be concentrated in the inner cities and ghettos, while whites still flock to the suburbs. This creates divisions. Economic immobility for blacks is what causes this, as they can't afford expensive housing. -Red lining as when banks refuse to provide loans to those who live in a specific area, such as those struggling in the ghettos. This has now been banned for a few years. For example, Detroit has lost half of its population since 1950 due to this in its inner city.

Statements from final test review

-The world population is expected to increase from the current 7.6 billion to about 9 billion by 2050. almost all the growth will take place in the LDCs. -Constitutional monarchy's are primarily found in the MDC 's. -Cultural geography deals with all of the five themes of geography but it's mainly concerned with the human interaction with nature theme. -Pennsylvania suffers from a phenomenon known as brain drain were many young educated and skilled Pennsylvanians leave the state. -As the world becomes more interdependent and national economies merge into a global economy, we see increased specialization of production, a higher level of regional and global trade, and better use of limited resources. -Christianity is the religion with the largest number of believers. 1/3 of population. -The largest language family in the world is Indo European, with 50% of the world population speaking a language derived from that family. -The Kurds are a good example of the consequences of stateless nations. -The country that has the largest land area in the world is Russia. -Most of the MDCs are found in the north. -The varying fertility rates and natural growth rates mean that the worlds largest population concentration in the 21st-century is found in South Asia. -Africa has the potential to feel all Africans, even as population increased substantially in the 21st-century. -Today, in 2020, America's largest minority is Hispanic Americans. -Cultural geography focuses on human environment interaction. -France does not have a population control policy. -China's one child per family law has resulted in a dramatic increase in doubling time. -Latitude lines provide information on climate. -Africa's population is estimated at about 950m today but by the end of the 21st-century, it is expected to grow to 2.6 billion. -The slave trade is a good example of intercontinental migration. -The highest natural population growth rates are found in countries during the middle stages of demographic transition. -in the last 10 years, a new AIDS global hotspot has emerged in Russia. -The US share of the global TV and Internet markets does not continue to increase in the 21st-century. -What is good, normal, and desirable is universal across countries and cultures. -When we say culture is an acquired taste, we are emphasizing the fact that cultural norms and values are learned. -when it comes to gender equality and woman representation in the government, the US has a long way to go to achieve real gender equality and has less women in leadership positions than many developing countries. -NAFTA/ AFTA's primary goal is to establish free trade between all or most American countries. Switzerland is a stable multinational state. -Income disparities are mostly greater in MDC's than they are in LDCs. -Gerrymandering has transformed American democracy and that means that today electoral districts are drawn by political geographers who are impartial. -All of the four major world religions experience growth and the total number of adherents in the 20th century. Only two of the four, however, experienced a relative increase in their share of world population. The two religions that increased both the number of adherents and relative share of global population are Islam and Hinduism. -Life expectancy and some sub-Saharan African countries is below 50.

What are language families and branches?

-The worlds 6000 languages belong to language families. Language families are a group of languages that share common ancient roots. As people migrate, they make variations of the language they started with due to the new environment, thus creating a new language. These languages are traced back to one ancient language. -A language branch is a group of languages that share common origin in the more recent past. Language branches can be found in a language families. Language branches share common vocabulary, grammar, and structure.

What are Therevada Buddhism (South Asia) and Mahayana Buddhism (North Asia)?

-Theravada Buddhism is conservative orthodox Buddhism that adheres to the teachings of the elders, resists change assimilation, and is found in South Asia. -as Buddhism spread to north and east Asia, China, Korea, and Japan, Buddhism began to be practiced alongside other religions. This is called Mahayana Buddhism, and the belief is that there is a greater vehicle. It is very flexible and assimilative as it is practiced alongside other religions. Many Japanese practice Shinto and Buddhism, while many Chinese practice Confucianism and Buddhism.

What are the recent trends at a global level, tax policies, and income equality?

-There is a global wealth gap, and it is surprisingly highest among the LDCs. In Brazil, the richest one fifth makes 66.6% of the income, while the poorest 40% make 7%. Finland has more income equality with the richest 1/5 making 36.9% of the income, or the poorest 40% make 19.6%. -In the US, the richest one fifth make 42.8%, and the poorest 40% make 15.2%. Also in the US, the top 1% Account for 21% of national income and the bottom 50% account for 12.8%. So, the top .5% earn more than the bottom 50%. We are moving in the direction of inequality. -In 2018, we had a tax cut to benefit everyone. But it still benefiting the rich the most, and the desperate are getting very little help.

Where are the largest Muslim populations in the world today, and where are Sunni and Shia Muslims found?

-Today, the Middle East (W. Asia and North Africa) is the predominant Sunni region, though it has spread to parts all over the world. Most Muslim countries are Sunni majority, with the exceptions of Iran and Iraq being dominantly Shia Muslims. Israel is Jewish, making it the only non-Muslim country in the west Asia and north Africa (Middle East) region. -The largest Islam populations are not found in Arabia or the Middle East where it originated. It is found in non-Arab countries. Most Arabs are Muslims (80%+), but most Muslims are not Arabs. Most Arab Americans are Christian, but most Muslim Americans are not Arabs! 1. Indonesia, 220M+ 2. Pakistan, 200M+ 3. India, 170M+ 4. Bangladesh, 135M+ 5. Nigeria, 103M+ 6. Egypt, 90M+ (highest Middle East on list) 7. Turkey, 83M+ 8. Iran, 83M*

What is the difference between absolute and constitutional monarchies?

-absolute: commonly found in LDCs. The king or leader has all the power and can do whatever they want without checks and balances. -constitutional: commonly found in MDCs. The monarchy is limited by the constitution, sometimes having no power at all. It can just be a symbol of the country. For example the queen can be a symbol of the nation, while the Prime Minister actually holds the power.

What are some examples of global diffusion patterns?

-an example of expansion diffusion is in Switzerland. People speak for different languages, and the one they speak depends on which country late border. Also, Amish began in PA, but mainly have relocated to areas of cheaper land. They've spread in the A to B, B to C pattern, from PA to Ohio, from Ohio to MS, and so on. -An example of relocation diffusion is English spreading to countries that are not neighboring America, due to colonial rule. Former British colonies forced citizens to learn English as their language. -An example of hierarchical diffusion is technology being introduced in big cities, to smaller cities, and finally to rural areas

What are cities, metropolitan, and megalopolis areas?

-an urban place is a nucleated, non-agricultural human settlement. They are highly centralized and multi functional in nature, resulting in a large exchange of goods and services. Urban places can be small towns, cities, a metropolitan, or a megalopolis (large city). an urban area consists of a dense core of census tracks, densely settled suburbs, and low density land that links the then suburbs with the core. -City in the US refers to the inner city, rather than the suburbs. -to be considered a city in the US, there must be over 50,000 people living there. Meadville and Theory are classified as cities. Polis is Greek for city. -in ancient time, cities were associated with the good life, meaning higher standards of living. Though, several definitions have been made to characterize cities and their suburbs. -A city is an urban settlement that has been legally incorporated into an independent, self governing unit. In the US, these urban settlements are sometimes known as central cities.

What factors determine the best City to live in, and what are some of the best and worst cities?

-deciding the best city to live in is based on personal preference and needs. Positive factors can include job opportunities, affordable housing, things to do, climate, health, transportation, crime rate, and good schools. -The top five cities to live in in the US based on these factors are Louisville Colorado, Chanhassen Minnesota, Papillon NE, middletown Wisconsin, and Milton Massachusetts. These are small towns with strong local economies, great schools, affordable homes, low crime, and much more. -globally, the top five cities to live in are all MDCs. They are Vienna, Zürich, Auckland, Munich, and Vancouver. -globally, the top five worst cities to live in are all LDCs. They are Baghdad, Bangui, Sana'a, Port au Prince, and Khartoum. -for life expectancy in the US, Honolulu is the best and Buffalo is the worst. But, the cost-of-living is much cheaper in Buffalo than it is in Honolulu. -most people do not use the maximizing approach to decide what city to live in, but rather personal preference that is satisfying.

What are the three types of political systems, and what are they like around the world?

-democracy: citizens choose their leaders through institutions and procedures. Checks and balances constrain how much power the leader can exercise. -autocracy: leaders are selected from a small group in the royal family. Citizens have no say, and leaders have absolute power. -anocracy: governments that are autocratic but pretend to be democratic. They have the appearance of a democracy, but hold unfair elections. -around the world, there has been a dramatic increase in democracies, and a dramatic decrease in autocracies. Anocracies have also increased. MDCs tend to be democratic such as the United States and Canada, while LDCs tend to be autocratic and anocratic (Russia). Many closed anocracies are found in Africa. They hold voting, but there's only one candidate. In Egypt's anocracy, they had a second candidate, but he supported the other one so it was a scam. -Within states, there are boundaries. Unitary (centralized government) and federalized states (Decentralized government switch our federal, state, and local). There is a trend to move towards decentralized governments around the world. -in the United States democracy, members of the House of representatives have voting districts, state number of representatives and districts are based on population drawn yearly based on the census (apportionment), and District lines are drawn by representatives/politicians.

What are employment, health, education, gender, and consumption measures?

