Culture & Nutrition

Traditional diet is plant-based: low in fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol; rich in fiber and nutrients; may be high in sodium. High risk for osteoporosis.

Asia

A negative impact of acculturation on Mexican American food choices is often a decrease in fiber intake related to a decrease in the intake of (select all that apply) a. Legumes b. Whole-grain cereals c. Whole wheat bread d. Vegetables e. Fruit

a, b, d

What are the nutritional characteristics of a traditional soul food diet? Select all that apply. a. High in fat b. High in sodium c. High in fiber d. High in cholesterol e. Low in calcium

a, b, d, e

Which of the following is a healthy traditional food practice of Chinese Americans that should be encouraged? a. None; an American diet is healthier b. High intake of milk and dairy products c. Frequent use of fresh fruit d. Extensive use of vegetables in mixed dishes

d

A patient of Asian heritage is recommended to follow a low-fat diet to lose weight. Which food low in fat generally is consumed by members of an Asian population? a) egg rolls b) spareribs c) crispy noodles d) hot and sour soup

d) hot and sour soup

Muslims are prohibited from consuming a. Alcohol b. Eggs c. Beef d. Shellfish

a

A patient of Latino heritage is to eat a low-fat diet. The patient tells the nurse, "I am going to have a heard time fiving up my favorite family recipes." Which food should the nurse recommend that is low in fat and generally is included in the Latino culture? a) salsa b) pasta c) steamed fish d) refried beans

a) salsa

The nurse has completed a comprehensive health assessment of a Hispanic client. Some cultural food practices place the client at risk for cardiovascular disease. Which suggestion by the nurse is appropriate for this client? a. "Try to stop eating so many complex carbohydrates" b. "Try to bake some foods instead of frying them" c. "Lean meats should replace the beans and nuts in your diet" d. "Do not stop stewing meat and vegetables together; it is a healthy cooking method"

b. "Try to bake some foods instead of frying them"

Lacto-ovo vegetarianism

eat veg, eggs, & dairy NO MEAT

Catholics eat no meat on Ash Wednesday or Fridays during Lent; fasting is common some religious days. Eastern Orthodox practice some fasting. Mormons consume no coffee, tea, alcohol, or tobacco. Seventh Day Adventists generally are lacto-ovo-vegetarians. No coffee, tea, alcohol, or strong seasoning are consumed. Meals are at least 4 to 5 hours apart with no snacking between meals.

Christianity

In working with individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds, the nurse attempts to anticipate their particular nutritional needs. For a client who is an Orthodox Jew and maintains a kosher diet, the nurse will make sure that the following is not included in the menu: A) Beef B) Eggs C) Milk D) Pork

D) Pork

Traditional diet is vegetarian, high in complex carbohydrates, such as corn, beans, and squash. High levels of calories, saturated fats and sugar are eaten. Food preparation commonly uses fat. Obesity, diabetes, and high triglyceride levels are common.

Hispanic (Mexican origin) *Tania ;-)*

No pork, birds of prey, alcohol, tea, or coffee are consumed. Fasting is common during certain religious events.

Islam

Only kosher meat and poultry (no pork, shellfish, or fishlike mammals) are eaten. Consuming milk or dairy at same meal with meat or poultry is forbidden. Separate utensils are required for preparing and serving meat and dairy.

Judaism (those following strict dietary rules)

What are the names of Jewish and Islamic dietary laws?

Kosher

Kosher Nutrition Law

Meat and dairy must be completely separated, which means they cannot be cooked or eaten together.

What are some advantages and disadvantages concerning convenience foods?

Products tend to be high in sodium and relatively low in fiber and provide little to no fruit, vegetables, and whole grains. The 1- to 2-cup portion sizes listed on the label may leave many people hungry.

__________ has a greater impact on food habits than nationality or culture.

Religion?

Define and give examples of symbolic use of food.

Symbolically, food can be used: -to express love -reward or punish -display piety -express moral sentiments -demonstrate belongingness to a group -proclaim the separateness of a group. On a personal level, food may be used inappropriately to relieve anxiety, reduce stress, ease loneliness, or to substitute for sex. Culture also determines which foods are used in celebration and which provide comfort. People who move to other cultures may retain their own cultural comfort foods as a link with the past.

T/F Both Hinduism and Buddhism promote vegetarianism.

T

T/F Religion tends to have a greater impact on food choices than culture does.

T

Acculturation

The process that occurs as people who move to a different cultural area adopt the beliefs, values, attitudes, and behaviors of the dominant culture. (Dietary Acculturation: the process that occurs as members of a minority group adopt the eating patterns and food choices of the host country.)

