CVS106 FINAL EXAM

how much fluid is in the pericardial sac?

10-50ml

AOV normal area

2-4cm^2

PURKINJE INTRINSIC RATE

20-40

mitral valve normal area

4-6cm^2

cardiac output normal value

4-8 liters per minute

AV NODE INTRINSIC RATE

40-60

ejection fraction normal value

50-75%

SA NODE INTRINSIC RATE

60-100

Tricuspid valve normal area

7-9cm^2

aortic normal diastolic pressure

80

what percentage does rapid early diastolic contribute to ventricular filling?

80%

atrial contraction on the wiggers diagram?

A

ventricular contraction on the wiggers diagram?

B

when does the mitral valve close on the wiggers diagram?

B

when does the aortic valve open on the wiggers diagram?

C

peak ejection on the wiggers diagram?

D

when does the aortic valve close on the wiggers diagram?

E

when does the mitral valve open on the wiggers diagram?

F

APICAL 4 ANATOMY

IVS,RV,TV,RA,IAS,LV,LW,MV,LA

most posterior chamber of the heart

LA

APICAL 2 ANATOMY

LV,IW,AW,MV,CS,LA

Where is the Chiari Network located?

RA

what cardiac chamber has the lowest pressure?

RA

what cusps of the AOV are seen in the PSLA?

RCC and NCC

most anterior chamber of the heart

RV

where is the moderator band located?

RV and extends from lower IVS to anterior wall where it joins the pap muscle

RVOT ANATOMY

RV, PV, MPA

dyskinetic

abnormal, walls moving in the same direction

cardiac output

amount of blood ejected by the ventricle during a 1 minute interval

sonographically how do the four chambers of the heart appear?

anechoic

what is the supraventricularis?

another name for RVOT

what are the semilunar valves?

aortic and pulmonic

what do we evaluate in subcostal 4?

assessing IAS for ASD, evaluate areas around the heart for pericardial effusion, tumors and masses

where is the sinus of valsalva located?

behind aortic valve

where is isovolumic contraction located on the wiggers diagram?

between B and C

where is isovolumic relaxation located on the wiggers diagram?

between E and F

coarctation of the aorta

congenital cardiac condition characterized by a narrowing of the aorta

cardiac tamponade

evaluation of intrapericardial pressure due to accumulation of pericardial effusion which results in an evaluation and equalization of intracardiac pressures, progressive limitations of ventricular diastolic filling and reduced stroke volume

hyperkinetic

fast movement

fossa ovalis

foramen ovale

S4

fourth heart sound

pericardial sac

heart enclosed in a fluid filled sac, prevents friction as the heart beats

what is it called when walls are thickened?

hypertrophy

conus arteriosus

infundibulum (RVOT)

preload

load/volume/pressure exerted on the ventricle at the end of diastole. DETERMINES THE FORCE OF CONTRACTION

pulmonary artery wedge

measurement that represents pressure in the LA

what is the functioning layer of the heart?

myocardium

akinetic

no wall motion

ejection fraction

percentage of blood ejected from the ventricle during systole (per beat)

what is the brightest (hyperechoic) structure we see in the heart?

pericardium

what transducer do you use for an echo?

phased array transducer

what does the moderator band do?

prevents over expansion

isovolumic contraction

represents time period between AV valve closure and semilunar valve opening. All cardiac valves are closed as ventricles begin to contract. Increase in ventricular pressure with no change in ventricular volume.

isovolumic relaxation

represents time period between semilunar valve closure and atrioventricular valve opening. Semilunar and AV valves are closed.

afterload

resistance against which the ventricles must pump when ejecting blood

how do you obtain the subcostal short axis view?

rotate index 90 degrees from subcostal 4 towards patients head or 12:00. Angle beam inferior you will see the IVC as it enters the RA.

Thebesian valve

rudimentary valve formed by a flap of tissue that protects the entrance of the CS

Eustachian valve

rudimentary valve formed by a tissue fold that protects the entrance of the IVC

S2

second heart sound

Where do the coronary arteries originate?

sinus of valsalva

hypokinetic

slow movement

what view do you see coarctation of the aorta in?

suprasternal long axis view

S1

the first heart sound, heard when the atrioventricular (mitral and tricuspid) valves close

S3

third heart sound

what are the atrioventricular valves?

tricuspid and mitral (bicuspid)

Subcostal Short Axis View

view is useful in looking for dilated IVC as in enters the RA.

paradoxical

wall moves in opposite direction