-employment: employment measure of development is the percent employed. It focuses on the distribution of the labor force, and what percent of the force each labor section has. As countries develop, primary jobs such as farming and mining decrease while tertiary jobs such as services increase. -health: Health related measures of development look at life expectancy, infant mortality, percent access to healthcare, number of people sharing a doctor, number of people per hospital bed, money spent on healthcare (percent of GNP), and more. This is an important measure of development. The main contribution to the HDI is life expectancy at birth. The average life expectancy of a baby is 70 years globally, 80 years in MDCs, and 68 years in LDCs. In MDCs, there is one doctor per 500 people, and in LDCs there's one doctor per 30,000 people. -education: education measures of development look at literacy rate (most important), money spent per student, percent with college education, and student to teacher ratio. There's over a 99% literacy rate in MDCs, and 70 to 90% in LDCs. -gender: gender related development looks at economic, social, political, and demographic indicators of gender differences. The UN created the gender inequality index (GII) based on empowerment (achieving improvement in status), Labor force (female labor force participation rate looks at percentage of women with full-time jobs which is higher in MDCs), and reproductive health (maternal mortality ratio and adolescent fertility rate). gender development is higher in the MDCs and the north. The United States is ranked 96th in women's political empowerment, with 19%. Canada's politics is 26% women. -consumption: consumption measures of development are not a typically good measure, as there is an assumption that more is better. It looks at food per capita (too much= obesity, two little= starving, adequate= best). Energy consumption per capita, number of TVs per household, number of cars per household, number of telephones per capita, wired households. The US consumes the most calories. Japan and South Korea have the most access to high-speed Internet.

What are the geographic expansions of the EU and NATO?

-enlargement of the EU is making it safer. Britain wanted out because the EU had free movement, and they didn't want others working in their country. They haven't left yet, and it will cause them economic damage. -NATO is led by the United States and is a western military alliance led by our military and western European allies. It is growing and adding more members. -what happens in Europe influences the rest of the world. We have followed in their footsteps and we pursued limited cooperation with Canada which expanded into full free trade. NAFTA includes the United States, Mexico, and Canada, but is now called the new USMCA agreement. By 2025, we hope to expand NAFTA to all of the Americas and not just the north, calling it AFTA. -after the formation of EEC/EU, NAFTA, and ASEAN, Every country wants to join a group, otherwise it'll face selective discrimination and lose out.

What are Geopolitics and Geostrategy?

-geopolitics: geography can affect political decisions, such as for the military. This is referred to as Geo politics. It is the use of geographic inter-relationships to justify political decisions and objectives, such as raw materials, oil, access, and water. It is also used to justify expansion and colonialism. -geostrategy: geo strategic location is an area or territory that is valued for its geographic traits, whether they are real or perceived. For example, the Panama Canal is vital for the United States to move goods and troops to the Pacific ocean from the Atlantic ocean. The straights of Hormuz are open to the US for free trade, as they are 1/3 of the worlds oil source.

What are gerrymandering and its types?

-gerrymandering is using political geography to draw the lines of the boundaries. Politicians draw them to advantage themselves and disadvantage their competition. It almost guarantees them to keep their seats. They keep voters who like them in their district. They use computer software to draw the lines precisely, thus making it less competitive. -cracking is a Gary mentoring method that breaks the opposing parties voters up into many different districts. This commonly happens to minorities, and it makes them less influential and powerful when voting. They call it bleaching. -packing is a Gary mentoring method that packs the opposing parties voters into one district. They sacrifice one district to gain three or more. For example, Democrats can have 51% of the votes, but lose because their districts were divided and packed so that they wouldn't actually have as much say. -Before the 2018 election, Pennsylvania's districts were re-drawn to be more fair and represent our states views. The division of countries and cities was minimized. -many citizens think that their vote will not matter due to Gary Mannering, so voter turn out is very low. The elderly is the age group who votes the most. The young vote the least. Due to this, instead of decreasing money and funds for Social Security, they decrease it for education.

What are the risk factors of AIDS?

-group infection rate is determined by lifestyle (drug use, non-safe sex) -most predominant in males and African Americans in Russia, Thailand, and the US.

What are the urbanization and the suburbanization of America like?

-in North America, over 80% of people today live in urban areas. North America includes the United States and Canada. Also, over half of the people live in suburbs. -In 1950, almost half of the population lived in rural areas, but by 1999 only 18.3% lived in rural areas. -The percentage of people in cities from 1950 to 1999 has dropped from 32.9% to 24.7%. -The amount of people in suburban areas has increased from 23.2% in 1950 to 57% in 1999. -The rural and city population is declining while the suburb population is increasing. Most Americans prefer to live in midsized urban centers instead of big cities. Many who live in cities also want or have a second home in the countryside to combine the advantages of urban and rural living. -The distinction between rural and urban cities is becoming blurred as wired cities, which are computer linkage from home, or increasing, which is urbanizing rural areas. -White flight is contributing to the suburbanization of America. -The largest urban cluster in the US stretches from Boston to DC. New York City, Baltimore, and Philadelphia are included in the stretch. -some cities in the north and east/the Rust Belt are losing population and growing slowly. Sun Belt cities are growing in population rapidly. There is a population shift towards the sun belt. New Orleans is the exception of a city who hasn't grown in the sunbelt, and this is due to hurricane Katrina. LA is projected to grow bigger than New York City by 2025.

What is urbanization in Pennsylvania like, as well as in Erie and Millcreek?

-in Pennsylvania, there are four major urban clusters, the largest being the Philadelphia metro area, then the Pittsburgh metro area, the Allentown metro area, and finally the Erie metro area. All of these urban centers are decreasing in population. -Mill creek is increasing rapidly as an Erie suburb. It's one of the fastest growing towns in America, with over an 11% growth. The total metro population did not decrease, just the inner city dramatically. Millcreek population is lower than Erie, but it has a higher tax base due to its higher median income. Erie has two times the amount of housing units than Mill Creek, but Millcreek has much less diversity, being predominantly white.

What was the rise of cities, advantages and disadvantages of city living, and the changing trends of megacities from the 20th century to the 21st century?

-in ancient times, cities were very small. The city of Ur, in modern-day Iraq, was one of the earliest urban settlements. A ziggurat, or stepped temple, was surrounded by dense network of residencies. About 5000 people live there. Ancient cities were a monument to progress while civilization leads to the good life. -possible advantages of city living are more job opportunities, diversity, services, and things to do. Possible disadvantages of city living can include congestion, pollution, crime, and high cost of living. -cities around the world and in the United States hold a mix of these advantages and disadvantages. Though, cities have grown bigger due to advancement in technology. The green revolution allowed for a few were to work in farming and produce enough food even for those living far from farms. The industrial revolution needed more people at factories. This made for more and larger cities. -mega cities are the result of these technology advancements, we're over 10 million people live. In 1960, America only had two mega cities. It had 17 by 1999, and 26 by 2015. -in 1990, The top 10 cities were all MDCs, from starting with the largest being London, New York City, Paris, Berlin, and Chicago. In 2000, the top 10 biggest cities are both MDCs and LDCs, being Tokyo, Mexico City, Bombay, São Paulo, and NYC. So, the largest cities have shifted from all MDC's to a mixture of both. -The rate of growth in MDC megacities is much slower than in LDCs. The uncontrolled growth of megacities in LDCs is mostly occurring in slums, which are unplanned areas with little hope. -today, the majority of mega cities are in the LDCs. In 2000, the majority of the world population lived in urban centers. There is a higher urbanization rate in the MDCs than the LDCs. -Europe and Anglo America have the highest urbanization rate, but LDCs such as Latin America and the Middle East are comparable. The urbanization rate is still growing today.

What is transportation like an American cities versus cities around the world?

-in the US, unlike other MDC 's, we do not heavily rely on mass transit. 77% of Americans drive alone to get to work. 10.7% carpool, and only 4.7% rely on public transportation. 95% of the transportation budget goes to highways. -in 2009, US gas prices were at an all-time high, so people opted to use trains. Unfortunately, our trains are very slow, unlike other MDC's with high speed rails. The technology of magnetic trains was originated in the US, but we thought it was too expensive to use. Instead, many other MDC's have successfully used our idea. Even Japan uses it nationally. -some cities in the US have public transportation, including large networks that connect suburbs to the inner cities. To be successful, they have to be built while the city is being built. They are most successful in older cities due to this. Over 90% of Americans drive to work still. In New York City, over 4.2 billion use the subway to get to work. Honolulu and Boston half bus systems. LA has trams and rail lines. Most US cities do not pass the acid test as their lines are not large enough to connect houses to work.

How are American cities different than cities around the world?

-in the United States, white flight is where the richest want to live in the suburbs, versus in other countries, the richest live close to urban centers. It started in the 1970s, and Americans who could afford it fled the inner cities to the suburbs for fresh air, lower crime rates, and green space. -additionally, the US doesn't preserve the history of cities and their characteristics like other countries do. -in America, the further away from the city center you live, the richer you are, versus in other countries, the closer to the city center you live, the richer you are. -in America, urban sprawl is when much green space is lost to the development of suburbs. In other countries such as Europe, they try to preserve their green space, whereas we are deforesting many places.

