Culture and Ideas - Religious Reformation: Traditional Thinking and Witch - Hunt

Who was Pope Leo X?

-skillful overseer of the design and financing of the new St. peter's - a member of the medici family (patronage for the arts) and an action leader more than spiritual

what were the two primary means of upward social mobility during this era in european history? what places were these most readily found?

- particularly in the middle - principle engine of social change was the economy - social changes occurred most readily were the cities - the secondary means of change was education

who was nicholas copernicus and what was his controversial "discovery"?

- polish monk and mathematician who came up with a mathematically simpler solution (switching center from Earth to sun would reduce number of spheres needed) -began a revolution in understanding about structure of the heavens and about central place of humans in universe - publication of heliocentric universe

why did Martin Luther object the sale of indulgences?

- preachers appeared to emphasize giving money more than the faith behind the act - wrote to Pope Leo asking him to stop and challenged preachers to debate on the theology of indulgences

despite official opposition what provided for these new scientific ideas to spread among scholars throughout europe?

- printed books spread the new scientific ideas among scholars across europe

what did Luther use to promote his ideas and help them spread?

- printing press - won his support of powerful Germans responded to his nationalist portrayal of the dispute as an effort of an Italian pope to beautify his city with german funds

How did Pope Leo X use the funds from the sale of indulgences?

- making pilgrimage - saying a particular prayer - making a donation to a religious case

who was Isaac Newton?

- mathematician demonstrated that heavens and earth share common physics - formulated math laws that all physical objects obeyed (laws of gravity) - president of Royal Society

in what ways was marriage different in western europe relative to the rest of the world?

- most chose their own spouses instead of arranged marriages - wealthy families more inclined to control marriage - nearly all found marriage in their social classes suggesting that it was promoted - married later than other lands - expected to bring dowry into marriage

describe the feat of the power of witches that swept across northern Europe in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

- natural events could have supernatural caused - when crops died blamed it on supernatural caused - people attributed human triumphs and tragedies to supernatural causes - secular and church authorities tried over a hundred thousand people for practicing witchcrafts -torture and badgering persuaded some to confess casting spells

What was the Glorious Revolution?

- overthrew James II with almost no bloodshed - james II refused to respect parliament and has heir baptized to roman catholic forced james to exile - parliament frequently called and had consent in law changes and army peacetime

what did Voltaire argue concerning the application of the laws of nature in relation to the laws of humanity?

"no opinion is worth burning your neighbor for" "it would be very peculiar that all nature should obey eternal laws but a human being" - in contempt of these laws, could act as he pleased solely according to his caprice

who were the Jesuits?

- Society of Jesus that Ignatius of Loyola (spanish nobleman) founded in 1540 - well educated Jesuits helped stem the protestant tide and win back adherents by their teaching and preaching - others became important missionaries overseas

why did the Catholic Church begin to undertake its own reforms by the mid 1500s?

- a council that met at the city of trent, in 3 sections distinguished proper catholic doctrines from protestant "errors" - reaffirmed supremacy of pope and called a number of reforms requiring bishop to reside in his diocese

what did Galileo argue concerning religion and science?

- argued that the word of God revealed in the Bible was expressed in the imperfect language of ordinary people - in nature Gods truth was revealed more perfectly in a language that could be learned by careful observation and scientific reasoning

Accounts of cultures in other parts of the world including native america and china, led many european thinkers to question what aspects of european culture?

- assumptions about the superiority of European political institutions, moral standards, and religious beliefs

the Witch-Hunts that protestant and catholics undertook in early modern Europe were a result of what European ideas concerning the natural world?

- blended two distinct traditions - one was folklore about magic and forest spirits passed down orally - second was the biblical teachings of Christian and Jewish scriptures - Christian teachings about miracles, saints, and devils mixed with folklore

Who was Galileo Galilei and why was he historically significant?

- built a telescope through which he took a closer look at the heavens - saw that heavenly bodies were not perfectly smooth spheres and that the moon had mountains and valleys, sun spots, and planets had their own moons

describe what was happening within the papacy during the 1500s

- central government of Latin Christianity simultaneously gained stature and suffered from corruption and dissent - pope funded construction projects in rome

*What ways did the "pioneers" of the scientific revolution open the door for others?

- convince that scientific discoveries and revealed religion were not a conflict - newton promoted a series of lectures devoted to prove validity of christianity - opened the doors to others who used reason to challenge a broader range of unquestioned traditions and superstitions

describe the Scientific Revolution of the sixteenth century...

- dating imaginative european investigators who carefully observed math calculations began to challenge prevailing conceptions of the physical world - demonstrated that the workers of the universe could be explaining by natural causes

what did the rulers of spain and france successful defend in the 1500s and 1600s?

