Cultural Psychology Midterm 2
Integration
individual attempts to fit in and fully participate in host culture, while also maintaining heritage culture Associated with the least acculturative stress Incorporates protective features (e.g. lack of prejudice, access to two support groups)
Separation
individual maintains heritage culture and does not try to fit in with host culture One loses the protective features associated with fitting into the host culture Individuals may, in turn, be rejected by the host culture
What are some factors that predict the existence of "adolescent rebellion"
individualism and modernity
Primary control
initiating a direct action to achieve a goal
Education cultivates abstract skills T/F
T
multicultural people show more pronounced effects of priming due to more clear-cut neural networks t/f?
T
Self-consistency not seen as important for those with interdependent self-concepts T/f?
T More than ½ the worlds population ==> collectivistic cultures ==> interdependent
Language Acquisition Device
helps organize the learning of language
cultural distance
how much two cultures differ in their overall ways of life One predictor - Language More similar one's heritage culture is to the host culture, the less acculturative stress they experience. More successful adjustment was seen among Malaysian exchange students who studied in Singapore than those who studied in New Zealand
Subjective self awareness
in this state we interact with the world, largely unaware of ourselves in it (like 1st person)
Assimilation
individual attempts to fit in and fully participate in host culture and rejects one's heritage culture Accompanied by loss of social support network from heritage culture
Acculturation
process by which people migrate to and learn a culture that's different from their heritage culture *u shaped curved involves psychological adjustment (stressful)
Universal grammar
proposed that language learning is hard-wired Suggests even without teaching language can be learned naturally Linguistic Theory *B.F. Skinner and Noam Chomsky??
People w/ independent selves have primary or secondary control?
they tend to have entity theories of self, but incremental theories of the world The self has fixed attributes while the world is malleable Thus, people exercise "primary control" = people strive to change circumstances to fit their desires
Self-concepts shaped by____ ?
values, beliefs of the culture Major distinction in cultures ==> Individualism versus Collectivism
Emerging Age Differences in Cultural Thinking
* East Asians engage in more dialectical thinking (world is seen as changing and in constant flux). When shown a linear trend, East Asians more likely to predict a reversal of the trend Pattern not found with 7-year-olds Difference begins to show with 9-year-olds *Difference is much more pronounced with 11-year-olds
What happens when we move? (acculturation)
-honeymoon period -culture shock ...reverse culture shock (often) -adjustment *In homogenous cultures, sometimes no adjustment is made resulting in an L-shaped curve
In the textbook, the Muller-Lyer Illusion is discussed in terms of how it demonstrates an important point in cross-cultural research. Which of the following answers below best summarizes the main point made in this discussion. That as it relates to some psychological processes, the most often studied group of research participants are closer to the exception, than the rule That though there are differences in many psychological processes across cultures, spatial perception does not differ very much between cultures Although people may perceive differences in lines, it is not a particularly cultural phenomenon as it is more a product of early experiences That Americans are not good judges of lines and space
???
3. Which of the following is NOT a predictor of higher gender egalitarianism? a)Incremental theory of self b)Individualism c)Urbanization d)Northern countries
A
4. Which country has the highest gender egalitarianism? a)Germany b)United States c)Pakistan d)Japan
A
Sensitive Periods—Language Acquisition
At birth we are capable of speaking any language As infants, our brains pay selective attention to sounds from the language most familiar to us Brain becomes accustomed to particular phonemes, and loses ability to perceive phonemes not used FUNCTIONALLY DEAF
Two issues with implications for outcome of acculturation
Attitudes toward host culture Attitudes toward heritage culture Attitudes lead to distinct strategies that affect the acculturation experience
Imagine that Georgi moved to Canada from Bulgaria about a year ago. We might expect that he is a) having a more difficult time acculturating than his neighbor, who moved from a small tribe from the Amazon. b) adjusting to Canadian life, and is fully integrated into the community. c) having the time of his life, and is reveling in his new and exotic home. d) struggling, as he feels a bit homesick and has not yet made many Canadian friends.