How is sub-Saharan Africa different from other regions?

-it's the one region that has been demised by AIDS -they've had 2/3 of all aids cases, though north Africa has dramatically less. North Africa has a different lifestyle, as they are Muslim. Their infection rate is close to zero. They don't have premarital sex and are faithful to one partner, unlike SS Africa. -sub-Saharan Africa was the only place where the majority infected were a woman. Elsewhere it was predominantly men. Their main mode of transmission was heterosexual sex. Elsewhere, it was a combo of drug abuse, homosexual sex, and heterosexual sex -some regions is SS Africa are having a declining life span due to AIDS, some places under 50 and 60 years. -the Caribbean is the only other region that had over 1% infection rate.

Why are some countries rich and more developed while other countries are poor?

-natural resources: oil, gold, etc. Japan and Switzerland are MDCs who are exceptions to this. -physical environment: productive land abs climate. Japan is an exception. -location and access -government: role and allocation of resources, how many is spent and managed, economy and resources -Human Resources: skilled, productive labor. Japan has much of this and values it highly. -culture: religion, work ethic, motivation -foreign aid: how much is received and how it is used All of these conditions are not always necessary, but they all help. A responsible government and human resources are the two most important factors of development.

What are natural boundaries and superimposed boundaries?

-natural: natural boundaries are found looking at topography and geography, and include mountain ranges, lakes, or rivers. For example, Lake Erie is the boundary between Pennsylvania and Ontario. -superimposed: artificial boundaries that do not reflect geography or history. They are linguistic, cultural, and religious divisions. They caused any problems. The British drew the Iraq Kuwait border, and the sand looks the same on both sides, causing tribes to move back-and-forth between territories. These borders often cause war in the LDCs as they were drawn by the British without paying attention to cultural differences. They often change after wars, for example, Germany was reduced in size during World War I, causing World War II.

What are nuclear energy and other alternative energy sources?

-nuclear energy: nuclear energy is electricity produced by splitting uranium atoms in a controlled environment via fission, but it produces radioactive waste. Though, it supplies 14% of the worlds electric, used by only 30 countries, 19 being more developed countries, and 11 being less developed countries. 2/3 of nuclear power is generated in North America and Europe, and the concentration of plants in the US is in the eastern half. -other sources: other clean energy sources are solar, wind, and geothermal. The US isn't using its full potential in these sources. Pennsylvania has more jobs in solar energy than an oil and natural gas.

What are primate cities, and why is Mexico City an example of this?

-primate cities are cities mostly found in LDCs. They are one city that dominates its entire country. The city is 5 to 10 times larger than the second largest city in its country. It accounts for a large percentage of the countries population, sometimes over 90%. It is usually the capital city of the country and the center of political power. It is the economic heartland with a heavy concentration of industries and businesses. It's also the cultural heartland with universities and cultural institutions. It is the focal point of its underdeveloped transport network. -Mexico City is the primate city of Mexico. 1/5 of Mexico's population lives there, half of all Mexico factories are there, the capital/center of government is there, the city dominates the country, and it attracts around 1/3 of the countries rural immigrants every year. Most immigrants come hopeful, but end up in slums on the outskirts of the city. Many of these people end up turning to crime due to being in poverty.

What are the two types of energy reserves?

-proven reserves: A supply of energy remaining and deposits that have been discovered -potential reserves: A supply of energy that is undiscovered but thought to exist For proven reserves, we have enough coal left for 131 years, natural gas for 49 years, and petroleum/ oil for 43 years if our consumption trends are not reduced.

What are the different types of maps?

-statistical map: gives us numbers. For example, states on the map shaded to represent average income. The numbers can be written out or portrayed in other ways. -dot map: A form of statistical maps, where one dot represents a number. For example, one dot equals 1000 people. -choropleth map: use colors or shapes to represent data. For example, a map could make green areas that weren't affected by flood, and purple areas that were. It can also make certain areas light or dark to represent percentages. For example dark where over 75% of the population is African-American. Political sides (map of states red vs. blue) are choropleth maps. -mental maps: maps we carry in our heads that sometimes reflect reality, while other times distort reality -quartile map: divide data into four sections. Politics can be light/ dark blue and red. A map of land can be dark/ light green for high/ low land and light/ dark blue for shallow/ deep water. *** one map can represent more than one type of map!!!

What is development, and the economic definition of development?

-there are many different definitions of development, but all have certain elements in common. Basically, development means progress. But, growth does not always mean development. -The economic definition of development is sustained growth of at least 3% over a long period of time.

What were the two waves of modern colonization?

-wave 1: this wave was from 1500 to 1800. The Spanish and the Portuguese were the colonial powers. They acquired settlement colonies, and lived there. They found them in the New World/the Americas. -wave 2: this wave began around 1800, and ended in the mid-1940s at the end of World War II. Many countries gained their independence. There were many colonial powers, including the British, French, Dutch, German, Japanese, and the Americas. They colonized in the old world in places like Africa, Asia, and the Pacific for exploitation (use of their goods) rather than settlement.

What have the Chinese accomplished, and what are their future prospects?

-when China switched from the communist model to the export/trade model, they achieved self food sufficiency by 2003 so that nobody will go hungry, adequate shelter was provided for all, education and literacy rate increased, income increased 6000% from $100-$14,000 in 2016, Life expectancy doubled, and they have the largest economy in the world. Today, since 2012, girls are slow down while transitioning to a modern economy. There has been 7% growth since 2012. Negative growth is expected due to COVID-19. -problems in China include providing jobs for hundreds of millions of people, and pollution. 700,000 to 1,600,000 people die every year from pollution illnesses. It is the fourth leading cause of death. 16 out of 20 of the worlds most polluted cities or in China. In 2014, the United States and China signed the Paris accord but Trump with Drew in 2016. China is the worlds largest auto market which contributes to the pollution even more. 80% of the electricity and 70% of their energy is from coal, resulting in high carbon emissions. They are responsible for 2.3 of the 2900,000,000 ton increase in global demand since 2000 which was 82%. They are 47% of the global cold man. The US Embassy releases daily reports about how dangerous their air is on the PM. The world average PM is 72, and 200 is considered very unhealthy. Beijing has reached 755, Jinan has been over 390 this year. China is the worlds largest polluter since 2016, as they produce double what we do but have four times the people.

What are the three forms of location?

1. Absolute/exact (latitude and longitude) 2. Nominal (what's in a name) 3. Relative (in relation to another place)

What are the components of culture?

1. Artifacts- The tools of a culture, including what builds different houses, eating utensils, technology, and natural resources 2. Socio-facts- The social institutions of a culture, including family (The US refers to family as their parents and siblings, while Africa refers to their entire extended family) and educational systems. 3. Mentifacts- The belief system of a culture, including religion and superstitions (In China, the number eight is lucky and the number four is unlucky. In the US, the number 13 is unlucky and the number seven is lucky).

What are the 10 largest national populations?

1. China has 1.4 billion people with a decreasing growth rate 2. India has 1.37 billion people, with a rapidly increasing growth rate. 3. The United States has 330, million people, with an increasing growth rate 4. Indonesia has 273 million people, with an increasing growth rate 5. Brazil has 212 million people, with an increasing growth rate. 6. Pakistan has between 204 and 220 million people, with an increasing growth rate 7. Bangladesh has 165 million people, with an increasing growth rate 8. Nigeria has 190, million people, with an increasing growth rate. 9. Russia has 145 million people, with a decreasing growth rate. 10. Japan has 127 million people, with a decreasing growth rate.

What are the worlds four largest religions?

1. Christianity- 2,020M. 33% of world population. All over the world. The Christianity percentage has decreased even though the number of believers has increased drastically, meaning it hasn't grown as fast as other religions. 2. Islam- (Muslims) 1,200M, 22% world population. Prominent in N. Africa and W. Asia. Islam is the fastest growing religion, due to rapid population growth and conversion. 3. Hinduism- 860M, 15% world pop. Prominent in India and Nepal. Hinduism's percentage has increased, even though it's an ethnic religion. India and Nepal have rapid population growth to cause this. 4. Buddhism- 360M, 6% world pop. Prominent in S.E Asia abs China. The Buddhism percentage has decreased even though the number of believers has increased drastically, meaning it hasn't grown as fast as other religions. ** nonbelievers make up 14% of the worlds population

What are the five basic shapes of countries?

1. Compact. Circular in nature. Sierra Leone. (This is the preferred shape as it makes it easier for transportation, defense, and trade). 2. Elongated. Tall and thin. Chile. 3. Prorupt. With an extension. Myanmar. 4. Fragmented. Japan. 5. Perforated. One country entirely surrounds another country. Lesotho.

What are the major tenants of Hinduism?

1. Dharma: A set of rules that must be followed by all living things if they wish to work their way up the ladder to reincarnation. Each persons dharma is different, and reincarnation will occur if their code of dharma is followed. 2. Reincarnation: The cycle of rebirth. Transmigration of the soul. The goal is to become purer and purer until you reach the highest caste, then be totally pure and cease to exist and leave the cycle of reincarnation. 3. Nirvana: when you escape the cycle of reincarnation, you become one with the universe, entering a state of Nirvana. 4. Karma: action. Cause and effect. Actions have consequences, and what you do not only affects this life, but the next. If you are in a low caste, you can only blame yourself.

