Davis- Chapter 9 Life Span- Infancy through Middle Adulthood

The parents voice a concern that Natasha has started wetting the bed two or three nights a week. They wonder whether it's related to her anxiety about starting preschool. What is an appropriate response for the nurse to give? Select all that apply. 1. "Bedwetting during the preschool age is common." 2. "Bedwetting is related to the inability to hold a full night's output of urine." 3. "Emotions and anxiety are common reasons for bedwetting." 4. "Some children lack the neurological ability to awaken in response to a full bladder." 5. "Most cases resolve spontaneously."

1. "Bedwetting during the preschool age is common." 2. "Bedwetting is related to the inability to hold a full night's output of urine." 4. "Some children lack the neurological ability to awaken in response to a full bladder." 5. "Most cases resolve spontaneously." Bedwetting, or enuresis, is common in this age group, especially in boys. The cause is not fully understood, but it is related to the inability to hold urine or the inability to awaken during a deep sleep. Most cases resolve spontaneously with only an occasional episode past age 6. Daytime wetting requires evaluation.

As Latisha and Natasha turn 11, the nurse speaks with them about safety. What would be important to include? Select all that apply. 1. "Have you ever smoked?" 2. "Have you ever tried alcohol or drugs?" 3. "Are you sexually active?" 4. "Are there guns in the home?" 5. "Do you eat a lot of fast food?"

1. "Have you ever smoked?" 2. "Have you ever tried alcohol or drugs?" 3. "Are you sexually active?" 4. "Are there guns in the home?" It is important to determine the child's awareness of safety. Risk-taking behaviors need to be assessed. The nurse should speak with each child privately and ask specific questions about risky behaviors. Fast food is a nutritional concern, not a safety

A mother asks the nurse why her son is so much smaller than his elementary school classmates. After evaluating the child's growth pattern, what would be the best response by the nurse? 1. "Your child has grown 2 inches this year, which is normal." 2. "We can ask the healthcare provider." 3. "Children grow at different rates." 4. "Is his father small?"

1. "Your child has grown 2 inches this year, which is normal."

A middle-aged patient is admitted with a diagnosis of cardiovascular disease. What two factors for this disease process are not in the patient's control? Select all that apply. 1. Age 2. Excessive weight 3. Sedentary lifestyle 4. Smoking 5. Family history

1. Age 5. Family history

Which of the following instructions should the nurse provide parents, when an antibiotic has been prescribed for their child? Select all that apply. 1. Antibiotics should not be prescribed for a cold or the flu. 2. It is important for children to take the entire course of medication, even if the symptoms are gone. 3. When your child is no longer contagious, they can stop taking the antibiotic. 4. Your doctor may prescribe antibiotics for symptoms of the flu. 5. Children never develop antibiotic resistant infections.

1. Antibiotics should not be prescribed for a cold or the flu. (should be prescribed for infections only) 2. It is important for children to take the entire course of medication, even if the symptoms are gone. (tempting to stop antibiotics while symptoms disappear but taking the entire course will help to avoid drug-resistant organism)

Which of the following is the most common cause of absenteeism in school-age children? 1. Asthma 2. Lice 3. Communicable diseases 4. Unintentional Injuries

1. Asthma (leading cause of children missing school and number 2 cause of hospitalization for this age group)

The nurse practitioner is evaluating Fred for his annual exam. What should be included in this assessment? Select all that apply. 1. BMI 2. Pap test 3. Blood glucose 4. Prostate exam 5. Lipid panel

1. BMI 3. Blood glucose 4. Prostate exam 5. Lipid panel During an annual exam, each of these should be evaluated: vital signs, height, weight, BMI, lipid profile, glucose, eyesight, and occult blood. Additional exams for women include breast, pelvic, Pap test, and mammogram. For men, a digital rectal exam is needed along with a prostate-specific antigen for prostate disorders. Sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy for colon cancer should begin at age 50 for both sexes. Women at risk for osteoporosis should have a bone density scan at or prior to menopause.

Cognitive and social changes during neonatal period 1. Behaviors are primarily reflexive. 2. Newborns will turn toward loud sounds. 3. Neonates primarily follow the father's voice. 4. Neonates fixate and focus on objects. 5. Neonates are sensitive to touch. 6. Vision is clear at the time of birth. 7. Neonates prefer human faces and black-and-white contrasting patterns. 8. Neonates can distinguish the smell of their own mother's breast milk.

1. Behaviors are primarily reflexive. 4. Neonates fixate and focus on objects. 5. Neonates are sensitive to touch. 7. Neonates prefer human faces and black-and-white contrasting patterns. 8. Neonates can distinguish the smell of their own mother's breast milk. The neonate responds to stimuli in a reflexive way, turning toward touch of the mouth, hands, and feet. The neonate is especially sensitive to the smells and sounds of the mother. Vision allows for fixation and focusing on objects such as faces, black-and-white contrasting patterns, and large objects shortly after birth. Hearing is keen as soon as amniotic fluid clears from the ears. The neonate cries when hungry, startled, in pain, cold, hot, or distressed. Tears are not produced until at least week 4 of life.

