DCUSH Chapter 16
Which of the following statements describes settlement and development of the American West most accurately?
The federal government actively acquired Indian territories, distributed land to companies, and helped to open large areas to commercial farming.
William Cody, popularly known as "Buffalo Bill,"
popularized the image of the West as being both wild and romantic with his "Wild West" shows.
Which of the following statements about nineteenth-century Chinese immigrants to the United States is accurate?
By 1880, the majority of Chinese immigrants lived in California, where many worked on farms, but they also lived elsewhere and performed other jobs.
Which of the following statements is accurate about the West?
By 1890, the West had a higher percentage of people living in cities than other regions.
Which of the following leaders conducted an unsuccessful effort to escape to Canada and, years later, stood in front of an audience asking for freedom and equal rights for his people?
Chief Joseph
Why did western territories take longer than eastern territories to achieve statehood?
Easterners were wary of granting statehood until white, non-Mormon settlers counterbalanced the large Latino and Mormon populations.
Which of the following statements accurately describes elections during the Gilded Age?
Elections were closely contested affairs characterized by intense part loyalty.
How did the displacement of native peoples in Australia differ from the experience of Indians in the American West?
Government policy orchestrated the removal of Aboriginal children from their homes for official adoption by whites.
How did John D. Rockefeller use horizontal expansion?
He bought out competing oil refining companies.
Why was William Tweed so popular with New York's immigrant poor?
He had provided food, fuel, and patronage to them in exchange for their votes.
How did expanding agricultural production in places like Argentina and the American West lead to the migration of rural populations to cities?
Increasing output worldwide pushed down the prices of farm products, making it more difficult for farmers to make ends meet.
Which of the following statements is true about the Civil Service Act of 1883?
It created a system to prevent the appointment of federal employees based on their political influence.
What was the Ghost Dance movement?
It was a traditional religious revival that brought solace to the Native Americans who participated in it but made the government fear the possibility of an uprising.
The Haymarket Affair led to the decline of which group?
Knights of Labor
Why was the Hollywood version of the western "cowboy" based more on fantasy than reality?
Most cowboys were low-paid workers, some of whom even went on strike for higher wages.
An example of what the economist and social historian Thorstein Veblen meant by "conspicuous consumption" is
Mrs. Bradley Martin's costume ball.
After the Civil War, political parties were closely divided. What geographical area did the Democrats dominate?
the South
How did the expansion of railroads accelerate the second industrial revolution in America?
Railroads created a true national market for U.S. goods.
In Lochner v. New York (1905), the Supreme Court voided a state law that established the maximum hours bakers could work in New York. What reasoning did the Court give for this ruling?
The Court believed this law interfered with the right of contract and therefore infringed upon individual freedom.
By the 1880s, what role did the courts, including the Supreme Court, take in the debate over liberty of contract?
The courts generally sided with business enterprises and ruled against labor regulations.
Which of the following statements about the Haymarket Affair is correct?
The explosion of a bomb during the protest fueled employers' efforts to paint the labor movement as dangerous and un-American.
What was one result of the massacre at Wounded Knee?
The government eventually awarded the soldiers the Medal of Honor.
As the West grew increasingly integrated with the national economy, the lives of Plains Indians permanently changed. How did the government respond to the conflict that arose from Indians who resisted these changes?
The government sent troops to destroy the Indian economy such as by attacking their horses and buffalo.
What changes did railroads bring to American society during the Gilded Age?
The introduction of railroads enabled a national market for goods and led to the creation of time zones.
What was one result of the increased emphasis on farming on the Middle Border?
The population significantly increased over four decades and included a diverse group of farmers.
The year 1886 marked the high point of the popularity of the Knights of Labor; however, it soon began to wane. Why did the Knights of Labor lose force after that year?
The press and employers started to associate it with violence and radicalism.
Which of the following properly assesses the significance of the Great Railroad Strike of 1877?
The railroad strike signaled the nation's shift from southern reconstruction to the question of labor and class tensions.
Which of the following statements about the theory of Social Darwinism is correct?
The theory argued that freedom required frank acceptance of inequality.
What did the books of Henry George, Laurence Gronlond, and Edward Bellamy all have in common?
They all offered decidedly optimistic remedies for the unequal distribution of wealth.
What did Social Darwinists believe?
They believed that human progress was a natural process and, therefore, the government should not interfere with it.
How did many Protestants, also known as "Christian lobbyists," try to eradicate sin during the Gilded Age?
They formed national organizations and used politics to outlaw "sinful" behavior.
What did Native Americans have in common with the Zulu of South Africa and the aboriginal people in Australia?
They found themselves pushed aside by a centralizing government trying to control large interior regions.
Economic and population growth translated into the rise of new products like Ivory Soap and Quaker Oats. What did these two items have in common?
They represented the integration of the economy due to the expansion of the railroad network.
Which of the following statements generally describes the view of middle-class reformers on social conditions during the Gilded Age?
They were concerned with the stark economic and social differences between the rich and the poor.
Which of the following statements accurately compares the U.S. Supreme Court's approach to organization in business and labor during the Gilded Age?
While the Court applied the Sherman Antitrust Act to break down unions, it proved unwilling to endorse the regulation of big business.
