Descent with Modification

joint

arthr-

with or together with

co-

same

homo- (or homeo-)

same

sym-

Which of the following contributes the LEAST to the problem of antibiotic resistance? a. taking antibiotics for all infections, including viral infections b. taking the entire course of antibiotics as prescribed by the doctor c. using high doses of antibiotics in animal feed, so that we are not exposed to the bacteria d. stopping taking the antibiotics as soon as you feel better, thereby decreasing the exposure of the bacteria to the antibiotics

b. taking the entire course of antibiotics as prescribed by the doctor

Which of the following organisms could be produced by artificial selection? a. A dog that serves as the "eyes" for a blind individual. b. A rabbit that is housebroken. c. A cow that produces a large quantity of milk. d. A chimpanzee that communicates through sign language.

c. A cow that produces a large quantity of milk.

Evidence of Evolution: fossil records

-discovery of shells of extinct species -discovery of transitional forms of horses

foot

-pod

Evidence of Evolution: homology

-same genetic code in fireflies and tobacco plants -similarities in mammalian forelimbs -vestigial pelvis in right whales

Evidence of Evolution: biogeography

-the high concentration of marsupial species in Australia -similarity of endemic island species to nearby inland species

Evidence for Evolution: direct observation of evolutionary change

Development of drug resistance in bacteria

Which term describes the ability of a trait to be passed on to offspring? a. Heritability b. Fitness c. Adaptation d. Evolution

a. Heritability

Which one of the following researchers developed a theory of evolution that was very similar to Charles Darwin's? a. Wallace b. Cuvier c. Lyell d. Hutton e. Lamarck

a. Wallace

other

allo-

both, double, two

amphi-

Identify the four postulates of natural selection. a. All individuals in a population have equal reproductive success. b. Survival and reproductive success are variable among individuals in a population. c. Individuals in a population vary in the traits they possess. d. Individuals with certain traits are more likely to survive and reproduce. e. Individuals in a population all possess the same traits. f. Some trait differences are heritable.

b. Survival and reproductive success are variable among individuals in a population. c. Individuals in a population vary in the traits they possess. d. Individuals with certain traits are more likely to survive and reproduce. f. Some trait differences are heritable.

Which pair of chickens should a farmer breed to produce larger chickens? a. Small hen, large rooster b. Large hen, small rooster c. Large hen, large rooster d. Small hen, small rooster

c. Large hen, large rooster

equal

equi-

true, good

eu-

father

pater (or patr-)

chromosomes

ploid

many

poly-

behind

post- (or postero-)

first

prim-

first

proto-

Which of the following statements is an accurate combination of postulates 1 and 2 of natural selection? 1. Individuals in a population vary in the traits they possess. 2. Some trait differences are heritable. a. Heritable variation exists for traits among individuals in a population. b. Heritable variation does not exist among individuals in a population. c. Drug resistance exists among all individuals in a population. d. Environmental variation exists for traits among individuals in a population.

a. Heritable variation exists for traits among individuals in a population.

What does Dr. Carroll mean when he says, "while mutation is random, natural selection is not"? a. Natural selection favors some mutations. b. Mutations are caused by selective pressure dependent on environmental conditions. c. Natural selection acts on traits. d. Mutations for advantageous traits are more likely to be passed on to the next generation.

a. Natural selection favors some mutations. c. Natural selection acts on traits. d. Mutations for advantageous traits are more likely to be passed on to the next generation.

A particular antibiotic kills 99% of a bacterial population. What will be the result of the continued application of this antibiotic? a. Over time, the antibiotic will become less effective at killing the bacteria. b. Every time the antibiotic is given, it will kill 99% of the bacterial population. c. Eventually, all of the bacterial population will be wiped out. d. Over time, the antibiotic will cause mutations in the bacteria.

a. Over time, the antibiotic will become less effective at killing the bacteria.

In the lab, Nachman examined dark mice from two different populations living hundreds of miles apart. The mice looked nearly identical. Their dark color was caused by two different genes. What does this tell you? a. There are at least two genes involved in creating dark mouse fur. b. Dark fur color evolved independently on each lava flow. c. Two completely different mutations in two separate genes can generate the same phenotype. d. Under very similar conditions, natural selection can favor very similar adaptations. e. Dark color evolved only once in rock pocket mice.

a. There are at least two genes involved in creating dark mouse fur. b. Dark fur color evolved independently on each lava flow. c. Two completely different mutations in two separate genes can generate the same phenotype. d. Under very similar conditions, natural selection can favor very similar adaptations.