Which of the following are risks faced by adolescent girls who are pregnant? Select all that apply. 1. Bone density loss 2. Iron Deficiency Anemia 3. Loss of educational opportunities 4. Increased risk for gestational diabetes 5. Interruption of developmental tasks

1. Bone density loss (lack of calcium intake during pregnancy) 2. Iron Deficiency Anemia (poor diet and lack of prenatal care contribute to iron deficiency anemia) 5. Interruption of developmental tasks (the mother must change her focus to the child instead of upon her own growth)

When assessing a young adult, what characteristics might alert the nurse to potential diabetes or heart disease? 1. Clients who are overweight 2. Clients who abuse alcohol 3. Clients who have no family history of cardiac problems 4. Clients who do not exercise

1. Clients who are overweight (contributes to the risk of metabolic syndrome, which includes diabetes and heart disease)

How often should children over age 5 be screened for visual acuity? 1. Every 1 to 2 years 2. Every 6 months 3. Every 2 to 3 years 4. Visual screening is not necessary unless indicated

1. Every 1 to 2 years

Which of the following is the most common cause of nonfatal injury sustained by school age children? 1. Falls 2. Motor vehicle accidents 3. Organized sports activities 4. Traffic accidents

1. Falls (this is the most common nonfatal injury of children age 6 to 12) [WRONG] 2. Motor vehicle accidents (this is leading cause of injury deaths) 3. Organized sports activities (leading cause of head injury in this age) 4. Traffic accidents (cause of unintentional injury death)

Neural tube defects such as spina bifida are due to which? 1. Folic acid deficiency 2. Heart disease 3. Gestational diabetes 4. Use of methamphetamines

1. Folic acid deficiency (in the first week of pregnancy, even before the woman knows she is pregnant, is a risk factor for neural tube defects)

Latisha and her twin sister, Natasha, are 4 years old and preparing for preschool. Their mom brings them to the clinic for an annual physical.Both girls weigh 38 pounds and are 39 inches tall. They know their colors and have 20/20 vision. Hearing is mature, and they can classify objects. They love to skip rope and play hopscotch. Which of these examples demonstrates normal physical development for the girls? Select all that apply. 1. Height and weight 2. Vision and hearing 3. Ability to classify objects 4. Skipping rope 5. Playing hopscotch

1. Height and weight 2. Vision and hearing 3. Ability to classify objects 4. Skipping rope 5. Playing hopscotch Each of these examples demonstrates that the girls are on track with their physical development. Additional milestones would include copying shapes, printing some letters, and using a fork and spoon. The ability to classify objects is cognitive development.

Fred has developed hypertension. Which risk factors have contributed to this condition? Select all that apply. 1. His mother has hypertension. 2. He loves salty foods. 3. He drinks 1 ounce of alcohol per day. 4. He smokes 1 cigar each New Year's Eve. 5. He jogs 2 miles four times a week.

1. His mother has hypertension. 2. He loves salty foods. Risk factors of hypertension include age, genetics, diet, lack of exercise, excessive weight, and alcohol and tobacco use. Alcohol ingestion of more than 1.5 ounces per day is a risk, as is consistent use of tobacco.

A nurse is talking to a group of Girl Scouts aged 8 to 11 years. What is most important for the nurse to include in the discussion? 1. Importance of regular physical activity 2. Use of seat belts 3. Eating disorders 4. Safe sex practices

1. Importance of regular physical activity

Natasha struggles with clearly stating her address and phone number. She counts to 3, then begins with 1 again. She knows how babies are born and is hesitant to socialize with peers. Which of these characteristics is of concern to the nurse? Select all that apply. 1. Inability to state address 2. Inability to state phone number 3. Inability to count past 3 4. Knowledge of how babies are born 5. Hesitance to socialize

1. Inability to state address 3. Inability to count past 3 5. Hesitance to socialize Most preschoolers can tell stories, recall parts of a story told to them, and speak in sentences of more than five words. Most can state their name, age, and address, and many can repeat their home phone number. A toddler who is not speaking intelligibly by age 4 requires evaluation. Preschoolers can count 10 or more objects, compare big and small, long and short, and complete simple mazes. They are aware of sex organ differences and ask about God, death, and how babies are born. They have a strong desire to socialize with peers.

Cognitive and social changes during infancy 1. Infants receive pleasure from sucking. 2. Infants verbally interact with caregivers. 3. Infants are unable to recognize familiar objects. 4. Color discrimination begins. 5. Infants please themselves by cooing and laughing. 6. Infants find pleasure in sucking. 7. Trust develops when needs are ignored. 8. limitation of sounds begins in infancy.

1. Infants receive pleasure from sucking. 2. Infants verbally interact with caregivers. 4. Color discrimination begins. 5. Infants please themselves by cooing and laughing. 6. Infants find pleasure in sucking. 8. limitation of sounds begins in infancy. During infancy, cognitive development progress rapidly and the infant is able to verbally interact with caregivers. The infant's responses move from reflexive to purposeful. The visual acuity includes color discrimination as the infant explores the environment. Hearing is more discriminating and the infant begins to entertain him- or herself with repetitive sounds. The infant receives pleasure in sucking and learns how to quiet via oral stimulation. The infant also begins to learn cause-and-effect and search for familiar objects. Trust is important during this phase and is achieved with cuddling and prompt responses to discomfort.

Sophia has a college class reunion coming up and realizes she has gained 60 pounds since her graduation. Her healthcare provider talks to her about the risks of being obese. What risks would this include? Select all that apply. 1. Joint degeneration 2. Diabetes 3. Hypertension 4. Coronary artery disease 5. Depression

1. Joint degeneration 2. Diabetes 3. Hypertension 4. Coronary artery disease Obesity leads to many chronic health problems. It is important to identify early obesity and intervene with nutrition and exercise education.

