DAT: Cardiovascular system

Most insects have open circulatory systems where blood freely flows through the body cavity and nutrient/waste exchange occurs in ______ Sinuses Vessels Arteries The heart Esophagus

Most insects have open circulatory systems where blood freely flows through the body cavity and nutrient/waste exchange occurs in sinuses.

Which of the following are involved in the contraction of the ventricles Bundle of His Purkinje Fibers Sinoatrial Node Atrioventricular Node

Purkinje Fibers

Which of the following correctly describes the flow of blood in the pulmonary circuit Right atrium Right Ventricle Pulmonary Veins Pulmonary Arteries Left Atrium Left Ventricle Right Ventricle Right atrium Pulmonary Arteries Pulmonary Veins Left Ventricle Left Atrium Right Atrium Right Ventricle Pulmonary Arteries Pulmonary Veins Left Atrium Left Ventricle Left Atrium Left Ventricle Pulmonary Arteries Pulmonary Veins Right Atrium Right Ventricle Left Ventricle Left Atrium Pulmonary Veins Pulmonary Arteries Right Ventricle Right Atrium

Right Atrium Right Ventricle Pulmonary Arteries Pulmonary Veins Left Atrium Left Ventricle

Purkinje fibers

ensures coordinated contraction of both ventricles

bundle of His

receives impulses by AV node

diastole

right after atria contract to fill semilunar valve close when ventricles relax

systole

ventricles contract (they open) av valve close

Cnidarians possess a Open circulatory system Close circulatory system Organ based circulatory system Cnidarians do not possess a circulatory system

Cnidarian do not possess a circulatory system

what kind of animals have 3 chambered hearts?

amphibian and reptiles. they're also poikilothermic (internal temperatures, changes in response to the environment)

Identify the proper order of the blood clotting sequence in humans:i. Platelets interact with collagen of ruptured blood vessel ii. Blood clotting occursiii. Prothrombin is converted to thrombiniv. Fibrinogen activated to fibrin 1,2,3,4 1,3,4,2 2,1,3,4 2,3,4,1 3,4,2,1

1,3,4,2 The proper order of the blood clotting sequence in humans is platelets interact with collagen of ruptured blood vessel, prothrombin is converted to thrombin, fibrinogen activated to fibrin, and blood clotting occurs.

Which of the following carry oxygenated blood away from the heart?i. Inferior Vena Cavaii. Superior Vena Cavaiii. Descending Aortaiv. Left pulmonary arteryv. Right pulmonary arteryvi. Left pulmonary veinsvii. Right pulmonary vein 1,2 3,4,5,6,7 1,2,4,5 1,2,3 3

3

Each of the following is true of arteries and veins, EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? A. Arteries always carry oxygenated blood; veins always carry deoxygenated blood B. Arteries travel away from the heart; veins travel toward the heart C. Arteries have a thicker tunica media than veins D. Veins contain one-way valves; arteries do not E. Veins are wider than arteries and hold more blood volume

A . Recall from the diagram of the heart that the pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs and the pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood back to the heart. This represents a case where an artery does not carry oxygenated blood, and a vein does not carry deoxygenated blood. This directly contradicts answer choice [A], thus [A] is the correct answer. The tunica media contains smooth muscle that determines the flexibility of blood vessels, giving arteries their elasticity to carry blood under high pressure away from the heart. We can rule out answer choice [C].

What heart measurement could be recorded during a single QRS complex? A. Cardiac output B. Mean arterial pressure C. Systolic pressure D. Diastolic pressure E. Total peripheral resistance

C. Systolic pressure he QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization (contraction) as a whole and systolic pressure is the highest pressure that the arteries reach during ventricular contraction. Therefore, the QRS complex occurs at the time when systolic pressure can be measured. Answer choice [C] is correct. It is basically the peak on the graph

Blood in the pulmonary vein would be best characterized as which of the following? A. High in CO2 B. Low in O2 C. High in O2 D. Low in iron E. High in NaCl