What are the steps of cultural evolution?

1. Discovery- cultures discover what is available in their physical environment. 2. Invention- cultures create new things that do not occur naturally using technology. 3. Evolution- cumulative change over time, including beliefs, systems, tools, knowledge, calculator. These can be borrowed from other cultures. 4. Diffusion- spread of cultural elements from one place to another. These artifacts can include language diffusion, religion, and goods.

What are the eight modern major paths of migration? (Past 500 years)

1. Europeans from Europe to North America 2. Southern Europe to Latin America 3. Europe to coastal Africa, Australia, and New Zealand 4. West Africa into the Americas (forced into slave trades by Europeans) 5. India to Kenya and South Africa (by Europeans) 6. Chinese to southeast Asia and United States (by Europeans) 7. Europeans in the Northeast United States to other parts of the United States 8. Russians from Europe to Central Asia and Siberia *All were because of Europeans: they either moved, or forced or enticed others to move.

What are the patterns of diffusion?

1. Expansion- When I phenomenon spreads from where it was introduced to neighboring areas. A to B, B to C. This can include food, language, religion, and disease. 2. Relocation- when a phenomenon spreads from one place to another far away place, this can include sports and languages. A to Z. 3. Hierarchical- where phenomena filters down from my large center to a smaller center. This can include fashion and disease. This is how much of COVID-19 spread in the US.

What are the measures of development?

1. Gross National Income (GNI): it is the value of the output of goods and services produced in a country annually, including money that leaves and enters a country. 2. Gross Domestic Product (GDP): this is similar to gross national income except it doesn't account for money entering and leaving the country. Per capita GNI Measures the average/mean wealth, rather than the distribution among citizens. 3. Purchasing Power Party (PPP): it is the cost of living adjustment made to the GNI. 4. Per Capita Income (PCI): and easy and commonly used to measure that shows the average income per person per year. It doesn't tell us anything about income distribution. The vast majority of Americans are not even close to the average. There are enormous disparities at the global, national, and local levels. PCI is most commonly used when measuring development because it is easy and accessible. But, it isn't the most affecting and revealing measure. To find out you divide the total economic output GNP by the total population. It is a very problematic measure, adjusted by PPP.

How are American culture values linked to the frontiers experience?

1. Individualism- during the frontier experience, you had to rely on yourself to be successful. 2. Youthfulness- during the westward expansion, elders were seen as weak and invaluable, while the young were strong. 3. Hard work- During the Westward expansion, you had to work hard to fight and survive. Without hard work, you would have no success. 4. Mobility (spatial and social)- The westward expansion showed the benefits of moving from one place to another. It also showed that hard work will help you climb the social ladder toward success. 5. Time-Time was proven very valuable for the frontiers because you had to use it to work hard and be successful

How is US culture much different than other cultures?

1. Individualism- the US is one of the few countries that values individualism/being independent and standing out. When asked our name, we give our first name, while China gives their family name. 2. Youthfulness- The US sees youthfulness as figure and strength to survive. Other cultures value elders for their wisdom. 3. Attitude towards nature- we waste a lot of resources because we think we have plenty since there's lots of land per person. In other countries, there's less land per person and resources have to be conserved. In China, you have to pay for your showers and there are no buffets. 4. Informal- The US is very informal, as they use their first name and dress however. Other cultures are formal, as they wear a suit and tie to class, try to climb social ladders, and have proper versus improper forms of speech. 5. Hard work- The US values hard work and success, and presents it by acquiring material possessions. Other countries reject materialism. They believe in fatalism, which means you must except your destiny in life for how it is. 6. Mobility (spatial and social)- The average American moves seven times, and anybody can make it big no matter their background. This is the American dream, and it shows that hard work equals success. Other countries have no social ability and do not attempt to change their social status. They also do not move locations. 7. Time- The United States values time, and views it as a linear perception. They think that time equals money, time is precious, and they manage their time to not be wasted. Other countries have a cyclical perception of time, and believe that fate determines what will happen. They think that time is an endless cycle because they have thousands of lives. 8. Personal space- in the US, we value personal space and have a personal bubble unless invited in. We can afford to do this because we have a lot of land. Other countries have no personal space because there's so many people in so little room. The Japanese subway is like a package of sardines.

What are the three migration patterns?

1. Intercontinental- from one continent to another 2. International- from one country or nation to another 3. Internal- within the same country

What are the 5 main themes of geography?

1. Location 2. Place/site (topography, economics, culture) 3. Human interaction w/ nature 4. Spatial Interaction and movement 5. Regions

What is the eight fold path to the middle way in Buddhism?

1. Right understanding (understanding the four Noble truths) 2. Right thought (practicing Buddhist faith) 3. Right speech (avoiding untrue and abusive speech) 4. Right conduct (non-violence and refrain from stealing and sexual misconduct) 5. Right cause of making a living (no causing harm to living beings) 6. Right mental attitude (avoid anger and jealousy) 7. Right mindfulness (clear mental state and bodily health) 8. Right concentration (use meditation for enlightenment)

What are the three models of development?

1. Self sufficiency: this is the communist model of development. It is characterized by the desire to produce anything and everything needed locally. The goal is to self sufficiently promote growth and development by investing in all sectors as equally as possible for a balanced development. The other goal is to invest in all regions equally, causing decentralization, to limit disparities. The government can reduce income inequality and provide everyone with the basics (iron-rice bowl policy). This is appealing to LDCs since the government is in full control of the economy. Problems with this model includes not being able to produce everything needed in your own country, regions unable to grow at the same level, and lack of incentives. 2. Export/trade based: this focuses on trade, and is a capitalist model of development pursued by many countries. 3. Integration China has tried all three of these models. They started with self-sufficiency, transitioned to the export lead model, and is now pursuing the integration model.

What were the experiences China had with all three models of development?

1. Self-sufficiency: Chyna knew that while working they'd all receive the same reward, so they didn't work hard, resulting in low productivity. The government owned all of the industries in China, resulting in a slow growth from 1949 to 1979. Everyone had equality but was poor, and the wage went from less than $100 to only $400. 2. Export/trade based: in 1979, trying to switch to the trade based model due to one thing faster development and growth. This was the Chinese development 2, and their post cultural revolution of 1979. They wanted to modernize faster than any other country. They adopted Japan's model, or the east Asian model. Japan had the second largest economy in the world. China made A new population policy of one child per family to reduce growth. They began to depend on trade and have economic reform to a mixture of socialism and capitalism. "Market socialism" or "Chinese capitalism". They didn't have much to sell to the world or much technology, so they made free trade zones were foreign companies could come produce their products and trade or sell them tax free. It was a win-win as the companies brought technology and job opportunities while using cheap Chinese laborers. SEZs (special economic zones) brought his switch to international trade and investment. There was a massive flow of investment from the rest of the world and to China. Productivity now lead to larger incentives. TVEs (Town and Village Enterprise) were encouraged to invest in capitalist enterprise. China became the host economy for investment from countries around the world. They went from zero trade to the largest in the world. Their main source is the US. 3. Integration: The third Chinese development 3 experienced supranationalism: regional cooperation. The Chinese wanted to benefit from regional relations, so they made for free trade with Asia. ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian nations) is the group that they joined. It is the worlds largest economic block. It includes 11 countries that have cooperated now for decades. They signed the agreement in 2004 and it took affect in 2007. It involves over 2 billion people. It includes some of the fastest growing economies in the world, such as China, Asia, Indonesia, and Singapore. China has free access to resources, trade, market, and specialization in all of those countries.

What are the five pillars of Islam, as well as their beliefs?

1. Shahadah (profession of of faith) 2. Salat (prayer five times a day at specific times facing Mecca.) 3. Saum (absolute fasting called Ramadan where are you don't eat, drink, or smoke during the daytime) 4. Zakat (charity or tithe, 2.5% of your wealth to those in need) 5. Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca. One time in your life if able, pilgrims from 100+ countries, 4 million a year, dressed in white.) -muslims believe in heaven and hell, and that after in hell for long enough he will go to heaven. They believe in the profits, but they believe that Jesus was not the only son of God, and rather that everyone is. They still believe in his teachings and miracles. Jerusalem is a holy city for Christians, Muslims, and Jews, but Mecca and one other are also holy cities for Muslims. Islam spread very quickly due to its message of equality and acceptance for all. Muslims do not eat pork as it heats quickly and makes them sick, and they do not drink alcohol. There are more Muslims in India, Nigeria, Indonesia, Bangladesh, and former Soviet unions than an Arab countries. Arab and Islam or not the same thing. Arabic is a language spoken by Arab people, well Islam is a religion that Muslims practice.

What are the five major categories of immigrants into the United States, and which has grown the most?

1. Skilled labor (has grown the most, 25,000yr-300,000+yr) 2. Agricultural workers 3. Family 4. Immediate family (aka chain migration) 5. Refugees (has dramatically decreased)

What causes the trade wars between the US and China?