Cognitive and social changes during toddler age 1. Language develops. 2. Toddlers tolerate long periods of separation from primary caregiver. 3. Toddlers begin to solve problems with thinking. 4. Toddlers become more independent. 5. Toddlers tolerate change well. 6. Toddlers begin to learn control and autonomy. 7. Toilet training begins. 8. Tantrums occur.

1. Language develops. 3. Toddlers begin to solve problems with thinking. 4. Toddlers become more independent. 6. Toddlers begin to learn control and autonomy. 7. Toilet training begins. 8. Tantrums occur. During the toddler years, the child will progress with language, thinking, and independence. The toddler will also learn greater control of the anal and urinary sphincters, which allows for growth in toilet training. Often the toddler's need to control and be autonomous will lead to tantrums when he or she is not allowed to be independent. Despite this need for control, the toddler will tolerate only short periods away from the primary caregiver. When changes in locations, schools, or other familiar surroundings are experienced, regression may occur.

Which are possible contributing factors to obesity in school-aged children? Select all that apply. 1. Less time playing outside 2. More fast food consumption 3. Busy lifestyle 4. Reading more books 5. Increased incidence of illness

1. Less time playing outside (children today spend much time playing outside than outside than in previous generations, due to availability of television, video games, and so forth) 2. More fast food consumption (fast food is considered convenient for busy families. This is a frequent meal choices for today's children) 3. Busy lifestyle (a busy lifestyle and involvement in numerous activities can make eating healthy and exercising difficult)

For the hospitalized school-age child, what is one way that the nurse can minimize his or her discomfort at being separated from family and friends? 1. Maximize the child's contact with outside friends and school. 2. Have the child read books to use their imagination. 3. Make sure the child is completing their homework assignments. 4. Offer choices regarding how they spend their time.

1. Maximize the child's contact with outside friends and school. (school-age children need to interact with their friends )

Fred has two parents who live in a senior apartment down the street from their home. They have frequent health problems, doctors' visits, and hospitalizations. Fred feels caught between the needs of his wife and children, his parents, and his job. He feels exhausted most of the time. What are Fred's symptoms demonstrating? 1. Midlife crisis 2. Andropause 3. Depression 4. Anxiety

1. Midlife crisis Midlife crisis is common in middle adulthood when the changes and demands of life seem overwhelming. The coping skills learned in earlier stages of life will determine how the middle adult reacts to midlife crisis.

At Sophia's annual exam, her healthcare provider asks about symptoms of perimenopause. What symptoms would indicate she is experiencing this hormonal change? Select all that apply. 1. Nightly hot flashes 2. Decreased breast size 3. Vaginal dryness 4. Moodiness 5. Increased flatulence

1. Nightly hot flashes 2. Decreased breast size 3. Vaginal dryness 4. Moodiness Perimenopause begins several years before menopause when the ovaries gradually begin to make less estrogen. It usually starts in a woman's 40s, but can begin in the 30s or even earlier. Perimenopause lasts until menopause, the point at which the ovaries stop releasing eggs and reproductive ability is lost. In the last 1 to 2 years of perimenopause, the drop in estrogen speeds up, often causing menopause symptoms such as hot flashes, decreased breast size, changes in the length and flow of the menstrual cycle, vaginal dryness, nighttime awakenings, and moodiness. Menopause is the complete cessation of menstrual periods for at least 12 consecutive months. The average age of menopause is 51 years.

A sixth-grade female is undergoing her physical examination. What should the nurse assess for during this visit? 1. Nutrition and BMI 2. Scoliosis 3. Visual Acuity 4. Hepatitis B immunization 5. Risky sexual behaviors

1. Nutrition and BMI (should be assessed to monitor for the beginning stages of eating disorders or obesity) 2. Scoliosis (typically checked in 6th grade, so proper therapeutic modalities can be implemented if needed) 3. Visual Acuity (visual acuity is still changing and developing but should be 20/30 in both eyes) 4. Hepatitis B immunization (CDC recommends--> and several states require- the complete hepatitis B series at or by age 12)

Which are common health problems of middle adulthood? Select all that apply. 1. Obesity 2. Hypertension 3. Unintentional Injury 4. Cancer 5. Eating disorders

1. Obesity 2. Hypertension 4. Cancer

The nurse should evaluate health risks in the school-age child. What should be included in the assessment of an 11-year-old? Select all that apply. 1. Obesity 2. Unintentional injury 3. Bedwetting 4. Asthma 5. Poisoning

1. Obesity 2. Unintentional injury 4. Asthma

Which health concerns are shared with both adolescents and young adults? Select all that apply. 1. Obesity 2. Acne 3. Unintentional injuries 4. Sexuality transmitted infections 5. Substance abuse

1. Obesity 4. Sexuality transmitted infections 5. Substance abuse

What is the definition of growth? 1. Physical changes that occur over time, such as an increase in height, weight, sexual maturation, and muscle tone 2. The process of adapting to one's own body and environment over time 3. Mastering skills of increased complexity and function 4. Ability to discern different types of decisions and functions

1. Physical changes that occur over time, such as an increase in height, weight, sexual maturation, and muscle tone

What type of advanced thinking develops during young adulthood? 1. Post-Formal Operations 2. Formal Operations 3. Rational Thought 4. Future Thinking

1. Post-Formal Operations (young adult is able to accept contradictions and fine points in thinking)

Which are risk factors for intimate partner violence? Select all that apply. 1. Pregnancy 2. Living at home 3. Young age 4. Separated or divorced status 5. Small family size

1. Pregnancy 3. Young age 4. Separated or divorced status

The nurse is teaching a group of middle-age adults. What is the focus of the nurse when educating this group? 1. Promotion of a healthy lifestyle 2. Support for chronic health problems 3. Focus on the changes in their body 4. Preparation for declining health.