D
The Kingdom of Zorblax is about to colonize a bunch of aboriginal tribes living on a foreign continent. The culture of Zorblax is characterized by a system in which people live on collective farms and take what they need from those farms. Which of the following foreign aboriginal tribes will experience the least amount of acculturative stress under the Kingdom of Zorblax? a) the Ngouma, a coastal tribe that is accustomed to fishing for food b) the Divan, a tribe that lives in the forest and subsists on hunting large animals c) the Moche, an individualistic tribe that engages in social facilitation d) the Poranga, a tribe that heavily engages in communal sharing
D
Gender a combination of biology and socialization T/f
Gender norms have persisted over time - even when culture moves on from agricultural base Plowing societies have continued to be less egalitarian
Hofstede (1980) Cultural Dimensions of behavior
Hired by IBM to explore values and concerns of employees around the world Surveyed 117k employees in 40 countries Identified striking differences in collectivism versus individualism Individualism highest in the United States, followed by other English-speaking countries and Western European nations Collectivism especially prevalent in Asia and Latin America but also seen in Africa, Eastern and Southern Europe, and South Pacific
Characteristic of the Western world
Identity is experienced as largely independent from others. Identity remains largely constant across roles and situations. Important aspects of identity are one's personal characteristics. Fluidity exists between ingroups and outgroups.
Characteristic of much of non-western world
Identity is interdependent with others Identity changes across situations as roles change. Roles, relationships, and memberships constitute important aspects of the self. Clear distinction exists between ingroup and outgroup
entity theories of self
Implicit theory about the self that asserts the self is largely stable, static Research supports this in some areas (e.g., personality traits) Beliefs about whether or not the self is changeable or static influences behavior → Ex. Academic performance Varies by culture failure: blaming their own innate lack of ability => westerners
incremental theories of self
Implicit theory of self that suggests the self is malleable Important dimensions (e.g., i ntelligence) can be improved with effort Individual seen as having control over outcome *encountering failure: those with incremental theories of self respond by increasing efforts => Asians
Sleeping arrangements Indians guided by 4 principles:
Incest avoidance - most important principle in both cultures Protection of the vulnerable Female chastity anxiety Respect for hierarchy
Some cultures much more equal than others (Gender equality)
Just 3% of elected officials in Arab nations are women In Swedish Parliament, 45% of those elected are female In Brazil - equal number of literate men and women - only half as many women literate in Pakistan Religion - especially Protestant associated with greater equality between genders
Percentage of Time in Bodily Contact with Infant by Country Keller's 2007 inverstigation
Keller's (2007) investigation revealed vast cultural differences in how mothers interacted with their infants German - lowest NSO - highest
Sensitive Periods for Language Learning
Language learning ==> a sensitive period until about the age of 7 Newborns have ability to recognize and make sound of all phonemes until around 12 months AS EARLY AS 4 DAYS OLD, infants begin showing preference for own language over other languages Language acquisition device and universal grammar
Collectivism in the U.S.
Largely individualistic, but not universally so Regional differences in degree of collectivism Hawaii most collectivistic - followed by Utah and some
Cultural Differences in Adolescence
Many cultures regard adolescence as time of turbulence 44% of societies had expectations for male antisocial behavior 18% for females Most cultures did not expect adolescents to act especially disobediently
Victor of Aveyron & Genie
Observations of the consequences of deprivation - rare cases Neither developed anything close to normal language skills
Why Cultures Vary in Self-Enhancement
Parental and societal effects for cultural variation in self-enhancement American and Taiwanese parents differ on the importance of self-esteem American mothers consider it central to child rearing, and that it should be cultivated -Western parents generally focus on stories involving child's successes Taiwanese parents feel that high self-esteem may be detrimental to the child -Taiwanese parent told stories about a child's past transgressions/failures
Predictions for Trends Reversing Direction by culture & age
Participants ages 7, 9, 11 Chinese and Canadian participants asked about the likelihood a trend would change "a child is always sad" - how will the child feel tomorrow??? *As the children age, Canadian children come to expect that the trends will change direction less often than Chinese children (weeke 5 slides)
1st vs 2nd Languages
People exposed to 2 languages from infanthood show activation in the same part of brain area ==> associated with speech production People who learn a second language later ==> activation in different parts of brain
Evidence across a variety of cultures show that formal education affects how people reason. T/F?