Which of the following descriptions accurately characterized the West during the Gilded Age?
a variety of regions such as plains, mountains, and desert
Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller
accumulated fortunes, grew powerful, and donated most of their money to charity.
What was the purpose and approach of the Dawes Act?
to attack "tribalism" by dividing the land of nearly all tribes and distributing it to Indian families
What was the aim of boarding schools for Indians established by Bureau of Indian Affairs?
to civilize the Indians, making them "American," as whites defined the term
By 1880, the government used military troops regularly to do which of the following?
to put down strikes
What did the 1880 census show for the first time?
A majority of Americans engaged in nonfarming jobs.
Which of these wealthy men was an immigrant who helped spark the second industrial revolution?
Andrew Carnegie
Which of the following describes the interactions between white settlers and Indian tribes in the West most accurately?
Army campaigns sought to destroy Indian economies by killing many buffalo.
Who was a surprise third-party candidate in the race for New York City mayor in 1886?
Henry George
Which of the following statements accurately describes farming in the Great Plains?
Husbands and sons tended to cash crops, while women tended to animals and grew crops for food.
What religious idea did Walter Rauschenbusch promote?
Inequality of wealth contradicted the Christian ideal of brotherhood.
Why did President James Buchanan replace Utah's territorial governor Brigham Young with a non-Mormon appointee in 1857?
It became known that the work of federal judges in Utah was being obstructed.
What happened to the gross national product from 1870 to 1920?
It increased roughly tenfold, to more than $90 billion.
Which of the following statements accurately assesses the significance of wage labor in America during the Gilded Age?
More and more Americans experienced wage labor as a permanent condition on the edge of poverty.
What prevented many Native Americans from becoming U.S. citizens in the nineteenth century?
Most Indians were unwilling to cede their tribal setting and assimilate into American society.
Which of the following most accurately describes the relationship between the government and the economy in the Gilded Age?
Politicians of both major parties favored business and banks and supported a reduction in the money supply and a return to the gold standard.
What was the difference between skilled and semiskilled workers during the Gilded Age?
Skilled workers were less common, possessed technical skills, and enjoyed better wages depending on the industry.
What criticism did Henry Demarest Lloyd leverage against Rockefeller's Standard Oil in Wealth against Commonwealth (1894)?
Standard Oil was undermining fair competition in the marketplace.
Which of the following properly assesses the significance of the passage of the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1890?
The law established a precedent that the national government could regulate the economy in the interest of the public good.
What happened in both the 1876 and 1888 presidential elections?
The losers of the popular vote won the electoral college.
How were skilled workers able to secure new freedoms for themselves in rapidly expanding industries?
Their knowledge allowed them to control the production process and the training of apprentices.
Which of the following statements summarizes what moral reform groups stood for during the Gilded Age?
Their main concern was to eradicate the "sinful" activities such as alcoholism, prostitution, and gambling and to "Christianize the government."
Why did railroad companies and other businesses form "pools" during the American Gilded Age?
They hoped to escape the chaos of market forces by fixing prices with their competitors.
Which of the following was true of Republicans during the Gilded Age?
They supported a high tariff to protect American industry.
In 1884, the Supreme Court ruled against John Elk when he tried to claim American citizenship. What reason did the Supreme Court give for rejecting his petition?
Whether he had achieved the degree of "civilization" required of American citizens was in question.
Why is the period between 1870 and 1890 known as the "Gilded Age"?
While there was a generalized idea that America was doing well on the surface, it masked corruption, oppression, and poverty.
Which of the following factors contributed to explosive economic growth during the Gilded Age?
abundant natural resources.
Part of the justification offered for the idea of the "liberty of contract" was that, as long as labor relations were based on contracts freely written by the independent individuals, the government lacked the right to interfere. Which of the following socioeconomic groups most tended to embrace this idea?
business and professional classes
In the late nineteenth century, social thinkers such as Edward Bellamy, Henry George, and Laurence Gronlundx offered numerous plans for change, primarily because they were alarmed by a fear of
class warfare and the growing power of concentrated capital.
Thomas Edison, the era's greatest inventor
developed a system for generating and distributing electric power.
The Interstate Commerce Commission was established in 1887 to
ensure that railroads charged farmers and merchants reasonable and fair rates.
What did William G. Sumner think the poor classes were entitled to request from others?
essentially nothing
Crédit Mobilier
illustrated corruption under President Grant.
The second industrial revolution was marked by
increased activity in the mining and railroad industries.
Which of the following did the Knights of Labor try to eliminate?
liberty of contract
In Southern California, what became a dominant crop in the late nineteenth century?
oranges
In order to enter the Union as a state, Utah banned what in its constitution?
polygamy
Bonanza farms
typically had thousands of acres of land or more.
The Social Gospel
was an effort to expand the appeal of the Protestant Church into poor neighborhoods.
The Knights of Labor
was an inclusive group that called for an array of reforms including the eight-hour workday.
The impact of the second industrial revolution on the trans-Mississippi West was
dramatic in agriculture.
The Grange was an organization that
established cooperatives for storing and marketing farm output.
In How the Other Half Lives, Jacob Riis
focused on the wretched conditions of New York City slums.
One significant economic impact of the second industrial revolution was
frequent and prolonged economic depressions.
The Indian victory at the Little Bighorn
only temporarily delayed the advance of white settlement.