1. Promotion of a healthy lifestyle (this is a time of health and lifestyle can affect the health of older age)

An infant is being admitted for diagnostic testing to determine why there are developmental delays. You notice the 10-month-old is not using his arms and legs as he should and is not crawling or pushing himself up. Which developmental pattern has been affected by this delay? 1. Proximodistal 2. Cephalocaudal 3. Proximocaudal 4. Cephalodistal

1. Proximodistal (begins in the center of the body and moves outward; the baby begin to focus the eyes, lift his head, and then pushes upward to roll over and eventually crawl) [WRONG] 2. Cephalocaudal (development begins at the head and progresses down to the chest, trunk, and lower extremeties) 3. Proximocaudal (developement does not occur in "proximocaudal" manner 4. Cephalodistal (development does not occur from head to extremities)

Which of the following would be important components of an adolescent health history? 1. Psychosocial profile 2. Driving history 3. Nutrition and body image 4. Tattoos and piercings 5. Sleep patterns

1. Psychosocial profile (when peer relationships are very important) 3. Nutrition and body image (at risk for anorexia, bulimia, and obesity, which are all related to nutritional intake and body image) 4. Tattoos and piercings (should be made cognizant of health risks involved in each) 5. Sleep patterns (many adolescents are sleep deprived due to busy school schedules, use of social media, or other related issues)

During the first 8 hours after birth, what should the nurse assess the newborn for? 1. Sleep stage 2. Elimination 3. Parent-infant attachment 4. Focus ability 5. Response to bathing and care

1. Sleep stage (during first 2 hr to 4 hr, the newborn will sleep with a decreased heart rate) 2. Elimination (the first urine and the presence of meconium should be assessed and documented) 3. Parent-infant attachment (important to recognize bonding between parents and infants, especially at times of feeding, changing, and comforting) [WRONG] 4. Focus ability (newborn are not able to focus at this stage in development) 5. Response to bathing and care (when abnormalities should be documented, this is not a typical area that nurses assess)

What is the reason for a slight loss of height during the middle years? 1. Slight loss of bone density 2. Slumping while walking 3. Lordosis 4. Decrease in muscle tone

1. Slight loss of bone density

The nurse is creating a teaching plan for a client with hypertension caused by obesity. What should be include in the plan? Select all that apply. 1. Smoking cessation 2. Sodium restriction 3. Minimize smoking 4. Daily low-impact exercise 5. Weight-loss diet

1. Smoking cessation 2. Sodium restriction 4. Daily low-impact exercise 5. Weight-loss diet

Physical development during toddler age 1. Toddlers can throw a ball overhand by 18 months. 2. Toddlers can jump using both feet by 24 months. 3. Anal and urethral sphincter control occurs around 3 years. 4. Weight increases by 5 pounds per year. 5. Growth is much faster than an infant. 6. Walking begins around 2 years. 7. Height increases 3 inches per year. 8. Anterior fontanel closes between 12 and 18 months.

1. Toddlers can throw a ball overhand by 18 months. 4. Weight increases by 5 pounds per year. 6. Walking begins around 2 years. 7. Height increases 3 inches per year. 8. Anterior fontanel closes between 12 and 18 months. The toddler's growth slows compared with that of the infant. The average weight gain is 5 pounds per year with a 3-inch increase in height. Length growth is mainly in the legs. Respiration and heart rate slow in comparison with infancy. The toddler is able to walk by 10 to 15 months and use fine motor skills by 1 year. The toddler can also jump with both feet by 30 months. Anal and urethral sphincter control occurs between 18 and 24 months. The anterior fontanel closes between 12 and 18 months.

Which of the following safety interventions should the nurse review with the school-age child and his or her parents? 1. Use a helmet while bicycling 2. Use safety equipment while playing sports 3. Wear a seatbelt in the car 4. The importance of good nutrition 5. The CDC's recommendations on immunizations

1. Use a helmet while bicycling 2. Use safety equipment while playing sports 3. Wear a seatbelt in the car [WRONG] 4. The importance of good nutrition (healthy diet is important to this age group as they are continuing to grow but nutrition is not considered a safety issue) 5. The CDC's recommendations on immunizations (immunizations are important and must be completed before child enters the 7th grade but they are not considered safety interventions)

Due to social media, adolescents are more likely to contract an STD. Which of the following is contributing to this growing trend? Select all that apply. 1. Use of social media for "hooking up" 2. Concurrent sexual partners and multiple sexual partners 3. The belief that condoms protect from all STIs 4. All sexually active teens use condoms. 5. Oral sex has increased in prevalence among adolescents

1. Use of social media for "hooking up" 2. Concurrent sexual partners and multiple sexual partners 3. The belief that condoms protect from all STIs 5. Oral sex has increased in prevalence among adolescents

As the nurse reviews the girls' immunization record, it is noted that both girls are behind in their immunizations. What action would the nurse recommend at this time? Select all that apply. 1. Use the CDC guidelines for catch up 2. Discuss the antivaccination issues with Mom 3. Explain the need to have the twins get back on schedule 4. Discuss school readiness including vaccinations 5. No action. Vaccinations are the choice of the parent

1. Use the CDC guidelines for catch up 3. Explain the need to have the twins get back on schedule 4. Discuss school readiness including vaccinations Discussing the vaccination schedule and explaining school readiness will help the twins' mother to understand the importance of vaccinations. Follow the CDC guidelines to put the twins back on the correct schedule.