1/3 of Chinese goods end up in the US market. Though, the US tax on Chinese goods is 2.5%, all the Chinese tax on US goods is 25%. Only 1% of our goods are exported to China. The deficit is $400 billion which causes a tariffs and trade war with China. Trade numbers don't tell us who is actually making the money, and trade wars leave the consumers paying the price.

What were the country sources of immigrants into the United States from the 1820s to the 1980s?

1821-1860: 95% N&W Europe 1861-1900: 68% N&W Europe, 22% S&E Europe 1901-1930: 58% S&E Europe, 23% N&W Europe, 11% Canada 1931-1960: 41% N&W Europe, 21% Canada, 17% S&E Europe, 15% Latin America 1961-1970: 39% Latin America, 17% N&W Europe, 16% S&E Europe, 13% Asia, 12% Canada 1971-1980: 41% Latin America, 35% Asia, 14% S&E Europe 1981-1990: 47% Latin America, 37% Asia, 6% S&E Europe

What is the world migrant total?

214 million

What is the history of population growth?

250 years ago, dramatic population growth began, going from less than 1 billion to over 7.7 billion. 1AD= 300 million 1800= less than 1 billion 1950= 2.5 billion Today= over 7.7 billion

What are the most common language families?

45.7% of the worlds population speaks a language from the Indo-European language family. 21.1% speak a language from the Sino-Tibetan language family. 6.4% speak a language from the Niger-Congo language family. Japanese is an isolated language that does not belong to a family, and is spoken by 2.1% of the world.

What is a nation, a state, a nation-state, and a multinational state?

A nation refers to a group of people who somehow feel united, Either by history, culture, language, race, or political ideology. They share a sense of unity. A state refers to a country or a territory with clear-cut boundaries. A nation-state is one country that is populated by primarily one group of people that is united by one thing, whether it's race, culture, etc. A multinational state is populated by two or more national groups. Russia has ethnic territories and won't allow them to be their own countries because they lose 1/3 of their land. This made them stay multinational. There are many multinational countries for this reason

How did AIDs originally spread?

Aids originated either in sub-Saharan Africa, the democratic republic of Congo, or Erwanda. Then, it's spread to neighboring countries. This would be expansion diffusion. Then, people traveled, causing the majority of the spread to be caused due to relocation. US traveled to Europe, Africans traveled to the US, and Europe traveled to Africa.

What countries have the highest percentages of the major religions?

America is the largest Christian country in the world, with over 82% of the population being Christian. The biggest Islam country is Indonesia, with 77% of the population being Muslim. The biggest Buddhist (9%) and the biggest nonbeliever country is China. The biggest Hindu country is India, with 73% of the population.

What race makes up the majority of American Muslims?

American Muslims are the only faith community with no majority race. 34% or south Asian, 26% or Arab, 25% are African-American, and 15% are other races.

What is the difference between an immigrant and an emigrant?

An immigrant moves in to a country, while an emigrant moves out.

Where is the cultural Hirth of all the worlds major religions?

Asia. The west gave us Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The south gave us Hinduism and Buddhism. The east gave us Taoism, Confucianism, and Shintoism.

What is the language divide in Canada and Belgium?

Belgium was developed as a buffer country to separate Germany and France. North Belgium speaks (Flemish) speaks Germanic languages, while south Belgium speaks French languages. In Canada, specifically Quebec, French had to be reserved for them to stay part of the country. So, their road signs have to be for dominantly French, with small English subtitles

What is brain drain?

Brain drain is the problem where countries lose their most educated and talented workers through migration. For example, many doctors move from LDCs to MDCs so the rich get richer and the poor get poorer.

What are ancient and modern colonialism?

Colonialism is an ancient idea, which is the expansion of a nations political control to territories beyond its national boundaries. They use geographic inter-relationships to justify expansion for vital resources, markets, access routes, etc. -ancient: ancient colonialism spread through expansion diffusion, with empires such as the Chinese, Inca, Roman, Persian, and Egyptian. Their colonies were much smaller. -modern: colonial spread by relocation or diffusion, dominated by Europe. Their colonies were much larger as they spread globally. For example, by 1914, Europe controlled 84% of the world. Its colonies were much larger than their home territory.

How does the environment affect culture, and what is culture as an acquired taste?

Culture is an acquired taste and influence through one's environment. What food is available becomes that culture. Japan eat soup and rice for breakfast, while we eat eggs. You may not like the taste of coffee or beer at first, but then you acquire a taste for it. Examples of environmental influences include housing (built differently based on the resources available and the weather it must uphold to), utensils (hands, spoon, chopsticks), customs, and norms.

What is culture?

Culture is implicit patterns of behavior that are learned, interrelated, and shared among a group. One's culture gives them an orientation to the world. Culture helps us to find, classify, prioritize, and explain reality. We see through cultural lenses. Normal, natural, and acceptable are taught and culture specific!

What is diffusion vs. multiple invention? What is cultural hearth?

Diffusion tells us that a phenomena, idea, language, religion, or technology originated in one place and then spread to other places. This place is called a cultural hearth. It is the origin or place that it originated in. Multiple invention is when the same technology/idea has been invented/developed independent of one another. For example, both Egyptians and Mexicans built pyramids independent of each other. We determine something to be multiple invention when we cannot determine a cultural hearth or a pattern of diffusion. AIDS drugs were also multiple invention. The cultural hearth of AIDS is most likely Sub-Saharan Africa.

What are some barriers that affect migration?

Distance, information, costs, government policies of entering/leaving

What is diverse-ability?

Diverse-ability is the ability to value and respect diverse cultures and their ability to operate in diverse cultural environments. You should never travel without international education. Cultures are different and each has a valid system of its own logic.

What are the TPP, AIIB, and ASEAN?

Do United States has a complicated relationship with China as we are partners in economy, but we are also competing with each other. China has a good relationship with most countries in Asia, including Japan. The relations are much better with Southeast Asia than north east Asia. They are free trade with Mexico and Australia, in a strategic partnership with Saudi Arabia. They're the number one investor in Africa. The United States is concerned with China's growing influence around the world, especially Asia. The TPP (transpacific partnership) made by Obama includes countries in Asia to contain China's influence in the Asia-Pacific region. The TPP is a proposed regional regulatory and investment treaty. Twelve countries throughout the Asia Pacific region have participated in negotiations on the TPP: Australia, New Zealand, US, Canada, Mexico, Chile, Peru, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam, and Brunei. Trump withdrew the US from the TPP. To counter the TPP, Chyna made the AIIB (China-Led Asian Infrastructure Bank) and approved 57 founding countries including Sweden, Iceland, and Portugal. They rejected North Korea and Taiwan. $50 billion were invested into infrastructure. Now all the countries are from Asia. China picked up some countries from the TPP into ASEAN. Thus, the US is not part of the worlds largest trade deal.

Which languages have the most words?

English has 1 million words, Mandarin Chinese has over 500,000 words, Japanese has 232,000 words, Spanish has 225,000 words, Russian only has 195,000 words. The average person uses around 5000 words in their daily lives.

What is the dominant Lingua Franka of the world today?

English is globally dominant and is the Lingua Franka of the world. American supremacy is the cause of this. It initially spread to other countries due to the British colonial expansion, but now because of American influence. 37% of Internet hosts speak English. This is partly due to our technological advances. Many people use English online and when using apps that were developed in America. English is used as the national language of many countries to unite their country. The origin of English is England, and the diffusion of the English colonies. They controlled 1/4 of the world.

What are environmental determinism and possibilism?

Environmental determinism states how we are affected by the environment, and it determines how we live. But, environmental possibilism has replaced environmental determinism as technology has increased and we no longer have to solely depend solely on our environment for sustainability.

What is ethnocentrism?

Ethnocentrism is the belief in the inherent superiority of one's own group and culture. It is usually accompanied by a feeling of contempt for other groups/cultures. One's culture is superior to other cultures, and our way of doing things is right. Most people are ethnocentric, and judge other cultures based off of their own. All cultures have their own logic and make sense in their environment.

What is religion like in Europe?

Europe is predominantly Christian, with Roman catholic in the west, Lutheran in the north, and eastern orthodox in the east

What is the stable population ideal fertility rate ZPG?

Fertility rate is stable when it is at a rate of 2.1, meaning that to children born to two parents cancels out the growth and death rate. This happens in the fourth stage of the transition theory. Fertility rate is accurate in predicting population because it focuses on women of childbearing age. It is the number of children a woman has in her reproductive years per 1000 people.

What are the functions of religion?

Functions of religion include hope, comfort, meaning, legal/ethical behavioral code (10 commandments, etc), answers to unanswerable questions (why do bad things happen to good people), and escape from reality (pray, meditate, reading the word), and social organization. It also determines behavior, including social reactions, do's and taboos, and consumption.

What is futures wheel for AIDS?

Futures wheel is a tool that helps us think about the future. California has a lower infection rate than other places due to implementing precautionary measures. Aids can lead to discrimination, as people didn't go too close to people who they thought had it, such as African-Americans and homosexuals. We can prevent this by educating people. AIDS is hard to spread.

What is GPS technology used for?

GPS is used for smart bombs, geopolitics/international relations, borders, and navigational systems

What are some of the main environmental issues today?