T ; Beyond just explicit learning. Formal education allows people to think abstractly Also affects people's ability to create taxonomic categories (categories based on some shared attribute, or some rule)
Luria's (1976) participants, no formal education, asked: Given a group of four objects— a hammer, a saw, a log, and a hatchet, which object does not belong?
They created groups based on relationships (saw and hatchet to work with log) rather than some shared attribute (saw, hatchet, and hammer are tools).
Somewhat universal that people think of each other in terms of underlying personalities
This is especially the case with Westerners
Researchers investigated cultures that primarily used ploughs during and before nineteenth century versus those that did not
Those that relied on ploughs before were currently still low on gender egalitarianism and less female labor force participation. The same was found in the United States with immigrants' cultures of origin as a predictor. *More evidence of persistence of culture -
Asian cultures often have greater family cohesion, better grades, but less happy children
True
Western parents often try to take the perspective of the child - and make bigger deal of minor accomplishments
True
Consistent in context it may be the case that - (why?)
Westerners (independent self-conceptions) strive to be consistent with themselves While Easterners (interdependent self-conceptions) strive to be consistent with others Researchers found that Easterners more likely to comply with request when informed that peers had previously complied with request Westerners more likely to comply with request if they (themselves) had complied previously
Adolescent rebellion
a developmental milestone considered by Western researchers to be natural Assumed to be due to hormonal changes in puberty Characterized by disobedience, delinquency, and defiance of authority Once considered more-or-less universal Ethnographies of 175 pre-industrialized societies revealed that over half of them did not associate adolescence with antisocial behavior
Xing, a Chinese stock broker, and Joe, a Canadian stock broker, are being asked to predict the trend of a stock that has been gaining value for the past 3 years. Xing likely thinks the stock will ______, and Joe likely thinks the stock will ______.
a) continue to go up; continue to go up b) continue to go up; go down c) go down; continue to go up d) go down; go down C?
The Parkers are an American family planning for how its family members will be sleeping. The moral value that won't be reflected in their sleeping arrangements is
a) protection of the vulnerable. b) incest avoidance. c) the autonomy ideal. d) the sacred couple. e) All of these are values reflected equally in American sleeping arrangements. A
The "terrible twos" is a developmental stage that
a) signals adolescent rebellion later in life. b) is an existential universal. c) is an accessibility universal. d) is a functional universal. D
Cultural differences in psychological processes emerge with _______?
age
Which of the following people would you expect to feel the need to maintain "face"? a. "I go along with what other people want to do, and make myself enjoy it." b. "I am made this way." c. "I make myself feel good about myself." d. "I avoid negative consequences."
d
Sensitive period for learning culture (culture acquisition) Cheung, Chudek, and Heine (2011)
investigated the existence of a sensitive period for acquiring culture Distinct sensitive period for language learning Large group of Hong Kong immigrants to Canada studied Interested in sensitive period for cultural acquisition Analyses focused on finding the role of *(a) age at time of immigration; and *(b) years spent in Canada
Sacred couple principle
married couples must have own space
Prevention orientation
motivated to act conservatively to maintain face "Goal is to avoid negative outcomes" In cultures concerned with face, more of a prevention orientation than promotion orientation.
Marginalization
negative attitudes toward both host and heritage cultures; relatively rare Least successful strategy Associated with a weakened social support system
Frame-switching
people maintain multiple self-concepts and switch between them depending on context Self-concepts are represented by a network of ideas in the mind/brain.