Sophia asks about immunizations "at her age." How should the nurse respond? 1. "They are no longer needed because you had your normal childhood vaccines." 2. "You may require some booster shots and should also receive annual flu and pneumonia vaccines." 3. "Immunizations are optional for adults." 4. "You are current on vaccines but should consider annual flu and pneumonia vaccines."

2. "You may require some booster shots and should also receive annual flu and pneumonia vaccines." The nurse must regularly review the immunization records of adult clients. Middle adults require periodic boosters such as tetanus and annual vaccinations for flu and pneumonia.

At what age is HPV vaccine recommended for both boys and girls? 1. 9 years of age 2. 11 years of age 3. 13 years of age 4. 15 years of age

2. 11 years of age (having both boys and girls vaccinated at this age assures they are protected before they are exposed) [WRONG] 1. 9 years of age (most children have not yet reached puberty at age 9. Protection needs to occur before becoming sexually active) 3. 13 years of age (having both boys and girls vaccinated decrease the chance of spreading the virus) 4. 15 years of age (by this age, many are sexually active. They need the vaccination before becoming sexually active)

Which describe competencies of cognitive development according to Piaget's theory? Select all that apply. 1. Growth 2. Adaptation 3. Maturation 4. Assimilation 5. Accommodation

2. Adaptation 4. Assimilation 5. Accommodation

What is the most common cause of death for the middle adult? 1. Hypertension 2. Cardiovascular disease 3. Diabetes 4. Cancer

2. Cardiovascular disease

Which is a leading cause of death in the middle adult years? 1. Diabetes 2. Cardiovascular disease 3. Joint Pain 4. Obesity

2. Cardiovascular disease (atherosclerotic plague can develop in the peripheral vascular system, the heart, major vessels, or any combination of these areas. Several contributing factors may be present)

The nurse is interviewing a sexually active young adult who has multiple partners. Which of the following Sexually Transmitted Diseases would be a possible risk? 1. Pregnancy 2. Chlamydia 3. Genital Warts 4. Candida 5. Gonorrhea

2. Chlamydia 3. Genital Warts 5. Gonorrhea [WRONG] 1. Pregnancy (result of sex intercourse, is not an STI) 4. Candida (yeast infection, which can be caused by a variety of issues including prescribed antibiotics)

Common health problems of infancy 1. Immunization anaphylaxis 2. Colic 3. Dental caries 4. Failure to thrive 5. Malnutrition 6. Electrolyte imbalances 7. Unintentional injury 8. Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

2. Colic 3. Dental caries 4. Failure to thrive 7. Unintentional injury 8. Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) Common problems in infancy include colic, which may be signaled by extended crying (crying may occur 1 to 2 hours per day or more but frequent episodes of inconsolable crying could be a sign of colic, or frequent episodes of abdominal pain); failure to thrive (inability to grow and gain weight); dental caries (developed in infants allowed to sleep with a bottle containing anything other than water); unintentional injury (automobile accidents, falls, burns, choking, drowning); and SIDS. Risk factors for SIDS include prematurity, low birth weight, male gender, African American race, swaddling, being placed in a prone position for sleep, and smoking in the household.

Sophia asks the nurse about the importance of calcium for her bones. She currently eats Greek yogurt and cereal with milk, but is wondering whether that's sufficient to maintain bone health. What recommendations should be made? Select all that apply. 1. Consume calcium with meals only. 2. Consume 600 IU of vitamin D per day. 3. Perform regular weight-bearing exercise. 4. Eat calcium with iron each day. 5. Consume 1,200 mg of calcium per day.

2. Consume 600 IU of vitamin D per day. 3. Perform regular weight-bearing exercise. 5. Consume 1,200 mg of calcium per day. For menopausal women, a daily intake of 1,200 mg of calcium and 600 IU of vitamin D as well as performing regular weight-bearing exercise promote optimal bone density.

Which of the following is an example of the intimacy vs isolation phase of social development for young adults? 1. Caring for their aging parents 2. Developing lasting friendships and associations 3. Getting married and having children 4. Completing college and getting a job

2. Developing lasting friendships and associations

The nurse is discussing the complications of obesity with a patient. What should be included as potential problems? Select all that apply. 1. constipation 2. Diabetes 3. Joint pain 4. Heart disease 5. High blood pressure

2. Diabetes 3. joint pain 4. Heart disease 5. High blood pressure

The nurse is obtaining a health history from a 22-year-old female client. Which of the following would be an appropriate recommendation from the nurse regarding exercise? 1. No aerobic exercise is necessary at this age. 2. Exercise at a moderate intensity for 2.5 hours a week 3. As long as you eat healthy, exercise should not be a concern 4. Women of childbearing age should not exercise.