Global warming, melting ice caps, species extinction, major storms, and fires

What mode of diffusion of AIDS is in the US? Where are the hot spots and cool spots?

Hierarchical diffusion Is the mode of AIDS diffusion in the US. It started and remained hot in states with high&dense populations and urban areas. The first recorded cases of aids in the US were in the early 1980s in California (SanFran, LA), New York, New Jersey, and Florida (Orlando, Miami). These are the hotspots. Texas (Dallas, Houston) is also a hotspot. By 1992, it's spread to all the states. By 2002, Illinois and Louisiana became hotspots. But, some states have remained cool spots, such as real states with little urban centers. The states include North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Idaho, and Vermont.

What are Buddhism and Jainism?

Hinduism is the mother religion of Buddhism and Jainism. Buddhism is a re-formation of Hinduism that doesn't include the caste system. The four truths of Buddhism, which are similar to Hinduism, or that sorrow and suffering are a part of life, people suffer because they desire things that they cannot have, the way to escape suffering is to end desire and reach a stage of not one thing, and to end desire, follow the middle path that avoids extremes of too much pleasure and desire.

What is the background of Hinduism?

Hinduism is the oldest of the worlds four major religions. It is much older than Islam, Christianity, and Buddhism. It is the largest particular religion (ethnic) in the world. It originated in the Sind valley (south Asia/India). It is the byproduct of the immersion and assimilation of two civilizations: Aryan (Persia/Europe) and Dravidian (south India). it is the third largest religion in the world, making up 15%. It is the religion of the majority of Indians 80%, and India is experiencing dramatic growth of over 1 billion people. In the 21st century, hinduism will grow a bit slower as population growth in India slows down. You must be born a Hindu to be a Hindu. The vast majority are clustered in two countries: India and a small number in Nepal.

Where are the global AIDs hotspots?

Hotspots are considered to be where over 1% of the population is infected. In 2005 Russia (drugs), Thailand (sex trade), and Haiti where emerging hotspots. The biggest hotspots are all in Africa. These include Swaziland (33.4% of pop), Botswana (24.1% of pop), Lesotho (23.2% of pop), and Zimbabwe (20.1% of pop). The biggest hotspots outside of Africa include Haiti (3.8% of pop), the Bahamas (3.3% of pop), and Trinidad & Tobago (2.6% of pop).

What happened to refugees in 2019?

In 2019, there was the smallest number of refugees in decades. Erie embraces refugees and has many, as it suffers from brain drain.

What has been the largest internal migration in human history?

In China, millions migrated from its interior to its coast due to free trade.

What are the continental trends in Africa versus Europe?

In Europe, the population percentage relative to the total global population is predicted to decrease, while in Africa it's predicted to increase. Also, Europe escaped positive checks with colonialism and migration, while Africa has no such outlets. This caused him to have a population increase and a food decrease. (Club of Rome)

What is the US immigration policy like compared to other MDCs?

In US history, we have accepted many immigrants based off of family ties. Though, these are first come first serve. Additionally, we except refugees if they are truly in danger, but they must pay back the cost of living. For example, to migrate to Canada you're ranked on possible success, you have to speak English or French, and there are no quotas, making it immigrant friendly.

What caused the disintegration of Yugoslavia?

In Western Europe, Yugoslavia was united on the belief of communism, and was peaceful until their president died. Groups tried to make their own presidents, resulting and differences. The Serbs tried to take over more than any other group. This caused Yugoslavia to ultimately break up into different countries based on ethnicities to form nation states. New countries formed, such as Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, Montenegro, and Kosovo.

What is the caste system like in modern India?

In modern India, Mahatma Gandhi champion the cause of the untouchables, also known as the lowest class, and abolished the caste system in 1949, which was two years after India gained their independence. So, it no longer officially exists, but it's still a powerful influence for the poor and low castes. The government established an affirmative action plan for the untouchables to help them get into parliament and universities. Though, other groups still needed help too, which caused issues.

What are the racial and gender characteristics of aids in the US?

In the US, 27% of the cases have been woman, and 73% men. 83% have been black/African-American, 29% Hispanic/Latino, 14.6% American Indian, and 11.5% white. African-American males are at the highest risk. Contraction for males is 72% homosexual sex, 13% heterosexual sex, and 9% injection drug use. Contraction for females is 80% heterosexual sex, and 20% injection drug use.

What has been the immigration shift in America in the 21st-century?

In the last 10 years, Mexican/Hispanic/Latin immigration has slowed down, while Asian migration has grown rapidly. Asian immigrants now outnumber Latin Americans.

What is the shift in the migration pattern in the late 20th and 21st century?

In the past 50 years, there has been more movement from the LDCs to the MDCs. There is also massive migration from east to west Europe. Canada, the United States, western Europe, and New Zealand (MDCs) are gaining the most people, while LDCs are losing them.

How does the environment affect Hinduism in India?

Indians don't eat beef, holy cow! This part of the religion makes sense in their natural environment. They have the largest cattle population in the world and can't afford to eat them because they are used for milk, butter, cheese, and yogurt. They get more food out of cows by not eating them. They also use them for farming, transportation, natural fertilizer, waste as a source of fuel, and a mix of waste and mud for housing materials such as roofs, walls, and tennis courts.

What are religion predictions for the 21st century?

Islam is expected to remain the fastest growing religion. Christianity is expected to have a healthy amount of growth, many new members coming from the LDCs. Hinduism will continue to grow exclusively from population growth. Buddhism is expected to decline as its members are choosing to convert.

What are religion predictions of the 21st-century?

What is Islam's link to other Abrahamic religions, as well as its origin and diffusion?

Islam originated in west Asia, specifically in Mecca. It is an Abrahamic religion like Christianity and Judaism, making them very common. It's spread through expansion diffusion, then through relocation when traders went to search for goods in other countries.

What were the patterns of growth for religion in the 20th century?

Islam was the fastest growing major religion of the 20th century. It had 200 million members and made up 12.3% of the population. Buddhism had 127 million members and made up 8% of the population. Christianity has 560 million members and made up 32% of the population. Hinduism had 203 million members and made up 12.5% of the population. Chinese folk religion had 380 million members and made up 23.5% of the population, but drastically decreased by the 21st century.

What is the background of Islam?

Islam was the fastest growing religion of the 20th century, and will also be in the 21st-century. It is a universal religion, experiencing new conference and population growth. Indonesia has the most Muslims. Islam is the second largest religion in the world, making up 22% of the world population. There are over 1.9 billion Muslims. It is also the second largest religion in the United States.

What is diffusion like for universal religions, and why is there a lack of diffusion in particular religion?

Islam, for example, is a universal religion growing rapidly as it accepts convertants and is also prominent in areas of high population growth. Particular regions don't feel as well as they do not except people outside of the group who weren't born into it. They are restricted to one place.

What is diffusion like for universal religions, and why is there a lack of diffusion of particular religions?

What was the US immigration act of 1965?

It established a new immigration policy based on reuniting immigrant families and attracting skilled labor to the United States. It caused a big shift in the source of immigrants into the US, which was the rise in Latin Americans. Thus, Hispanics became the largest minority group, and made up 16% of the population. This was a large shift.

What is spatial interaction?

It includes the movement of phenomena, people practicing migration, visitation, shopping, the trade of technology, information, and disease. It is causing brain drain, the question of why the young and bright are moving to other places.

What is the demographic transition?

It is a shift from high birth and death rates, through declining death rates and high birthrates, to declining birth and death rates. Phase 1- high birth and death rates (slow pop increase, world prior to 1800) Phase 2- high birth rates, falling death rates (rapid pop. increase. Afghanistan, Uganda, Zambia) Phase 3- falling birth and death rates (slower pop. increase. Ghana, Guatemala, Iraq) Phase 4- low birth rates and death rates (stable/ very slow pop. increase. India & 38% of world) Phase 5- very low birth and death rates (stable or decreasing population, 46% of the worlds population, Japan, USA, South Korea)

What is geocentrism?

It is the belief that your country is far more important than other places, and is in the center of the map.

What is ethnic cleansing?

It is the mindset of "if you're not one of us, you can't live here". They push away anyone who isn't their race or culture.

What is an example of environmental adaptation?

Jews and Muslims don't eat pork because they know it spoils quickly and can make you sick. Some cultures only eat fish and no red meat on Fridays because it's healthier.

What is the center of global migration, a.k.a. the source of migrants?

LDCs are the main source of immigrants, mainly coming from South Asia, south east Asia, Latin America, and Africa. They commonly go to places like North America, Europe, and southwest Asia. In America, the biggest source of immigrants come from China, India, and Mexico.

What is the definition of language?

Language is learned and shared means of communication. Shared language promotes political, economic, social, and other exchanges. In geography, we are most interested in spatial distribution of languages, diffusion of languages, why some languages thrive while others fail to survive, and the link to the environment. Language can be affected by one's natural environment. Eskimos have any different words to describe snow!

What is used for absolute location?

Latitude and longitude lines

Where is the original Lingua Franka?

Lingua Franka is a mix of languages to communicate with other groups. The original lingua Franka was in the Mediterranean region in the old world, where Europe, Asia, and Africa met. They traded in market places and used a mixture of languages such as French, Italian, Greek, Arabic, and Spanish, which became the international language of trade, business, and communication. Swahili is another language that was developed in East Africa of Arabic and African languages.