- defended the catholic tradition against protestant challenges

how were english able to break dutch dominance?

- developed close associations of business and governments and with gov support merchant fleet doubled between 1600-1700 and foreign trade by 50% - in a series of wars used naval might to break dominance and extend colonial empire

why were the ideas of Copernicus (as well as those of many of the scientists of the era) considered so controversial?

- directory challenged not just popular ideas but also the intellectual synthesis of classical and biblical authorities

what were some of the things happening in the Dutch capital of amsterdam during the 1600s and 1700s

- financial center with banks with a great reputation of security that wealthy individuals and governments entrusted their money with - invested funds in real estate, loaned money to factory owners and gov and capital for overseas business operations

who was Johannes Kepler and why is he historically significant?

- german assistant of Tycho Brahe who strengthened and improved Copernicus's model of showing that planets actually move in elliptical not circular orbits

the dutch government pioneered the use of joint stock companies for increasing revenue, how did gov use them to create wealth?

- increased state revenues and gave metropolis over trade to the eastward west indies - sold shares to individuals to raise large sums for overseas enterprises while spreading the risks among many investors - specialized in stock exchanges and improved water transport

how did the ancient Greek mathematician Pythagoras influence thought during the early modern era Europe?

- proved the validity of the famous theorem (pythagorean theorem) for triangles - attributes to the mystical properties the ability of simple math equations to describe physical objects - attaches significance to geometric shapes (circles and sphere) believed that celestial objects were perfect spheres with perfect ellipses

what church values were promoted during the Catholic Reformation of the mid 1500s?

- reaffirm the supremacy of the pope and that the pope needs to be a spiritual leader - calls for many reforms - allowing masses to be given in a language other than Latin - reunite catholic church from decentralization

*What does the condemnation of Galileo (and other figures in scientific revolution) ultimately demonstrate?

- religious and intellectual leaders views the new science with suspicion or outright hostility because of the unwanted challenge it posed to established ways of thought

describe what many "enlightened" thinkers came to view concerning both society and human progress

- scientific methods and discoveries provided the clearest model for changing european society - thought that society could be made a function with the mechanical orderliness of planets spinning in their orbits - nearly all were optimistic fostering political and social revolutions in the long run

what was St. peter's Basilica in rome?

- size and splendor of the church was intended to glorify god -display the skill of renaissance artists and builders - enhance the standing of the papacy

how did successful members of the bourgeoisie in england and france raise their social status?

- some chose the use their wealth to raise their social status - became members of gentry by retiring from business and buying country estates

What did Aristotle teach concerning the Earth?

- taught that everything on earth was reducible to four elements - atmosphere= air and fire - earth surface= earth and water - higher were the sun, moon, planets, and stars floated in spheres -revolves around earth

What was an indulgence?

- technique that was used to raise funds for basilica- a forgiveness of the punishment due for past sins - granted by church for pious acts

*What underlying belief resulted in the movement of the Enlightenment?

- the belief that human reason could discover the laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws that governed physics energized this movement

what were the most trusted literary sources among the educated during the early modern era in Western Europe?

- the bible and the writings of the greco-roman antiquity and beliefs - scholasticism attempted to bridge between the two

what privilege held by the upper classes was a frequent source of complaint and conflict in rural and urban poverty and provoked rebellions?

- the exemption of the wealthy from taxation

describe the social pyramid that dominated european society during the early modern period?

- tip of it a small number of noble families had privileged access to high offices in the (church, gov, military) - exemption from taxation - below is the merchants and professionals who had wealth but no legal privileges - base were the rural peasants/ laborers and exploited by everyone above them

who was Robert Boyle?

- used experimental methods and trial/error approach to examine the inner workings of chemistry - promotes knowledge of natural world in Royal Society - missionary of mechanical science

by 1600s, dutch began to replace the Portuguese as the dominant force in the Indian Ocean trade. What sort of technologies did they use to their advantage?

- used timber to build their own vast fleets and other ships for export - the fluit "flyboat" that was a large capacity cargo ship - east indiaman helped dutch establish supremacy in indian ocean - merchants relies on family and ethnic networks

how did conflicts come about as a result of the Protestant Reformation?

- violence flared from reformations intensity of emotions - both sides persecuted and sometimes executed those with differing views - "wars of religion" - fought over mixture of religious and secular issues

europe in 1750 was "neither enlightened nor scientific", it was an environments that allowed for what specific cultural characteristics?

- was a place where political and religious diversion, growing literacy, and the printings press made possible the survival of the new ideas that profoundly changed the way of life

what industries served as the basis for growing wealth during this era? what was the bourgeoisie?

- wealth came from manufacturing and finance but especially from trade within europe and overseas - bourgeois- the urban class that dominated the wealthy activities that devoted long hours to business and poured profits into them or in ventures

who was John Calvin and what did he preach?