A first-generation Chinese American has been advised to consume less sodium. What native food would the nurse ask about to get an idea of how much sodium he consumes? a. Soybeans b. Soy sauce c. Wonton d. Bok choy

b

When developing a teaching plan for an overweight woman from Mexico, which approach would be best? a. Tell the client she will feel better if she loses some of the extra weight she is carrying around. b. Encourage more "nutritious" food choices. c. Advise the client that "healthy eating" will help her shed inches. d. Provide a low-calorie diet and encourage her to eat low-calorie American foods, such as artificially sweetened soda and low-fat ice cream.

b

Which of the following items would be the healthiest choice from a Mexican restaurant? a. Cheese quesadillas b. Arroz con pollo c. Taco salad d. Guacamole with taco chips

b

Ethnocentrism

belief in the superiority of your own ethnic group.

A descriptive word that indicates a low-fat cooking technique is a. Au gratin b. Breaded c. Roasted d. Battered

c

Possible Consequences of FAFH:

eating one meal of FAFH increases daily calorie intake by 134 calories. In addition, FAFH decreases the number of servings of fruit, vegetables, whole grains, and dairy per 1000 calories consumed; moreover, fiber, cal- cium, and iron intakes decline. Conversely, FAFH increases sodium per 1000 calories and the percentage of calories from saturated fat, solid fat, alcohol, and added sugar.

Define core foods, secondary foods and peripheral or occasional foods; give an example of each

*Core Foods:* provide a significant source of calories and are regularly included in the diet, usually on a daily basis. Core foods are typically complex carbohydrates, such as cereal grains (rice, wheat, millet, corn), starchy tubers (potatoes, yams, taro, cassava), and starchy vegetables (plantain or green bananas). *Secondary Foods:* Foods widely consumed, but not on a daily basis, are considered secondary foods, such as vegetables, legumes, nuts, fish, eggs, and meats. Secondary foods used by a culture vary with availability. *Peripheral or occasional foods:* oods that are infre- quently consumed.

Define FAFH:

*Food Away From Home*

*Food & Religion:* Buddism

*Lacto-ovo vegetarianism* *NO animal foods: beef, pork, lamb, or poultry are eaten.* -The Buddhist code of morality:(1) kill or harm living things; (2) steal; (3) engage in sexual misconduct; (4) lie; and (5) consume intoxicants, such as alcohol, tobacco, or mind-altering drugs.

*Food & Religion:* Islam

*No pork or alcohol* -coffee and tea are strongly discouraged -Halal: Meats are only consumed if slaughtered by ritual. -Haram: foods that are prohibited

African American *Nutritional Health Risks:*

*Nutritional Health Risks:* -*leading cause of death: heart disease* -have the lowest fruit and vegetable intake -high cholesterol, fatty intake is related to a high meat intake, the popularity of frying, and high intake of fast foods. -obesity -hypertension and stroke -diabetes

African American:

*Traditional foods:* -"Soul food" -high in fat, cholesterol, and sodium. -low in pro- tective nutrients, such as potassium (fruits and vegetables), fiber (whole grains and vegeta- bles), and calcium (milk, cheese, and yogurt). -Corn and corn products (grits and cornmeal) are the primary grain. -Meats are often breaded and fried. A variety of beef and pork cuts are consumed, as are poultry, oxtail, tripe, and tongue. *Health Beliefs:* -ill health is due to bad luck or fate. Home remedies and natural therapies may be frequently used.

Asian American:

*Traditional foods:* -Grains: Rice, wheat, buckwheat, corn, millet, sorghum -Vegetables: Amaranth, asparagus, bamboo shoots, bean sprouts, bitter melon, cassava, cauliflower, celery, bok choy, Napa cabbage, chili peppers, Chinese broccoli, Chinese long beans, eggplant, flat beans, garlic, lily root, dried and fresh mushrooms, okra, onions, seaweed, spinach, taro -Fruit: Apples, bananas, coconut, dates, figs, kumquats, lime, litchi, mango, oranges, passion fruit, pineapple, pomegranates, tangerines, watermelon -Milk: Cow's milk, buffalo milk -Meat and beans FatsButter, lard, corn oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, suet -Beverages: Tea (southern China), soup (northern China), wine, beer *Health Beliefs:* -believe that health and illness are related to the balance between yin and yang forces in the body.

Mexican American:

*Traditional foods:* -low-fat, high-fiber diet in complex carbohydrates and vegetable proteins. -emphasis on corn, corn products, beans, and rice. -Tortillas -Pork, goat, and poultry -Vegetables are also rarely served separately; they are incorporated into soups, rice, pasta, and tortilla-based dishes. Milk is not widely used, and lactose intolerance is common. *Health Beliefs:* -Health is viewed as a gift from God, and illness is caused by outside forces unless it is punishment from God for sin. -illness is inevitable and to be endured. Certain foods may be considered "cold" or "hot" for healing purposes. Prayer is appropriate for all illnesses, and lighting of candles on behalf of a sick person is common

Mexican American *Nutritional Health Risks:*

-*The leading cause of death: cancer* -intake of fiber, fruit, legumes, and vegetables decreases with duration of residence in the United States, whereas consumption of processed foods, refined carbohydrates, and added sugars increases -obesity -type 2 diabetes -heart disease

*Food & Religion:* Judaism: Kosher dietary laws

-*To be considered Kosher by ritual:* when animals are slaughtered the blood gets drained and the carcass is salted and rinsed. *No Pork/Pork related* *No Fish* (unless scales and fins are eaten) *Dairy and Meat-Animal related foods are never consumed together* -Pareve: dairy-free,

T/F Dietary acculturation always produces unhealthy changes in eating.