What are MDC's and LDC's?

MDC's are more developed countries, and LDC's are less developed countries. About 1 billion people reside in MDC's, while 6-7 billion people reside in less developed countries.

What are the birth rates and death rates of MDCs versus LDCs?

MDC's gain around 5704 people a day, making them have a lower birth rate and a lower death rate. LDCs gain around 221,324 people a day, making them have a higher birth rate and lower death rate. This is because they have a generally younger population.

What is the population composition in LDCs versus MDCs, and challenges facing each group?

MDCs struggle to reach a 2.1 fertility rate, which is why they encourage having children with incentives provided. MDCs make up about 20% of the population, and less people are working to support the retirees. This causes the retirement age to go up by six months quite frequently. LDCs struggle with sustainability due to high fertility rates and may provide awareness of the issue and solutions such as birth control. LDCs make up about 80% of the global population. Many have decided that they can't sustain population growth, which causes famine and many people to die. Some are as extreme as having a one child per family policy to improve quality of life.

What is the Malthusian theory?

Malthus theorized that the population grows faster than food supply. He stated that there are cycles of growth and decline, population growth flourishes while food is available, positive checks (war, famine, disease, natural disaster) will result in dramatic population decline with food shortages, then the cycle continues, of course unless preventive measures are taken these cycles will continue. He theorized that every 25 years, population seems to double while food supply only increases by one unit. He felt that nature would have to restore balance between the population and food.

What are multilingual countries like?

Many countries are multilingual and try to teach other people all of the different languages, such as Switzerland and Singapore. Many of these places are proud of their multilingual Nature and diversity. Switzerland speaks German, French, Italian, and Romansh.

What are some of the population policies in MDCs (pro naturalist) and LDCs (population control policies)?

Many countries that are MDCs provide money to families per child that they have. They have pro naturalist policies because they want a stable population, which would require the population to grow. LDCs commonly have population control policies and want you to have less children to bring down growth and stabilize it.

What are selective and restrictive immigration policies?

Many countries use policies to select and restrict who can migrate to their country. All governments regulate who comes into their country, but few regulate who leaves. Many communist countries used to not allow people to leave, and some still don't. Most MDC's have common immigration policies and goals, which is that they want immigrants who will be an asset to their society. Selective policies may assign points to people based off of factors including age, education, and wealth to make the cut that year.

What is internal migration like in Pennsylvania?

Many people are moving from the western counties to the south east counties, such as the Philly metro area in the Pittsburgh metro area.

What is a map scale?

Map scale refers to the distance on the map relevant to distance in the real world/reality. The smaller the area that scale represents, the more detail we have. For example, 1 inch representing 500 yards versus 1 inch representing 2000 miles will be more accurate

What are the mental maps of Americans commonly like?

Mental maps of Americans are often distorted, as we believe we are much bigger than we actually are. We also are lacking in the skills used to determine where other countries are and things about them.

What was the largest country source of immigrants into America from 1965 to 2007?

Mexico (legal and illegal)

What is the AIDS cultural hearth?

Most likely Sub Saharan Africa, but this is not as important as the diffusion. It spread from there to Europe, Haiti, and the US through relocation diffusion.

What is natural population growth?

Natural population growth happens because we have more people born than die. The natural growth rate is equal to the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate, plus or minus migration per 1000 people.

What are the nova words and business blunders?

Nova awards are given to businesses who make major translation blunders. Nova means "won't go" in Spanish, which makes the Chevy nova the most famous business blender. Business blunders happen internationally. In the United States, a curling iron called the mist stick was sold in Germany, but failed because mist means manure in German. Coca-Cola in Chinese means bite the wax tad pole. Gerber put a picture of a baby on baby food in sub-Saharan Africa where they are illiterate, so they thought that it was babies as food. Finger licking good in Chinese means eat your fingers off. Got milk in Spanish means are you lactating?

What are OIC countries?

OIC= Organization of Islamic conference. 57 countries belong to it, including countries in west Asia, north Africa, south east Africa, southeast Asia, and more.

How do we change/reform our immigration policy?

Our immigration policy is a very controversial issue, and many have called for reform. But, the last reform was in 1986, which were only the initial steps. Not much today has been accomplished for reform, but there are continuous debates. Many commissions and panels talk about reform, but none have taken place.

What are the trends within Pennsylvania?

PA has slowed growth. Thus, we get less money from the government and less physical clout. We lost a seat in Congress and we are projected to lose another.

What does political geography focus on?

Political geography overlaps with political science. It focuses on spatial, geographic, and the location of activities, and the reason that they're there.

What has the political organization evolution been like, and what are the types of societies?

Political organizations evolved slowly. -band societies: small, less than 30 people. Egalitarianism (no social hierarchy). No territoriality (land ownership/clear-cut boundaries). Communal living (Sharing of resources and equality). Grew into tribal Societies. -tribal societies: greater than 100 people. Native American and African groups (still today in Sub Saharan Africa). Unite to face external threats. Egalitarianism and territoriality. Evolved into chiefdoms over time. -chiefdoms: hierarchical chief/ leader in charge. Emirates, sultanates, city-states, etc. kingdoms abs empires led to monarchies, which led to democratic revolution (absolute vs. constitutional monarchy's with a goal to limit the powers of the leader)

What is the population distribution and density?

Population density is equal to the total population percentage divided by the total area, or the number of people per Km2/M2. The country with the highest density is Bangladesh, with 2594 people per square mile. The United States is eighth with 80 people per square mile.

What are push and pull factors, and examples of each?

Push factors caused people to move, while pull factors cause people to come. Each have political, economic, and environmental examples. The push factor of one place can be the pull factor of another. Political- being a refugee (discrimination/ fear for your life) escaping dictatorship, want to experience diversity and equality Economic- Jobs, opportunities, smaller cost of living Environmental- rising seas, melting of icebergs, volcanoes, hurricanes, earthquakes.

What are regions, and how are they created?

Regions are aerial classifications of the world, created by dividing the world into smaller units to simplify and study. The divisions can be based off of climate, economics, culture, and much more.

What is the most useful and most important form of location?

Relative location

What is religion?

Religion is a learned, shared set of beliefs... That may or may not be verified empirically or proven, yet determine and influence people's actions and course of history. "We believe it, it must be true." Not based on science or observation. It is the most powerful mobilization tool in history. It is easy to get people to do something if it's for God or a higher cause.

When is religion abused?

Religion is often used and abused to justify political ambitions. People are most likely to go to war if it's for God. Religion of groups can be discriminated against to start wars. Palestine is divided into two states based on different religions half of their land is controlled by Jews and the other half is controlled by Christians and Muslims. Religion is only a problem when it specifically used for discrimination. Jerusalem is divided into 4 quarters based on religions, and never had problems until one religion decided they wanted all of the land.

What are the different trends in south and east Asia?

South Asia took over east Asia has the largest population node, and India is projected to take over China.

What are the 3 to 4 stages to the transition theory of population growth?

Stage 1- high birth rate and high death rate that cancel each other out to make 0% growth. No countries are in the stage today. Stage 2 & 3- birthrates and death rates start to decline, but death rate declines at a much faster rate, causing growth. Afghanistan is in this stage. Stage 4- Low birth rate and low death rate, which is the end of the transition and they cancel each other out. Germany, Japan, India, Spain, and other MDC's are in the stage.

What are the sun belt in and the snow belt?

The Sun Belt receives over 150 days of sunny weather, while the snow belt receives over 120 inches of snow each year.

What are dialects?

The US and itself has different dialects, including Florida, New York City, west and east New England, Western PA, west, north, Texas south, and England south. The UK calls gas petrol, yellow lights amber lights, and road trips car journeys.

What is the long-term energy policy in the United States?

The US does not have a long-term energy policy. We import about 40% of our oil, as we use 20bb A day but only produce 11.6bb. We are the largest oil consumer in the world, as we consume 1/4 of it. Trump is promoting less efficient energy sources, and our consumption was decreasing until he came into office. The demand is rising and the supply is diminishing. The US charges very cheaply for gas where as other countries that are more developed discourage it and make it more expensive.

What is the rate of US population growth?

The US population growth is positive, and equal to about .005%.

What are the United States language policies?

The United States does not have an official language. 37 of the 50 states have English as their official language. Immigrants who come here speak many different languages. Many states have a high percentage of Spanish speakers. Pennsylvania has a high percentage of Dutch due to the Amish. US signs are diverse depending on the location.

What is the annual rate of growth versus doubling time?

The annual rate of growth (natural increase rate) is the percent average of yearly growth in the prior. Doubling time plays off of the rate of growth, which is the number of years required for the population to double. This number has been greatly decreasing since the 1800s because the population growth rate is continually increasing.

What is internal & regional migration like in the US?

The average American moves internally seven times in their lifetime between different parts of the US. The most important pattern of regional migration here is from the rust belt (cold and industrial NE&MW) to the sun belt (S&W). Additionally, people are moving to metro counties and coastal counties.

Where is the bulk of the worlds population?

The bulk of the worlds population is in the northern hemisphere, centered on the Tropic of Cancer. More than a third of the worlds population lives in just two countries, China and India.