"face"
social value given by others if one fulfills obligations and expectations Fairly recent concept in the west "Saving face"
Sensitive period
span of organism's life when it can gain a new skill relatively easily Skill acquisition after this period becomes much more difficult Evident across different species, and domains Not applicable to all areas of learning in humans but applies to LANGUAGE AND CULTURE ACQUISITION
Autonomy ideal
suggests that children must be made to become self-reliant
Americans see actions as reflections of their choices t/f
t
Individualistic societies take many types of choices for granted t/f
t
Linguistic differences appear to contribute to poorer performance for Americans t/f
t
Cultural fit
the degree to which one's personality is more similar to the dominant cultural values in the host culture Evidence suggests that people who are high in extraversion fare well in largely extraverted cultures People with more independent self-concepts suffer less distress in acculturating to the U.S. than those with more interdependent self-concepts
dialectical thinking
world is seen as changing and in constant flux
Some aspects of self-concept are universal, others are culturally variable
"How we view ourselves" differs greatly across cultures
Birging
"basking in reflected glory" using others successes to enhance
Incremental theories of the self, a type of implicit theory, are a) more common among East Asians than Westerners. b) associated with an emphasis on IQ tests as a means to assess students. c) very unusual in the context of the world's cultures. d) associated with less effort in the face of failures.
A
The terrible twos
A virtual given in the west Not present to the same degree in many other cultures Japanese view two-year old outbursts as indicators of immaturity Some cultures hold their babies much of the day - oppositional behavior occurs less frequently
Americans students take what perspective?
American students - take a subjective perspective when thinking about themselves - they perceive situations based on what they see (1st person)
Who Am I? - The 20 Statement Test Across Cultures
Americans (and Kenyan undergrads) describe themselves in terms of enduring traits and personal characteristics. -Characterizes findings in many Western countries Nonstudent populations in Kenya, however, describe themselves in terms of roles and relationships. -Characterizes findings in much of the non-Western world
Perception of Ourselves American and Japanese students participated in a self-evaluation task Completed study measures in front of a mirror or not
Americans more self-critical when in front of mirror when forced to see themselves
Big source of differences in socialization comes from infant interactions with mothers T/F?
Any differences found in this domain is of great importance: THESE INTERACTIONS MARK THE BEGINNING OF CHILDREN'S SOCIALIZATION PROCESS WORKING MODELS
Students compared at 1st and 5th grade By 5th grade - best performing American schools about as proficient as worst performing Asian Schools
Asian schools had longer school year, more homework, more real world examples, and more in class lecture time
Asian students - took a more ____ perspective
Asian students - took a more objective perspective - viewing themselves as they believed others likely view them (3rd person)
6. Tran is a very successful accountant, but spends a lot of time thinking about what her supervisor thinks of her work, if she is spending enough time with her daughter, and if her parents are satisfied with her career path. Which of the following is she exhibiting? a)Subjective Self-Awareness b)Objective Self-Awareness c)Entity Theory of Mind d)Incremental Theory of Mind
B
7. Kim is really outgoing when hanging out with her friends from school, but acts more reserved when spending time with her family. Kim also tries to be much more cheerful and optimistic when talking with her friends from work. Which of the following provides the best explanation about her self-consistency? a)She was socialized through her culture's education program and absorbed a significant amount of cultural learning b)She has an East Asian background and strives to be consistent with others, depending on the context. c)She is experiencing adolescent hormonal changes, and exploring culturally appropriate ways of expressing herself d)She is fake and cannot be trusted
B
8. According to the findings of Ma & Schoeneman (1997), when they examined their Kenyan participants? a)Masai and Samburu tribesmen had a similar percentage of statements involving personal characteristics when compared to Kenyan college students. b)American college students had a similar percentage of statements involving interpersonal roles and memberships when compared to c)Kenyan college students Kenyan workers had a similar percentage of statements involving personal characteristics when compared to Kenyan college students d)Kenyan college students were the most interdependent group in the study
B
Mike, a Canadian, habitually engages in self-enhancement. He recently received an F in his literature review assignment. Which of the following would you NOT expect him to do? a. blame Gary to be mean and strict on grading b. compare himself with how the best student in her class did c. disregard the importance of the assignment d. think about how the student with the lowest score in class did
B
Which of the following is not a reason given for why East Asians outperform Americans in math? a)East Asian mothers set higher standards for their children b)East Asians tend to focus on areas that can be improved c)American mothers are less satisfied with their children's math performance d)East Asians appear to place more value on math education
B
Origin of Gender Inequality
Bosterup (1970) argued that culture differences in gender norms may result from type of agricultural method -In particular, cultures that rely primarily on ploughs are expected to be associated with more gender inequality Children often stay with women due to dangers of being around ploughs (and large animals that pull ploughs). Strong division of labor is thus established
9. Compared to Hong Kong immigrants to moved to Canada after 18, Hong Kong immigrants who arrived to Canada before age 15: a)Were less strongly identified with Canadian culture, the longer they lived in Canada b)Were similarly identified with Canadian culture, the longer they lived in Canada c)Were more strongly identified with Canadian culture, the longer they lived in Canada d0Were completely unable to learn how to speak English
C
Rochcom P'ngieng
Cambodia woman who lived in the jungle on her own from ages 6 to 28.
