Cumulative Exam & Quiz Questions CBIO 252

How many oxygen molecules may bind to a single molecule of hemoglobin?

4

The composition of the secretions of the eccrine glands is ________.

99% water, sodium chloride, trace amounts of wastes, and vitamin C

Which statement best describes arteries?

All carry blood away from the heart.

IgA is primarily found A) in blood. B) in external secretions such as tears, saliva, and mucus. C) in lymph. D) on the surface of B-lymphocytes. E) in the thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes.

B

Helper T (TH) cells recognize antigens when they are bound to a(n) __________.

CD4+ proteins

Which type of antibody is formed in response to parasitic infections and allergies, and has the effect of activating mast cells and basophils?

IgE

Defensins and lysosomes are both part of ______ immunity and _______

Innate; are found within various secretions

Which of the following cutaneous receptors is specialized for the reception of touch, light pressure, and textures?

Meissner's corpuscles

Why might someone pale when they are exposed to a cold temperature?

Vasoconstriction has occured

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism for the development of autoimmune disorders?

a second exposure to an allergen

Among the components of the dermis are: a: sweat glands b: hair follicles c: collagen fibers d: sensory nerve endings e: arrector pili muscles

a, b, c, d, e

Which of these are functions of hair? a. sensory reception b. heat retention c. pheromone dispersal d. protection e. visual identification

a, b, c, d, e

Which are characteristics of type O blood? a: Has anti-A antibodies b: Has anti-B antibodies c: Has surface antigen O on its erythrocytes d: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes e: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes

a, b, e

Which are applicable to the stratum corneum? a: Most superficial stratum b: Consists of about 3-5 cell layers c: Cells are dead d: Interlocking keratinized cells e: Cells are anucleate

a, c, d, e

Which events occur during the recycling of aged or damaged erythrocytes? a. The heme group is converted into biliverdin b. Bilirubin is placed in long-term storage in the liver c. The iron ions in hemoglobin are removed d. The iron ions are stored in the liver e. The iron ions are stored in the red bone marrow f. Membrane proteins and globulin proteins are broken down and reused g. The erythrocyte contents, excluding the globulins, are excreted unchanged via the digestive tract

a, c, d, f

Functions of the spleen include all of those below except ________. a. crypts that trap bacteria b. removal of old or defective blood cells from the blood c. storage of blood platelets d. storage of iron

a, crypts that trap bacteria

Sympathetic innervation of the heart a. increases the heart rate b. decreases the heart rate c. increases the force of contractions d. decreases the force of contractions e. has no effect on contraction force

a,c

continuous capillaries

abundant in the skin and skeletal muscles

Melanocytes and keratinocytes work together in protecting the skin from UV damage when keratinocytes ________.

accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV-blocking pigment layer

Just prior to atrial contraction,

all four chambers are at rest and AV valves are open

The function of the root hair plexus is to ________.

allow the hair to assist in touch sensation

The type of gland that secretes sweat into a hair follicle that is found in the axillary, anal, and genital regions is the

apocrine sweat gland

The structure responsible for pulling on the follicle and causing "goose bumps" is the

arrector pili muscle

According to the Frank-Starling law

as the volume of blood entering the heart increases, ventricular contractions become more forceful.

The "ABCD rule" for recognizing early signs of malignant melanoma refers to the following characteristics of the lesion:

asymmetry, border irregularity, color, and diameter

In an EKG, the P wave represents

atrial depolarization

Which are the characteristics of leukocytes? a. smaller than erythrocytes b. have a nucleus c. have no hemoglobin d. more numerous than erythrocytes e. depending on the type, may or may not contain granules

b, c, e

Which are characteristic of type A blood? a: Has anti-A antibodies b: Has anti-B antibodies c: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes d: Has surface antigen B on its erythrocytes e: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes f: Will agglutinate with blood type B

b, c, f

Which are characteristics of Rh negative blood? a. always has Rh (anti-D) antibodies b. only under certain circumstances will Rh (anti-D) antibodies be present c. always has Rh (D) antigen d. only under certain conditions will the Rh (D) antigen be present e. is inherited independent of the ABO group

b, e

Which type of leukocyte releases histamine?

basophil

The first phase of hemostasis involves

blood vessel constriction

The hemoglobin found in erythrocytes is able to chemically attach to

both oxygen and carbon dioxide

Which of the following would NOT be classified as a lymphatic structure? a. peyer's patches of the intestine b. spleen c. pancreas d. tonsils

c, pancreas

Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic system? a. transporting the products of lipid digestion from the intestine to the liver b. returning interstitial fluid to the bloodstream c. transporting hormones to intestinal smooth muscle d. protecting the body against infection

c, transporting hormones to intestinal smooth muscle

Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity is effective against

cancer cells

Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of ________.

capillaries

Pernicious anemia is

caused by a failure of the body to absorb vitamin b12

Sweat glands vary in distribution over the body. Which of the following is correct

ceruminous glands secrete cerumen, which is thought to deter insects

If lymph nodes existed without macrophages, the lymph nodes would lose the ability to

clear cellular debris and initiate immune responses

During platelet plug formation, platelets begin to stick to:

collagen fibers that become exposed upon blood vessel damage

Which class of chemical messenger facilitates white blood cell formation in bone marrow?