What is the ABC program?

The bush administration made a multibillion dollar program for aids prevention in sub-Saharan Africa called the ABC program. It said to (a) practice abstinence, (b) be faithful and have one sex partner, and (c) use a condom. It was very successful to drop the new cases, and it along with other programs made meds more affordable. Free generic aids meds have been given the over 5 million people in the region, with a goal to get it to all of the 20+ million who need it. Today, both globally and in sub-Saharan Africa, the number of cases and deaths have declined since 2005. There are antiviral drugs, but they are very expensive. This is why the meds must be provided free, as most Africans cannot afford them.

What is the caste system, and what are the Aryan and Dravidian influences on it?

The caste system is based on the hierarchy of natural substances. All creatures are made of different natural substances that are consequently and inherently unequal. People and creatures are ranked based upon the power and the purity of the substance. The caste system is a byproduct of Aryan influence. The Aryan invaders conquered most of India, especially the north, and reign to themselves as the warrior cast, being the highest cast. Overtime, through Dravidian influence, there has been a switch to make the learned class or educated class the highest class. The warrior cast became second, merchants and farmers third, and peasants and servants fourth. Though, the caste system is highly detailed and stratified, with over 3000 castes, making it a very rigid classification. For example, you're not just born a farmer, but a rice or wheat farmer. It determines what you do, who you marry, who you associate with, and where are you live. If you're poor, you stay there and deserve it.

What are the fertility rates of MDCs and LDCs?

The fertility rate in MDCs is lower and declining, while in LDCs, it is higher and increasing. US=2.0

What is the actual balance between population and resources, making Malthus inaccurate?

The food supply is growing faster than the population.

What are the population growth trends in MDCs and LDCs?

The growth rate in MDCs is smaller, making up about 20% of the worlds population. The population growth rate in LDCs is much larger, making of about 80% of the worlds population.

What are income distributions in MDCs and LDCs?

The highest average income country in the world is Qatar with $134,000 a year. It's from the oil and gas, but 90% of their population is foreigners there for work. The United States averages $55,100. MDCs tend to have a higher average income than LDCs with some exceptions.

What did we learn from the AIDS maps of the US?

The highest rates were in the largest cities, and where dense population and immigration are. It spread through hierarchical diffusion, as it filtered down to rural areas. Cool areas are areas with low infection rates.

What is the human development Index (HDI) and why is it a more meaningful measure?

The human development Index (HDI)= income score + life expectancy score + literacy score. It is very accurate as it includes an economic measure, a health measure, and in education measure. The US was ranked 12th in 2018 we lose points on life expectancy as many are under insured. Iceland is ranked first. We would be fourth or fifth if it wasn't for life expectancy. The LDCs are on the bottom of the HDI chart (Sun Saharan Africa), Russia is in the middle, and MDC's are on top (North America). Adding in a quality would drop us to 23rd on the HDI list.

What are three things that may cause famines?

The redirection of food, the destruction of productive capacity to grow food, and the total neglect of those who are hungry. Today, there are 1 billion people hungry, 800 million malnourished, and 1 billion obese.

What are the regional trends between the sun belt and the Rust Belt?

The rust belt is the north east (Great Lakes region) and the Midwest. The sun belt has rapid growth in the south and west, and either decline or slowed growth in the north east and the Midwest. The fastest growing states are all in the sun belt.

Where are most of the cases of aids in the US today?

The south has the highest infection rate, as they have not given help or taking precautionary measures as the rest of the country has. California provides free condoms and needles to help avoid the spread.

What is the difference in China versus India?

The state of Kerala in India decided to empower their women by giving them birth control, and their children education and health assistance. This successfully lead to them leveling out their fertility rate. China achieved this by setting laws to decrease the number of women and how many kids they could legally have.

What are the top 3 languages of the world?

The top languages of the world are determined by the number of native speakers. 1. Mandarin Chinese (1B+) 2. English (470M) 3. Hindi (450+M), Will most likely take over English due to population growth. -fourth is Finnish with 380 million, and fifth is Arabic with 330 million.

What is the transition theory of population growth?

The transition theory of population growth is used by many regions, and states that all countries and regions will go through the same population/demographic transition. It has 3 to 4 stages.

What are the two large population nodes in east and south Asia?

The two largest population those are in east and south Asia. East Asia has 1.6 billion people, and includes China, Japan, both Korea's, and Taiwan. South Asia has over 1.8 billion people, and includes India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Newton, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives.

What are nominal believers vs. practicing believers?

The vast majority of people are nominal believers. They are born into the religion, and are non-practicing. They did not consciously decide which religion is for them. The irony is that we are in the information age and have access to explore. Practicing believers are true believers who live by their faith.

What are universal and particular religions?

The worlds religions can be divided into two groups, universal religions and particular religions, also known as ethnic or tribal religions. Universal religions are meant for all people and have active missionaries recruiting and converting believers. These are found in many regions and countries. Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism are all universal religions. Particular religions are made for one ethnic or tribal group, and usually do not accept new members to be converted. You must be born into it. Hinduism is an example, as well as other small groups.

What is the major demographic change of today?

There is a shift towards an older population, especially in richer countries. At current rates, the worlds population aged over 65 is likely to double in 50 years. This can cause inter-generational inequalities and conflicts to become more pronounced.

Why is English the dominant language in India, Nigeria, and other countries?

These countries are multilingual, and need a language to unite them. India has 18 official languages, so English is the language that unites all of India. Nigeria, like India, had hundreds of different languages, including many families. Once again, they made English their national language to unite them.

What is a youth bulge?

This is the rapid increase in the number of people between ages 15 and 24. It can increase social conflict when the cohort increases beyond 20% of the population.

What is demographic dividend?

This occurs when birth rates fall substantially, requiring less investment in the very young, and before the population starts to age dramatically, requiring more money spent on caring for elderly. This may happen in countries moving from phase 3 to phase 4. The dependency ratio is calculated by dividing the working age population, those aged 15 to 75, by the non-working age population, those aged 0 to 14 and those older than 65. A full demographic dividend is possible only a female participation rates are high in the workforce. The demographic dividend results in a net affect of more younger and productive workers. It pays off for countries as the labor supply increases relative to those who are dependent. More money is invested in production, and more capital is made available for investment.

What is the modern lingua Franka?

Today, the Lingua Franka is English. But, today, instead of mixing languages, a second language that is commonly used by others for communication is used to speak to others who have different native languages. Popular languages that are commonly the first or second language of many are used.

What are the new independent countries, and what has decolonization been like?

Today, there are very few colonies left. All that are left are a few small island territories who thought they'd be better off connected to a large country. Since 1945, the United Nations has increased from 51 countries to 194 in 2011. Many African countries gain independence in the 1950s. South Sudan is the newest independent country. Many Asian countries in west Europe have gained independence in the last 30 years.

What type of geography is mostly used to study cultural geography?

Topical geography

What is the difference between culture and the United States and Canada?

US- melting pot= myth! We think that over time immigrants will melt into our culture, like a stew melting eventually over time. But in reality, we only share some cultural values. We have many subcultures, like little Italy, China towns, and a little Havana's. Canada- Canada promotes multiculturalism, like a salad bowl! You can tell the distinct cultures. Immigrants are encouraged retain the root cultures. TVs even have 16 different languages.

What is urban flight?

Urban flight ("white flight") is when middle class white families flee the cities for a comfortable life in the suburbs. This causes cities to be more diverse, and suburbs to be predominantly white.

Where is the US center of population?

We are in the US center of population, but it is mainly Baltimore Maryland. Though, it includes the Great Lakes, Boston, Washington DC, and where the US meets Canada. It is slowly moving Southwest.

What immigration incentive failed in early America?

We automatically gave out a green card if someone invested $1 million to us, but not many did this.

What is immigration into America like today?

We get around 1 million immigrants per year. 22% of immigrants come from China, 17.5% come from India, and the third biggest source is Mexico. The number one destination of immigration in the United States is California(19.4%), and large urban places with diverse cultures. Texas, New York, and Florida also get many immigrants. The United States is becoming more diverse, in the older population is predominantly white.

What are the pros and cons of each stage of demographic transition?

Whereas the first stage sees declining death rates, high birth levels lead to a higher proportion of unproductive members. The middle phases increase the proportion of economically productive individuals, if there are enough opportunities for working age individuals. When birth rates fall and life expectancy's rise in later stages, experience prevails and transferable assets can accumulate, but a more elderly population may hoard wealth and demand more public benefits.

What are the fertility rates for major racial American groups?

White- 1.85 Black- 2.02 American Indian- 1.73 Asian- 1.9 Hispanic- 2.82 (highest)

What is out-migration like in America? Who leaves? Where do they go? Consequences?

Who- Young, educated, marketable people (brain drain) Where- Canada, Philippines, Mexico, Israel Why- better jobs, adventure and study, new cultures, family connections, politics, economics (inexpensive places), universal healthcare Consequences- we suffer the negative effects of brain drain (less skilled workers in our country)

What is the formula for population growth in the world and in a specific area?

World= birthrate- deathrate (natural population growth) Area= natural population growth +/- net migration

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