2. Exercise at a moderate intensity for 2.5 hours a week

The nurse is teaching a group of young adults about changes they may experience during middle adulthood. What should be included? Select all that apply. 1. Increased muscle tone 2. Graying hair 3. Decreased bone mass 4. Increased elasticity of blood vessels 5. Decreased motility

2. Graying hair 3. Decreased bone mass 5. Decreased motility

Common health problems of toddler years 1. Chronic illness 2. Infections 3. Unintentional injury 4. Delays in development 5. Failure to thrive 6. Sleep disorders 7. Constipation 8. Malnutrition

2. Infections 3. Unintentional injury The most common health problems for toddlers are infections and unintentional injuries. Infections are a result of the loss of passive immunity that was previously obtained in utero and during breastfeeding. Toddlers are also exposed to more public and social settings. Childhood immunizations are significant during this time to prevent the acquisition of infectious diseases. Unintentional injuries result from motor vehicle accidents and improper use of restraints.

Which of the following vaccines should middle adults be encouraged to have? 1. MMR 2. Influenza 3. Shingles 4. Pneumonia

2. Influenza (encouraged to have a flu vaccination yearly) [WRONG] 1. MMR (although a booster may be recommended, this is not necessary for all middle age adults) 3. Shingles (not recommended for patients under 60 years of age) 4. Pneumonia (recommended for client with existing respiratory problems)

Latisha and Natasha are now 8 years old and in the third grade. What finding is anticipated as normal at this age? Select all that apply. 1. Latisha's vision is 20/80 without correction. 2. Natasha's adult front teeth are halfway in. 3. Natasha has learned to crochet potholders. 4. Latisha has started playing the piano. 5. Latisha is worried that her parents will divorce.

2. Natasha's adult front teeth are halfway in. 3. Natasha has learned to crochet potholders. 4. Latisha has started playing the piano. 5. Latisha is worried that her parents will divorce. By the age of 6, visual acuity should be 20/30. Baby teeth begin to fall out around age 6 or 7 and adult teeth begin to erupt. There is an improvement of fine motor skills that allows the child to begin to write, learn to knot or crochet, or take up musical instruments. Fears become realistic, such as failure in school or divorce of parents.

Physical development during neonatal period 1. Neonates grow 16 to 20 in. in length. 2. Neonates gain 2,500 to 4,000 g in weight. 3. Neonates void one to two times in the first 24 hours. 4. Respirations are shallow, irregular and 20 to 25 breaths/min. 5. Arms are slightly longer than legs. 6. Heart rate is 120 to 140 beats/min. 7. Anterior and posterior fontanels remain open. 8. Neonates cannot protect against heat loss.

2. Neonates gain 2,500 to 4,000 g in weight. 5. Arms are slightly longer than legs. 6. Heart rate is 120 to 140 beats/min. 7. Anterior and posterior fontanels remain open. 8. Neonates cannot protect against heat loss. During the neonatal period (birth to 28 days) a full-term newborn weighs 2,500 to 4,000 g (5 lb 8oz to 8 lb 13 oz) and measures 18 to 22 in. (46 to 56 cm) in length. The kidneys will produce 15 to 60 mL of urine per kilogram of body weight per day, and during the first 24 hours the newborn voids 5 to 25 times. Respirations are shallow and irregular at 30 to 50 breaths/min. The newborn may also have brief periods of pauses in breathing. The arms are slightly longer than the legs, heart rate is 120 to 140 beats/min, and the anterior and posterior fontanels will remain open in the first months of life to accommodate for brain growth. Although newborns can produce adequate heat, they have a hard time protecting against heat loss.

An infant has an Apgar score of 9 at 5 minutes after birth. The nurse assessing the infant knows that this indicates which situation? 1. A medical emergency requiring resuscitation 2. Normal function, but continued monitoring 3. Robust, excellent health 4. Observed in intensive care

2. Normal function, but continued monitoring (it's considered normal, but continued monitoring should occur) [WRONG] 1. A medical emergency requiring resuscitation (a 9 is not a medical emergency) 3. Robust, excellent health (not possible to determine robust, excellent health by an Apgar score of 9 at 5 mins after birth) 4. Observed in intensive care (it wouldn't result an infant requiring NICU observation)

Sophia is a 50-year-old female experiencing middle adulthood. Her older son has recently moved across the country to college, and her younger son is a senior in high school. She's been married 28 years to Fred. Both Fred and Sophia have fulfilling jobs. Despite this, Sophia cannot help but feel that life as she knows it is changing. Fred and Sophia discuss what they will do once both of their children are out of the house. They feel the need to redefine their existence as a family without children. What is this behavior demonstrating? 1. Depression 2. Normal transition 3. Midlife crisis 4. Domestic discourse

2. Normal transition Middle adult years are a time of transition. Middle adults will realize the difference between their aspirations and achievements. Many middle adults and their children must redefine their family roles in response to natural life changes.

A middle-aged female comes to the clinic with symptoms of moodiness, poor sleep patterns, and vaginal dryness. What could be a cause of these symptoms? 1. Midlife crisis 2. Perimenopause 3. Diabetes 4. Infection

2. Perimenopause

Place the markers of developmental stages of children in the appropriate order. 1. Imaginative play 2. Stepping reflex 3. Throwing tantrums 4. Peer relationships become important

2. Stepping reflex 3. Throwing tantrums 1. Imaginative play 4. Peer relationships become important

Which of the following best defines intimate partner violence? 1. Intimate violence between two people who do not know each other. 2. The abuse of power and control within an intimate relationship. 3. When the rape victim knows their perpetrator. 4. The physical abuse from a paid caregiver to an elderly person.