Factors that that may predict how well a person may adjust to the new host culture
Cultural distance Cultural fit Acculturation strategies
The different ways that people are socialized in their world bring about what?
Cultural norms (and cultural differences)
Ambrose has an independent self, and Hayden has an interdependent self. Which of the following is TRUE about Hayden? a) He draws a weaker distinction between a stranger at the bus stop and his brother. b) He feels that his identity is based largely on his sense that he's an outgoing and extraverted person. c) He acts the same way regardless of the context or situation. d) He activates the same brain regions when thinking about himself and his mother, whereas Ambrose doesn't.
D
Felipe is a bicultural who has integrated aspects of his Korean heritage culture and his Spanish culture into his everyday life. According to what was discussed in class, compared with other biculturals who haven't done the same, Felipe will a. show little acculturative stress b. definitely score higher on measures of cultural fit c. be less likely to develop ethnic identity crisis d. be more likely to engage in frame-switching
D
When Americans and Japanese evaluate themselves in front of a mirror, a) Americans have more positive views of themselves than they normally do. b) Japanese have more positive views of themselves than they normally do. d) Japanese have more negative views of themselves than they normally do. d) None of the above
D ???
Given Bosterup's thesis about agricultural methods centuries ago affecting gender attitudes now, what is this type of relationship between agricultural methods and gender attitudes an example of? a) power distance b) distal cause c) vertical collectivism d) evoked culture
D???
The Big Five personality traits a) are only clearly observed in Western cultural contexts. b) do not vary significantly in magnitude across cultures. c) are believed to be unique to humans. d) emerge identically across cultures, regardless of what language the trait terms are derived from. e) None of these statements are true.
E???
Evidence in support of Weber
German Protestants had stronger achievement motivations than German Catholics Protestant parents encouraged their children to become self-reliant earlier than Catholic parents Stories by Protestant boys had more evidence of achievement motivations than stories of Catholic boys
What are some predictors of higher gender egalitarianism?
Greater individualism - Urbanization - Northern countries more egalitarian than Southern countries *Note that these are correlations not causes of gender egalitarianism
Percentage of Time in Face-to-Face Contact with Infant by Country Keller 2001
Greek highest Gujarati lowest
In one study, participants were asked to sit in different contexts (e.g. professor's office, with another student) and describe themselves (20 statements). Culture and Self-Consistently
Japanese participants varied in their self-descriptors depending on the context. American participants responded similarly across contexts
Stevenson and Stigler explanations for East Asians and Math Case Study
Math is taught differently between cultures (viz. school days in session, amount of homework, etc.) Cultural differences in the value of education among both mothers and children Cultural differences in how high expectations are that mothers have for their children East Asian numbering systems lend themselves to be manipulated and understood more easily than does the English numbering system
Five Factor Model of Personality
Openness to experience Curiosity, flexibility, imagination, artistic sensibility Conscientiousness Discipline, organization, dependable Extraversion Outgoing, upbeat, friendly, assertive, gregarious Agreeableness Sympathetic, trusting, cooperative, straightforward Neuroticism Anxious, hostile, self-conscious
Brains become cultural...
