Culture Questions for Chapters 33-36

Which Athenian leader boasted that Athens was "the school of Greece"? In which century B.C. did this leader live?

Pericles

Which Roman general was defeated by Arminius in A.D. 9?

Varus

What is a votive offering?

a gift to a deity

In the quotes from Cicero and Martial, what does the toga represent?

a peacetime garment; the transition from the military to citizen life--from war to peace; Martial uses it as a paragon of both military and civilian life, and prays for a simpler life

What garment did Roman women wear?

a stola, a long rectangular cloak considered the female equivalent of a toga

The Via Appia is the main road to which city in the south, and which city to the east?

(south) Naples and (east) Brundisium

What was the name of Plato's school?

Academy

On what was their wealth traditionally based?

Based on large agricultural estates called latifundia (-orum n. pl.)

In addition to the Rhine, which river formed the boundary of the empire with Germania?

Danube River

Which Athenian orator is mentioned as one who helped to establish Athens as a center of great oratory?

Demosthenes (384 - 322 BC)

Who is credited with the expression "Clothes make the man"?

Desiderius Erasmus, a Dutch humanist (1466/1469 - 1536)

Why were tombs located outside the city walls?

For hygienic and cultural reasons

Why were tombs built along this major road?

For wealthy families, they chose locations for their tombs that were very visible to travelers into and out of the city so they could be seen

What modern provinces or countries were contained by the Roman province of Germania Inferior and by the province of Germania Superior?

Germania Inferior - Belgium and the Netherlands Germania Superior - Switzerland and the French province of Alsace

What building in New York City with a depiction of this god is pictured on p. 456?

Grand Central Station

What does the quote from Suetonius on p. 457 say that Augustus did in reaction to this defeat?

He cried out "Quintilus Varus, rescue/save my legions!"

In what century B.C. did Plato and Aristotle found their schools?

In the early 4th century

Who was the Roman god of commerce?

Mercury

Which gods did Augustus credit for his victory in battle over Antony and Cleopatra? Where was that battle?

Neptune and Mars. The battle was on the sea and by the town Actium

What was the first major road built by the Romans and when was it begun?

The Via Appia

What does the toga signify in regards to Aelius?

The mark of Aelius' status as a Roman citizen

What did Augustus want from the defeated general?

To rescue or save his legions

What was the second-highest class, and how did they typically make their fortunes?

knights (equites, -um m. pl) who typically made their fortunes in a wide variety of business enterprises, including trade and manufacturing

What were latifundia?

large agricultural estates

What was the highest social class in Rome?

the major public offices, such as the consulship

Identify the following: toga praetexta, toga civilis, toga candida, toga pulla

toga praetexta - toga for certain public officials that had a purple stripe and its edge toga civilis - unstriped, off white toga for Roman boys turning 16 to signify entering the world of adulthood toga candida - a special whitened toga Romans would wear running for office toga pulla - mourning wear for men; a dark colored toda Roman men wore to signify the mourning of the death of a family member

On what structures on the side of the road does the book focus?

tombs

What was the basic garment for both men and women?

tunic (tunica, -ae f.)

Citizens were grouped in the census according to what?

wealth