F

T/F Like restaurant food, the portion sizes listed on convenience meals are much larger than they should be.

F

T/F Race and ethnicity are synonymous with culture.

F Race, ethnicity, and geographic region are often inaccurately assumed to be synonymous with culture. This misconception leads to stereotyping.

T/F The hot-cold theory of health and diet refers to the temperature of the food eaten.

F The hot-cold theory of health and diet refers to Asian cultures' belief that health and illness are related to the balance between yin and yang forces in the body.

Which cultural or Religious group does this apply too: Obesity, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes are common.

African American

Which cultural or Religious group does this apply too: Traditional foods high in fat, cholesterol, sodium and low in calcium. Frying and adding fat to food is common.

African American

*Yin/Yang:*

Asian cultures believe that health and illness are related to the balance between yin and yang forces in the body. Diseases caused by yin forces are treated with yang foods, and diseases caused by yang forces are treated with yin foods. *Yin represents female, cold, and darkness* -Yin food: most fruits and vegetables, seaweed, cold drinks, juices, and rice water. *Yang represents male, hot, and light* -Yang food: chicken, meat, pig's feet, meat broth, nuts, fried food, coffee, and spices.

Define convenience food

Convenience foods range from convenient ingredients used to make home-cooked meals to complete, heat-and-serve meals. broadly defined as any product that saves time in food preparation, ranging from bagged fresh salad mixes to frozen packaged complete meals.

Diet varies with region. Some use corn and other cultivated crop staples; many attempt to live off land. Widespread poverty and use of food assistance programs (food stamps, food distribution on reservations) exist in this group. Diabetes and obesity are common.

Native American

T/F First-generation Americans tend to adhere more closely to their cultural food patterns than subsequent generations.

T

T/F Food prepared away from home tends to increase a person's intake of calories, sodium, added sugar, and saturated and solid fat.

T

T/F For many ethnic groups who move to the United States, breakfast and lunch are more likely than dinner to be composed of new "American" foods.

T

T/F Core foods tend to be complex carbohydrates, such as cereal grains, starchy tubers, and starchy vegetables.

T Core foods tend to be complex carbohydrates, such as cereal grains, starchy tubers, and starchy vegetables. These core foods are the indispensable foundation of the diet and provide significant calories.

Discuss how culture can affect nutritional choices

What is edible, the role of food, how food is prepared, the symbolic use of food, and when and how food is eaten are among the many character- istics defined by culture.

Asian Americans *Nutritional Health Risks:*

• *The leading cause of death: cancer* • The traditional diet is low in fat & dairy products, high in complex carbohydrates & sodium • w/Americanization, the diet becomes higher in fat, protein, sugar, and cholesterol. • Asian American women have the highest life expectancy of all ethnic groups in the United States • Filipino adults are more likely to be obese compared to the over- all Asian population. • Asians Americans have the same rate of diabetes as Whites • Asian men are less likely to have prostate cancer than White men, but they are twice as likely to have stomach cancer. Asian women are 20% less likely to have breast cancer than White women but are almost three times as likely to have stomach cancer.

When you are discussing nutritional choices with a client who has recently immigrated to the United States from another county, what are six points to consider regarding dietary acculturation?

■ Generally with acculturation, the intake of sweets and fats increases, neither of which has a positive effect on health. ■ Because dietary acculturation is most likely to change food choices for breakfast and lunch rather than dinner, focus on promoting healthy "American" food choices for those meals. ■ Portion control is a better option than advising someone to eliminate an important native food from their diet. Lower fat or lower sodium options, when available, may also be an acceptable option for the client. While giving up soy sauce may not be an option for a Chinese American, using a reduced-sodium version may be doable. ■ It is essential to determine how often a food is consumed in order to determine the potential impact of that food. For instance, lard is unimportant in the context of the total diet if it is used in cooking only on special occasions. ■ Don't assume the client knows what American foods are considered healthy. ■ Suggest fruits and vegetables that are similar in texture to those that are familiar but unavailable to the client.

Define culture

■ Has an inherent value system that defines what is "normal" ■ Is learned, not instinctive ■ Is passed from generation to generation ■ Has an unconscious influence on its members ■ Resists change but is not static (encompasses the total way of life of a particular population or community at a given time)