2. The abuse of power and control within an intimate relationship. (mostly between spouses or partners in a relationship, although it can be between family members)

At the annual checkup, 8-year-old Natasha is categorized as obese for her age. Which potential complications of obesity can occur during childhood? Select all that apply. 1. Type I diabetes mellitus 2. Type II diabetes mellitus 3. Hyperlipidemia 4. Hypertension 5. Heart attack

2. Type II diabetes mellitus 3. Hyperlipidemia 4. Hypertension Childhood obesity is a growing health concern that can result in obesity-related diseases such as type II diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension. Treatment includes dietary changes, weight loss, and exercise. Medication may be required if these lifestyle changes are not sufficient to control blood sugar.

Latisha clearly tells the nurse that she does not want any shots and she refuses to roll up the sleeve of her shirt. Which approach might the nurse consider using? 1. Have the mother roll up the child's sleeve. 2. Use role-playing to have the child give a shot to a doll. 3. Explain in detail what will happen. 4. Ask the child why she doesn't want a shot.

2. Use role-playing to have the child give a shot to a doll. Preschoolers have irrational fears, including fear of the unknown. At this age, play is often used to teach life experiences, so having a child role-play giving a shot to a doll may help the child be more accepting of the procedure.

Which of the following skin conditions might be present at birth? 1. Cherry angiomas 2. Vernix caseosa 3. Milia 4. Atopic dermatitis 5. Mongolian spot

2. Vernix caseosa (cheese like protective covering for skin) 3. Milia (tiny white spots present on newborn face) 5. Mongolian spot (darkly pigmented area, typically on the buttocks or lower back)

When measuring the newborn at birth, the nurse should expect to the length to be: 1. 14 to 19 inches 2. 16 to 24 inches 3. 18 to 22 inches 4. 20 to 25 inches

3. 18 to 22 inches (46 and 56 cm and the arms are slightly longer than the legs)

The nurse is working with an adolescent around issues that affect health. Which of the following should the nurse stress about the adolescent's diet? 1. Adolescents can eat whatever they want, as long as they exercise. 2. Nutrition is only a concern if the adolescent is obese or anorexic. 3. Adolescents should intake 1300 mg of calcium and 400 IU of vitamin D daily 4. Sugar and fat intake do not need to be monitored because growth is so rapid.

3. Adolescents should intake 1300 mg of calcium and 400 IU of vitamin D daily (important for bone density as the adolescent is in a period of rapid growth)

Which statement about adolescent growth patterns is true? 1. Boys stop growing at a younger age than girls. 2. Girls reach 50% of their height by the time they menstruate. 3. Girls grow in height sooner than boys. 4. Boys reach puberty sooner than girls.

3. Girls grow in height sooner than boys.

What has the greatest impact on a child's feelings of self-worth during the school-age years? Select all that apply. 1. Teachers 2. Clergy 3. Peers 4. Parents 5. Siblings

3. Peers 4. Parents

What would be a normal finding for a preschool-age child? Select all that apply. 1. Respirations 16 to 19 breaths/min 2. Respirations 18 to 21 breaths/min 3. Pulse 90 to 100 beats/min 4. Respirations 22 to 25 breaths/min 5. Pulse 80 to 90 beats/min

3. Pulse 90 to 100 beats/min 4. Respirations 22 to 25 breaths/min

What is a leading cause of health problems in toddlers? 1. Cancer 2. Cardiovascular disease 3. Unintentional injury 4. Complications from childhood illnesses

3. Unintentional injury (as toddlers become more mobile and begin to explore their environment, they are prone to accidental injury. This age group requires close supervision)

Physical development during infancy 1. Growth is much slower than during neonatal phase. 2. Infants will gain 46 to 56 centimeters in length. 3. Infants initially lose 5% to 7% of their birth weight. 4. Birth weight triples by 1 year. 5. Growth is 1 inch per month until 6 months of age. 6. Infants will consume about 30 ounces of milk per day by 4 months. 7. Infants typically sleep through the night by 3 to 4 months. 8. Infants can roll from back to stomach by 6 months.

4. Birth weight triples by 1 year. 5. Growth is 1 inch per month until 6 months of age. 6. Infants will consume about 30 ounces of milk per day by 4 months. 7. Infants typically sleep through the night by 3 to 4 months. 8. Infants can roll from back to stomach by 6 months. The infant initially loses 8% to 10% of birth weight in the first days of life, but after that grows at a very rapid pace of 1.5 pounds per month for the first 3 months and 1 inch per month until 6 months. Birth weight will double by 5 months and triple by 1 year. Infants typically consume about 30 ounces of milk or formula per day by 4 months of age. Most are ready for solid food between 4 to 6 months. Sleep patterns vary, but generally by 3 to 4 months the infant can sleep 10 hours at a time. Infants can roll from abdomen to back at 5 months and back to abdomen by 6 months.