Our brain has adapted to quickly learn culture Allows for the acquisition of skills to exist in diverse cultures Brain adapts to THE CULTURE IT IS IMMERSED IN Socialization is the process that allows for this Brain wires itself based on socialization processes
Limits of the 5 Factor Model
Research in more than 50 different cultures has found the factors consistently appear NEO-PI-R - 240 item measure that is computer scored (Costa & McCrae, 1992) Translated into multiple languages Some research has identified these traits in some animal species Possible that some factors represent biological predispositions
Research with infants and the perception of phonemes reveals that
Research with infants and the perception of phonemes reveals that a) very young infants cannot distinguish between two phonemes from an unfamiliar language, whereas older infants can distinguish them. b) from birth on, infants slowly accumulate a growing number of phonemes that they can recognize, until they have learned all of the phonemes in their language. c) the lack of exposure to a language can lead people to be unable to distinguish between two phonemes from that language as they get older. d) 1-year-old infants can distinguish between two phonemes from an unfamiliar language, whereas 6-year-olds cannot. D
Researchers suggest the existence of a fundamental difference in how the self is subjectively organized.
Researchers have argued that this difference is based on people having either an independent or interdependent view of self
Case Study: East Asians and Math
Scores in East Asian schools were more similar (less spread out) to each other's than American schools. East Asian schools were much better than American schools. Cultural difference became more pronounced as children received more education.
Evidence inconsistent with Weber
Self-report surveys show that countries with the highest Protestant work ethic are countries which are non-Protestant countries (e.g. Mexico, Sri Lanka)
Problems with acculturation research
Sizeable pool of existing research but not very coherent or empirically grounded Results are not really generalizable Research is diffcult b/c number of factors that affect why people move and how they would respond in another culture.
Culture and Parent=
Studies usually show authoritative parenting to yield best results in terms of school achievement and perceived parental warmth, among others But some suggest the typology is reflection of Western notions and beliefs of development
Nativist approach
Suggests that there is an innate language learning mechanism
a tale of two cultures weddings
Syrians - basically go wild and have a good time Germans - not as much ...
Adolescence universally recognized as a distinct developmental period T/F?
T
Chinese had same regions activated when considering either T/F
T
Research finds that priming ideas (monocultural or multicultural) can lead to activation of associated networks t/f
T
Westerners had distinct brain regions identified when considering traits of themselves versus their mothers T/F
T
Western raised children make more individualistic comments when describing themselves
True
The Tsimane people of Bolivia show no evidence of the five-factors
Two-Factor Model Prosocial disposition Industriousness
Which of the following statements about the relationships between authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles is TRUE?
a) Both lead the child to be psychologically maladjusted. b) Authoritative parenting uses more democratic reasoning than does authoritarian parenting. c) Authoritarian parenting and authoritative parenting involve similar levels of parental warmth. d) Authoritative parenting makes the child less happy than authoritarian parenting.
Lee Hom and Eason are 25-year-old Hong Kong natives who have recently moved to Canada after having lived in Hong Kong all their lives. According to Cheung et al., which of the following best characterizes their adjustment to Canada?
a) The longer they stay in Canada, the more they identify with being Canadian. b) The longer they stay in Canada, the less they identify with being Canadian. c) The shorter their stay in Canada, the more they identify with being Canadian. d) There is no meaningful relationship between how long they stay in Canada and how much they identify with being Canadian. D??
