Day 16 - Acid Rain

c. Explain why adding calcium oxide (lime) to acid polluted lakes only solves problem for a short term.

It is not strong enough to neutralize the acid.

State and explain pH of "clean rain"

It is slightly acidic, it's pH being about 5.6 because of CO2 and water in air react together.

Sulfur Dioxide

-most impt gas -clear, colourless -strong choking odour -from coal burning industry, generate electricity, mining & refining metals, fossil fuel combustion Process: more O reaction=2SO3+ water droplets=sulfuric acid

Nitrogen Oxides

-nitrogen oxides oxidized go from nitric acid=more b/c strict laws -from cars that burn fossil fuels -internal engine temp.=N2+O2->2NO -POllution control tech now reverses= NO-> N+O -some NO escapes to atmosphere =reacts w. O=2 NO -NO=Smog -NO+water=nitric acid + NO

Human activity

-princi. Cause= sulfur and nitrogen -EX electrici generation. Factories and motor vehicles, most= coal power plants -gases carried long distances in atom. Before converted and deposited -short factory funnels= let out smoke -longer funnels= pollutants carried farther

Natural

-princip. Volcanoes and biological process that occur on land, and water bodies -major biological source of sulfur= dimethyl sulfide (CH3)2S= waste product of plants and bacteria -effects of deposits found in ancient glacial ice in remote globe areas

Natural sources

-princip. Volcanoes and biological process that occur on land, and water bodies -major biological source of sulfur= dimethyl sulfide (CH3)2S= waste product of plants and bacteria -effects of deposits found in ancient glacial ice in remote globe areas

CaO + water-> calcium hydroxide. Write chemical equation for reaction

CaO+H2O-> Ca(OH)2

c. Wet & dry deposition differ?

Dry depositions are particles or gases, while wet depositions are rain, dew, hail and snow

3.What conditions does normal rain become acid rain?

Extra acidity is formed when air particles react with pollutants.

Name 2 chemical pollutants and acids they form in water that add extra acidity to rain

Extra acidity of rain come from reaction of mostly sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides (primary air pollutants)with water in the air to form strong acids Iike sulfuric and nitric acids

Explain why limestone has higher pH than granite lake.

Limestone does not neutralize acid as well as granite does. The bonded calcium carbonate has more calcium ions that granite, thus does not neutralize as well.

acid rain definition?

Rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic,

Chemical equation how one of these compounds react acid precipitation?

S+ O2=SO2c3NO2 (g)+H2O(l)->2HNO3 (aq) + NO (g)

What percentage of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions came from transit in 2004?

SO: <3% NO: 51% Suggest 2 things that you could do to reduce amount of acid pollutants from transit. Attaching pollution controlling tech to reverse NO release

4. what 2 groups of compounds are largely responsible for causing acid rain?

Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides compounds.

List AND describe all adverse effects of acid rain

Surface waters and aquatic animals: damage touch as fish eggs not hatching and killing adult fish, biodiversity reduced, insects And fish life elimination. One species greatly affected, could affect entire food web/chain-Al ions washed from acidified soil to streams & lakes, damage fish gills=suffocate Soils: some microbes are unable to tolerate and are killed, enzymes are denatured (changed in shape so they can't function) . Hydronitric ions of acid rain mobilize toxins and leach away essential nutrients and minerals. -Al toxic to plants -Buffering capacity=substance ability to resist pH changes, depends on some soil to neutralize acids. More rock=higher capacities, neutralization use up buffering minerals=eventually decreases Forests and other vegetation: stunts plant growth -Soil's buffering capacity=protection, only neutralizes small a little acid=no nutrients to grow properly.- weakens > kills trees-Vulnerable to diseases, strong winds, extreme cold Human health:cause illness and premature death such as cancer and other deadly diseases. Economic Impact-lumber loss-fish stock reduction Other: damage some building materials and historical monuments and gravestones flake and are damaged

Which is more likely to have healthier aquatic system? Explain.

The granite, it is not as acidic.

b. Why is calcium oxide capable of neutralizing acids despite not having hydroxide ion in its formula.

The product contains hydroxide, therefore it acts as a base.

What

any precipitation(rain, snow, fog) that has become acidic from reacting with compounds in atmosphere -Any precipitation that has pH less than normal rain pH -acid rain pH= 5.6 -emissions of sulfur and nitrogen compounds -clean/Unpolluted rain=slightly acidic -CO2(l) + H2O(g)-> H2CO (aq)=carbonic acid -carbonic acid + water = some hydronium ions (H3O+) -extra acidity from reaction of primary air pollutants (mostly sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides with water in air=strong acids) like sulfuric and nitric acid.

Acid rain and acid precipitation differ?

acid precipitation is all kinds of precipitation like rain, dew and hail, while acid rain is only in the liquid form

How

pollutants: sulfur dioxide (fossil fuels) & nitrogen oxides (vehicle engines) + water=acids before precipitating

b. Acid precipitation is sometimes called "wet deposition". Why is this term appropriate?

precipitation is in a wet state technically speaking, it is in a liquid or wet state.

main sources

vehicles and industrial and power generating plants

Which aquatic animals are most tolerant of acidic conditions?

water birds, other large organisms, Frogs Which animals are most affected by acidic conditions? fish, other small organisms snails