A recently admitted 32-year-old female client has just been told she has Stage IV breast cancer. She immediately tells her family members to leave the room and not to come back and becomes agitated with the nursing staff when trying to implement the nursing plan. Which best describes this type of behavior? 1. Id 2. Ego 3. Unconscious mind 4. Defense mechanism

4. Defense mechanism (often people push others away or become agitated in an effort to protect themselves, which is considered a defense mechanism)

Sarah is a straight-A student, competitive gymnast, and class president of her freshman high school class. She feels she is getting fat despite a low body mass index. She places herself on a 500-calorie per-day diet. Which concern should the nurse have? 1. Development of distorted body image 2. Development of obesity 3. Development of bulimia 4. Development of anorexia nervosa

4. Development of anorexia nervosa

A nurse in the neonatal unit is assigned a newborn who exhibits tremors, restlessness, hyperactive reflexes, poor temperature control, and high-pitched cries. The nurse also notices the infant is at risk for seizures. Upon assessment, it is determined the infant has been exposed to which teratogen? 1. Alcohol 2. Nicotine 3. Cocaine 4. Heroin

4. Heroin [WRONG] 1. Alcohol (alcohol use during pregnancy has been attributed to birth defects, growth retardation, developmental delay, and impaired intellectual development) 2. Nicotine (interferes with the transport of oxygen to the fetus, contributing to premature birth, low birth weight, and learning disabilities) 3. Cocaine (attributed to growth retardation and sleep disturbances as well as feeding difficulties)

Which of the following examples of age and demographics would likely have the longest lifespan at birth according to data from National Center for Health Statistics (2017)? 1. White male 2. Non-Hispanic black male 3. White female 4. Hispanic female

4. Hispanic female (they have a life expectancy of 84.3 years at birth) [wrong] 1. White male (76.3 years at birth) 2. Non-Hispanic black male (71.8 years at birth) 3. White female (81.1 years at birth)

Which person is most likely to have a body at peak physical development? 1. Susan, age 18 2. Maria, age 14 3. Joe, age 27 4. Jose, age 41

4. Jose, age 41

Which strategy might help facilitate trust when a nurse is performing an examination of an adolescent? 1. Speak only to the parent. 2. Remember that the client is a child, and be firm with instructions. 3. Do not tell the client any assessment findings, as he or she will not . understand the relevance. 4. Speak directly to the client and ask if he or she wants the parent present for the examination.

4. Speak directly to the client and ask if he or she wants the parent present for the examination. (speaking with client will validate their independence, and asking their preferences will improve the trust relationship) [WRONG] 1. Speak only to the parent. (speaking only to the parent is not effective in gaining trust in an adolescent client. Adolescent have begun to develop independence and respond to being treated with respect) 2. Remember that the client is a child, and be firm with instructions. (the client may still technically be a child, but his or her developmental tasks involve independence) 3. Do not tell the client any assessment findings, as he or she will not understand the relevance. (an adolescent client can easily understand assessment findings and is curious about his or her own health)

Health Concern: Eating Disorders ADOLESCENTS YOUNG ADULTS BOTH

ADOLESCENTS Anorexia, bulimia, and obesity are problems in adolescents. Anorexia nervosa is the restriction of food intake and may be paired with excessive exercise. It typically occurs in high-achieving females from upper-middle-class backgrounds. It is related to a distorted body image. Bulimia involves a combination of binge eating followed by guilt that leads to induced vomiting, laxative use, or excess exercise. Obesity is a result of sedentary lifestyle, eating larger portions, eating fast foods, or substituting high-calorie foods for balanced meals.

Growth Is Rapid ADOLESCENTS YOUNG ADULTS BOTH

ADOLESCENTS During adolescence, females gain 2 to 8 inches in height and gain 15 to 55 pounds in weight. Males gain 4 to 12 inches in height and gain 15 to 65 pounds in weight.

Need for Group Acceptance ADOLESCENTS YOUNG ADULTS BOTH

ADOLESCENTS Peer acceptance is very important to teens, as acceptance on a sports team or club or into a group of friends increases self-esteem. Unpopular teens can feel alienated and resentful and may react violently toward themselves or others. Young adults are more autonomous and rely on themselves for decisions and independence. They enjoy socializing but are more driven to satisfy themselves more than others.

Health Concern: Substance Abuse ADOLESCENTS YOUNG ADULTS BOTH

BOTH Substances used in both adolescents and young adults include tobacco, alcohol, and illegal substances. Substances are often associated with an increase in risk-taking behaviors.

Health Concern: Sexually Transmitted Infections ADOLESCENTS YOUNG ADULTS BOTH

BOTH Teens experiment sexually with multiple partners, oral sex, and same-sex relationships. Condom use is not always a priority in this age-group. Young adults are also experimental during this stage; experiences may include vaginal, oral, anal, and homosexual relationships.

Less Dependence and More Self-Sufficient ADOLESCENTS YOUNG ADULTS BOTH

YOUNG ADULTS As young adults explore career and families, they are more self-sufficient. Around age 30 most young adults experience a period of self-evaluation that may result in a job, career, or relationship change.

Intimate Partner Violence ADOLESCENTS YOUNG ADULTS BOTH

YOUNG ADULTS Intimate partner violence (IPV) normally occurs between spouses or domestic partners. Although there may be violence in teen relationships, it is more common in the young adult. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recognizes four categories of IVP: physical violence, sexual violence, threat of physical or sexual violence, and psychological or emotional abuse. Risk factors for IVP include young age, low income status, pregnancy, young maternal age, low maternal education, large family size, mental health problems, alcohol or substance abuse, separated or divorced status, single-parent household, and history of childhood sexual or physical abuse.

Healthiest Phase of Life ADOLESCENTS YOUNG ADULTS BOTH

YOUNG ADULTS Young adulthood is usually the healthiest stage of a person's life. Maturation of the body systems is complete, disease and illness risk is low, and immune systems are strong.