Secondary control
aligning oneself with the realities of a situation and then adjusting to fit in Sometimes people have little chance of directly influencing their situations ==> stuck with secondary control
Max Weber's Thesis
argued that motivations for achievement are importantly tied to cultural ideas that came with the Protestant reformation Each person has a "calling" This gave work meaning A belief in "predestination"—before one was born, it was already determined whether one was going to heaven or hell Success was evidence of being predestined for heaven According to Weber, it was a moral duty to work to gain achievements People had to find their calling and devote their lives to it No one knew if they were among the "elect" —one clue was that God would only reward the elect Accumulation of capital laid foundations for capitalism The Protestant work ethic associated with a more independent self-concept and is a feature of many individualistic cultures
Learning theory
behaviorism
Self-efficacy
beliefs about your ability to successfully do something
Hippocrates believed ______/ Japanese believed ____
believed temperament is product of the 4 humors (bodily fluids) Japanese believe that personality traits are associated with the different blood types
Given current research on acculturation and health, which of the following would you expect? a) Jessica acculturated more quickly than Jasmine to the host culture, which means Jessica will likely live longer. b) How much acculturative stress Maggie experiences is unrelated to her overall health. c) Candice has acculturated to the host culture, which means she may develop unhealthy habits that lead to adverse health outcomes. d) John has decided to completely take on the host culture while ignoring his heritage culture, which means he will have the most positive health outcomes.
c
Reduced acculturative stress is associated with ____ a. introversion b. an independent view of self c. better cultural fit d. an interdependent view of self
c
Which of the following is true with regard to self-esteem? a. self-esteem is positively associated with acculturation b. people with high self-esteem tend to acculturate more quickly than people with low self-esteem c. people's self-esteem comes to approximate the self-esteem norms in the host culture as they acculturate d. There is no relation between self-esteem and acculturation
c
agency
capacity to act on free will
taxonomic categories
categories based on some shared attribute, or some rule
Objective self-awareness
conscious of the perceptions and evaluations of ourselves, by others (like 3rd person_)
5. Which of the following is false about parenting styles? a)In many Asian cultures, parenting style may change according to the child's developmental stage b)Permissive Parenting involves low demands and high warmth d)One setback to Authoritarian style is that it may make the child less happy than Authoritative style eAuthoritative is universally accepted as the best parenting style
d
Which of the following would be the best example of primary control? a. You and your friends decide to spend a day at the amusement park b. You choose to paint your house pink after your dad tells you about his strong preference for pink c. You cook meatballs because your parents are in town and it's their favorite dish d. You bought a new laptop because the old one becomes super slow and you need to be efficient to work on a team.
d
Which the following is true about consistency motivations in Poland and United States? a. Americans and Poles show huge differences in their self-consistency motives but show similarities in peer consistency motives. b. Americans show stronger peer-consistency motives, whereas Poles show stronger self-consistency motives. c. Americans show stronger self-consistency and same peer-consistency motives compared to Poles d. Americans show stronger self-consistency motives, whereas Poles show stronger peer-consistency motives.
d
discounting
downplaying the importance of a negative evaluation
Promotion orientation
emphasis on promoting one self ==> bigger gains but also bigger risk "Goal is to achieve positive outcomes "
Compensatory self-enhancement
focusing on something where you perform better
Shweder et al. (1995)
found that such different sleeping arrangements may be due to cultural differences in VALUE PRIORITIZATION A comparison of Indian and American participants found a difference in values when deciding who sleeps with whom
Chinese literature, psychology research, and personality descriptions revealed some differences in personality factors
had factors of "dependability", "interpersonal relatedness", "Social Potency", and "individualism"
ppl w/ interdependent selves have which control?
selves tend to have incremental theories of self, but entity theories of the world The self is malleable - but the world is fixed and beyond our control People then exercise "secondary control" = people strive to adjust themselves to accept circumstances as they are
Implicit theories
theories about the way world works ==> go without saying → "givens" Implicit theories - can vary significantly across cultures One type of implicit theory ==> those about the self Implications for how one might respond to adversity
Blending
when people's self-concepts reflect a hybrid of their two cultural words Multicultural people often score in the middle on many assessments compared to monocultural people from different cultures. Often true with Asian Americans, whose congitions can be sandwiched between Americans' and Asians' ways of thinking.