colony-stimulating factors

The formation of a web like polymer of fibrin occurs late in the __ pathway

common

Which action leads to the closure of the right atrioventricular valve?

contraction of the right ventricle

Keratinocytes are a. the most abundant cell type in the epidermis b. sometimes alive and sometimes dead, depending on where they are found c. found throughout all epidermal strata d. all of the choices are correct

d, all of the choices are correct

A malnourished person might have abnormally low levels of plasma proteins. As a result, colloid osmotic pressure

decreases, and there is fluid retention in the interstitial space

As a platelet plug forms at an injury site, platelets become activated and their cytosol

degranuates as they release chemcials such as ADP and thromboxane A2

One of the main dangers of burns is

dehydration, as water can escape from the body

Fibrinolysis involves ________ of the fibrin framework, and it involves the protein _______.

destruction, plasmin

The viscosity of blood is _____ proportional to the number of erythrocytes and _____ proportional to the amount of fluid

directly, indirectly

Which is going to result in significant agglutination?

donor is type AB, recip is type B

A(n) _______ is the region of the molecule that is recognized by antibodies

epitope

The definition of hematocrit refers to the percentage of

erythrocytes in the blood

What is the greatest risk for skin cancer

exposure to uv light rays

In people who stand for long periods, blood tends to pool in the lower limbs and this may result in varicose veins. What causes the varicose veins?

failure of the venous valves

Innate defenses are

fast and non specific

A pyrogen is a substance that causes A. inflammation. B. opsonization. D. cytolysis. E. fever.

fever

Complement fixation cannot lead to

fever

The dermis is a strong, flexible connective tissue layer. Which of the following cell types are likely to be found in the dermis?

fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells

Thick skin contains

five epidermal strata and lacks sebaceous glands.

A membrane attack complex is a protein grouping that

forms a channel in the target cell membrane that causes cytolysis

Which of these comprise the nail plate? a. Free edge b. Nail folds c. Eponychium d. Nail root e. Nail body

free edge, nail root, nail body (a, d, e)

The carbon dioxide molecules that bind to the hemoglobin molecule are attached to the ______ units

globin

Epidermal dendric (Langerhans) cells function as part of the _______ response

immune

Apocrine glands, which begin to function at puberty under hormonal influence, seem to play little role in thermoregulation. Where would we find these glands in the human body?

in the axillary and anogenital area

Inflamed tissue feels warm due to

increased blood flow and increased metabolic activity

A fever ____ reproduction of bacteria and ________ CAMs on the endothelium of capillaries of lymph nodes

inhibits; increases

_______ are secreted by cells infected with viruses, alerting neighboring cells and protecting them from becoming infected

interferons

Which fluid does lymph most closely resemble?

interstitial fluid

Beta-globulins transport ________, whereas gamma-globulins are ________.

iron ions, antibodies

Which vessels have the thickest tunica media?

large arteries

Sebum is a secretion that

lubricates skin and helps defend against bacteria

Cerumen is a secretion that

lubricates the ear canal and traps debris before it reaches the eardrum.

If a splinter penetrated the skin into the second epidermal layer of the sole of the foot, which cells would be damaged?

lucidum

Antigen-presenting cells usually display processed antigens that had penetrated the skin to T cells in the

lymph node

The first of a series of neutrophil behaviors in inflammation is

margination

Normally, the skin color results from a combination of: a. melanin b. hemoglobin c. bilirubin d. carotene

melanin, hemoglobin, carotene (a, b, d)

Select the most correct statement concerning skin cancer

melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing

The type of leukocyte that will migrate in the blood and take up residence in the tissues as a macrophage is a(n)?

monocyte

The arteries that are also called distributing arteries are the ________.

muscular arteries

In hemopoeisis, granulocytes such as neutrophils are formed in the

myeloid line

Which is the actively growing part of the nail?

nail matrix

The type of leukocyte that is very active during a bacterial infection is a(n)

neutrophil

Complement C3b protein coats bacteria and stimulates phagocytosis by __________ during a process called __________.

neutrophils and macrophages; opsonization

Which leukocytes are derived from the myeloid line?

neutrophils. basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes

________ lacks the capacity to remember a pathogen or react differently to it in the future, whereas ________ utilizes memory cells to adapt to a given pathogen and ward it off more easily in the future

nonspecific resistance; adaptive immunity

The hypodermis is rich in adipose, and thus its functions include

organ protection, energy storage, and thermal insulation

The lymphatic capillaries

originate as closed-ended tubes associated with blood capillary networks.

Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes destroy infected cells by releasing

perforin and granzymes

Lymph differs from plasma in that

plasma has more protein than lymph.

The function of melanin in the skin is to

protect against UV light

Malaria is a disease caused by a

protozoan

The tissues of the spleen are called

red and white pulp

Which of the following is associated with vasodilation/vasocontraction

smooth muscle in the tunica media

Which type of hair forms the beard on the faces of males?

terminal

__________ burns involve the epidermis, all of the dermis, and often some deeper tissue.

third-degree

Removal of the __________ would be more harmful to a one-year-old child than an adult.

thymus

Tactile cells (Merkel) are sensitive to

touch

The outermost wall of an artery or vein is called the __________ and in large arteries and veins contains the __________.

tunica externa; vasa vasorum

Which tunic of an artery contains endothelium?

tunica intima

Where is the greatest volume of blood found in the body?

veins