C. High in O2 Blood enters the heart on the right side, from the superior and inferior vena cava. This blood is deoxygenated. It circulates from the right atria to the right ventricle, then goes out through the pulmonary artery to the lungs. At the lungs, the blood disposes of CO2 and absorbs O2 and then returns to the heart through the pulmonary vein. Therefore the blood in the pulmonary vein should be high in O2, or answer choice [C]. The terms "vein" and "artery" only describe if blood is moving towards or away from the heart, it has nothing to do with whether they're oxygenated or not. The pulmonary artery has a low concentration of oxygen and the pulmonary vein has a high concentration of oxygen. A. High in CO2 Blood in the pulmonary vein is highly oxygenated, which means that it just left the capillaries of the lungs where an abundance of CO2 was recently exhaled out and an abundance of O2 was inhaled. This would lead to low levels of CO2, not high; therefore the answer choice is incorrect. B. Low in O2Blood in the pulmonary vein, having recently been oxygenated at the lungs, would be expected to have high levels of O2, not low; therefore the answer choice is incorrect. C. High in O2 Blood in the pulmonary vein is highly oxygenated, as it has just left the capillaries of the lungs where CO2 was exhaled and O 2 was inhaled. This would lead to high levels of O2, so the answer choice is correct. D. Low in ironIron is typically found complexed to hemoglobin molecules found in red blood cells. These iron levels would not be expected to vary in level (or be low) on the basis of location in the circulatory system; therefore the answer choice is incorrect. The majority of iron in the body is found in hemoglobin and myoglobin. It is necessary for proper functioning of hemoglobin, which transfers oxygen in the blood. E. High in NaClNaCl levels would not be expected to be high in the pulmonary vein (nor would their levels vary based on location in the circulatory system); therefore the answer choice is incorrect. Na+ and Cl- are the primary components of the extracellular fluid of cells, including the plasma of the blood. Na+ and Cl- concentrations also function in maintaining the membrane potential of cells.

Which region of the heart is typically most muscular? A. Left atrium B. Right atrium C. Left ventricle D. Right ventricle E. Aorta

C. Left ventricle The most muscular part of the heart will likely be the section that needs to create the most pressure. left ventricle pumps blood out to the entire body, so it will require the most muscle. Thus, we can see that answer choice [C] is correct. The left atrium takes oxygenated blood in from the pulmonary veins and delivers the blood to the left ventricle. We can rule out answer choice [A]. The right atrium takes low pressure blood from the body and delivers it to the right ventricle. Answer choice [B] can be ruled out. The right ventricle accepts the low pressure blood from the right atrium and sends it to the lungs. Thus, answer choice [D] can be ruled out. Although the aorta has a large amount of smooth muscle to accommodate high pressure blood entering it, it is the left ventricle is responsible for pumping the blood and creating high pressure. The left ventricle is more muscular, and we can rule out answer choice [E].

The smallest vessels moving away from the heart in humans are termed ______ Veins Venules Capillaries Arterioles Arteries

Capillaries The smallest vessels moving away from the heart in humans are the capillaries. Arteries and arterioles both move away from the heart along with the capillaries, however the smallest vessel moving away from the heart are the capillaries, and not the others.

What slows the automaticity of the sinoatrial (SA) node? A. Atrioventricular (AV) node B. Gap junctions C. Epinephrine D. The vagus nerve E. The sympathetic trunk

D. The vagus nerve. The vagus nerve is an important part of the parasympathetic nervous system, which slows down the automaticity of the SA node. Thus, answer choice [D] is correct. The atrioventricular (AV) node is located at the bottom of the right atrium and adds a delay between atrial contraction and ventricular contraction, but does not affect the rate of SA node automaticity. Answer choice [A] can be ruled out. Gap junctions connect the cytoplasm of cardiomyocytes to allow action potential propagation throughout the heart and coordinated contraction. Answer choice [B] can be ruled out. Epinephrine is a hormone that is part of the sympathetic nervous system and when secreted, increases heart rate. The sympathetic trunk is a group of nerve fibers that are a fundamental part of the sympathetic nervous system and also can increase heart rate. Thus, answer choices [C] and [E] can be ruled out.

In most annelids, what functions primarily as their heart, moving blood throughout their body cavity? Sinuses Aortic Loops Ventral Vessel Brain Dorsal Vessel

Dorsal vessel most annelids have closed circulatory systems, blood flows through their vessels. The dorsal vessel functions as the main heart or pump;

How does blood move through the veins Heart contractions Active Transport Skeletal muscle movement Purkinje Fibers

Skeletal muscle movement Blood moves through the veins by the movements of skeletal muscles that are next to each other. The blood continues flowing to the heart because veins have valves much like the heart the stop backflow.

pulmonary circulation

flow of deoxygenated blood to lungs in order to become oxygenated

aorta

has highest blood pressure

pulmonary vein are ____ in O2 and return ______ ____ to ____ atrium

high ; oxygenated blood ; left

left ventricle

most muscular chamber of the heart

systemic circulation

moves oxygenated blood to body tissues

erythroblastosis fetalis

occurs when mother is Rh- and fetus Rh+