- well educated frenchman who turned from the study of las to theology after experiencing a religious conversation - became influential protestant leader 1. agreed with luther's emphasis on faith over works but denied that even human faith could merit salvation 2. curtailing the power of a clerical hierarchy and simplifying religious rituals

what types of women were accused of witch craft? why?

- widows and independent minded women drew belief that women not directly under the control of fathers or husbands would turn evil

who was Martin Luther and what was his view on salvation?

- young professor of sacred scripture who objected to the way the new indulgence was preached - forsaken money and marriage for monastic life of prayer - self denial and study - argued that salvation came not from "doing certain things" but from religious faith

protestants

-promoted marriage - more easy going and less strict

roman catholics

-promotes male dominance -forbidden marriage

what was the edict of nantes in france?

-religious freedom to Louis XIV's grandfathers protestant supporters

in what way were the Protestants like the Roman Catholics? In what ways different?

-same religion and teaching - different ways of worship, practices, spiritual curriculums hardcore believers that did not change their ways even though it was same religion

how did the rulers of england, france, and spain successfully unify their empires in 1500s?

-built successful program based on political centralization and religious unity - reduces autonomy of church and nobility of states - made them last of a unified national structure with monarchs at head

what was the Peace of Augsburg?

-charles v recognized princes right to choose wether catholicism or lutherism would prevail in their particular states - allowed them to keep church lands they seized

who was Charles V and the Hapsburgs?

-charles v was the elected emperor of the holy roman empire - belonged to the hapsburg family - hoped to centralize imperial power and lead a christian coalition to halt advance of Ottoman Empire

what industry came to dominate england by 1700?

-coal mining and iron production *begins process of burning fossil fuels (coal) and create heat energy

what new concept brought about by the protestant reformation helped bring about the anti-witch crusade throughout Europe?

-concept of Puritans - element of clear dividing line between what's right and wrong - fundamentalism - "if people weren't good they were bad"

describe the conflict between the anglican church (church of england) as started by Henry VIII and the english puritans?

-disbanded monasteries an convents and seized their lands - church moves away from roman catholicism in ritual and theology

describe the lifestyles of the calvinists

-elected their own governing committees - creates regional and national synods (councils) - regulated doctrinal issues - displayed simplicity in dress, life, and worship - avoided colorful clothing, ostentatious living, worshipped in churches - avoided statues, instruments, and stained glass

what were some of the new ways of thinking that helped define the world of ideas in early modern europe?

-influence of classical ideas from greco-roman antiquity increased among better-educated people - some thinkers challenged authorities of the ancients - new models of the motion of the planets challenged traditional social and political systems - printing press enhanced all

Why did King Henry VIII of England severe relations with the Catholic Church?

-initially been a strong defender of the papacy against lutheran criticism - failed to obtain papal annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon and challenged authority over church -breach was sealed and parliament was made - english monarchs head of church of england

What were Luther's arguments that were behind the Protestant Reformation?

-insisted that the only salvation was through faith in Jesus Christ - declared that christian belief must be based on the word of God in the bible and on christian tradition and not on authority of the Pope - abandoned monastic prayers/penances and married a former nun

What caused the English Civil War?

-king charles refused to grant - ordered arrest of his leading critics in the House of Commons in 1642

the dutch (netherlands) provided many good examples of bourgeois enterprise in the seventeenth century..

-manufacturers and skilled craftsmen turned out a variety of goods in the factories and workshops of many cities - highly successful textile industry concentrated on weaving, finishing, and printing cloth - factories brewed beer and sugar and grew tobacco, free censorship, published books in many languages that provided latest advancement

describe how the conflict surrounding the reformation resulted in specific principles of the enlightenment...

-the bloodshed and warfare that resulted from catholic protestant split - using religion to hate instead of love - deism - spiritual viewpoint of enlightenment era - belief that God created the universe and everything in it, only then to allow it to run in accordance with nature laws

how did Philip II of Spain promote a strict form of Catholicism?

-used an ecclesiastical court (spanish inquisition) to bring into line those who resisted his authority - punishable by heresy - people learned not to oppose his rule

Who revoked the Edict of Nantes?

Louis XIV

Who issued the Edict of Nantes?

King Henry IV - grandfather of Louis XIV

what was the key political technology of leadership in europe passed from spain to netherlands and then to england and france?

canonry

the dutch faced growing competition in terms of overseas trade with whom?

competition with the english

what was an increasing concern among Bourgeois parents concerning their children?

concerning that their children have the education and training necessary for their success - promotes establishment of municipal schools

at the end of english civil war, this monarch was executed and replaced by whom?

oliver cromwell