In the video, what does the UK's Chief Medical Officer suggest for promoting the development of new antibiotics? a. encouraging big pharmaceutical companies to start investing again in new drug research and development b. searching the rainforest for new chemicals that can be used as antibiotics c. spending federal tax money to set up government labs specifically for new drug research and development d. conducting research to see whether our current antiviral medications could be used as antibiotics to combat bacteria

a. encouraging big pharmaceutical companies to start investing again in new drug research and development

A farmer wishes to develop a strain of high-yield corn that is also resistant to drought. He has the following individuals from the current year's crop: Individual A—Yield: 179 bushels/acre; drought resistance: high Individual B—Yield: 220 bushels/acre; drought resistance: low Individual C—Yield: 185 bushels/acre; drought resistance: medium Individual D—Yield: 140 bushels/acre; drought resistance: high Individual E—Yield: 200 bushels/acre; drought resistance: medium Which of the following crosses would produce the highest corn yield with the highest resistance to drought? A farmer wishes to develop a strain of high-yield corn that is also resistant to drought. He has the following individuals from the current year's crop: Individual A—Yield: 179 bushels/acre; drought resistance: high Individual B—Yield: 220 bushels/acre; drought resistance: low Individual C—Yield: 185 bushels/acre; drought resistance: medium Individual D—Yield: 140 bushels/acre; drought resistance: high Individual E—Yield: 200 bushels/acre; drought resistance: medium Which of the following crosses would produce the highest corn yield with the highest resistance to drought? a. C and E b. A and E c. B and B d. A and B

b. A and E

In the projected video showing the growth of bacteria, why did the bacteria grow up to the edge of the area with antibiotics, pause, then continue to grow across the area with antibiotics? a. Researchers added antibiotic resistant bacteria to the culture, so that the bacteria would continue to grow across the area with antibiotics. b. A few bacteria experienced random mutations in their DNA, which allowed some of them to grow even though antibiotics were present. c. The bacteria mutated as a survival response to the presence of antibiotics, enabling the bacteria to become resistant to the antibiotics. d. The antibiotics caused mutations in the DNA of the bacteria, making them resistant to the antibiotics.

b. A few bacteria experienced random mutations in their DNA, which allowed some of them to grow even though antibiotics were present.

Which term describes a trait that increases an individual's ability to survive in a particular environment? a. Fitness b. Adaptation c. Evolution d. Heritability

b. Adaptation

Over time, bacteria have become increasingly resistant to antibiotics. Which of the following best explains this in terms of natural selection? a. Antibiotics caused mutations in the bacteria that were exposed to the largest doses of antibiotics. b. Bacteria that happen to have natural resistance to antibiotics survived and reproduced. c. Antibiotics caused bacteria to reproduce more quickly than normal. d. Some bacteria began to tolerate the antibiotics, and passed this ability to their offspring.

b. Bacteria that happen to have natural resistance to antibiotics survived and reproduced.

Which of the following statements about natural selection is true? a. Natural selection is a process whereby genes are selected randomly for preservation in the next generation. b. Natural selection favors individuals that reproduce more than others. c. Natural selection can be used by farmers to generate organisms with desirable traits. d. Natural selection occurs in opposition to evolution.

b. Natural selection favors individuals that reproduce more than others.

A group of small fish live in a lake with a uniformly light-brown sandy bottom. Most of the fish are light brown, but about 10% are mottled. This fish species is often prey for large birds that live on the shore. A construction company dumps a load of gravel in the bottom of the lake, giving it a mottled appearance. Which of these statements presents the most accurate prediction of what will happen to this fish population? a. There is no way to predict the result. b. The proportion of mottled fish will increase over time. c. As the mottled fish are eaten, more will be produced to fill the gap. d. The ratios will not change. e. In two generations, all the fish will be mottled.

b. The proportion of mottled fish will increase over time.

Which of the following correctly describes what the video referred to as a "microbial cure"? a. Antibiotics are used every time a patient has disease symptoms, in order to prevent an infection from occurring. b. Antibiotics are used only until the patient feels better, therefore reducing the exposure to the antibiotics. c. Antibiotics are used to kill all of the infectious bacteria in a person. d. Antibiotics are used to treat all infections, whether they are bacterial or viral, in order to bring about a full cure.

c. Antibiotics are used to kill all of the infectious bacteria in a person.

Which of the following statements is an accurate combination of postulates 3 and 4 of natural selection? 3. Survival and reproductive success are variable among individuals in a population. 4. Individuals with certain traits are more likely to survive and reproduce. a. Individuals experience no success in their ability to survive or reproduce. b. Individuals experience uniform success in their ability to survive or reproduce. c. Individuals experience differential success in their ability to survive or reproduce due to differences in certain traits. d. Individuals experience unlimited success in their ability to survive or reproduce.

c. Individuals experience differential success in their ability to survive or reproduce due to differences in certain traits.

The theory of evolution through natural selection is considered a scientific theory because __________. a. it is broad enough in scope to explain many observations b. it is supported by a massive body of evidence from many disciplines c. it is general enough to provide many testable hypotheses d. All of the listed responses are correct. e. None of the listed responses is correct.

d. All of the listed responses are correct.

What is the concern about using antibacterial and antimicrobial soaps? a. Antibacterial and antimicrobial products are far more toxic to humans than are antibiotics. b. Antibacterial and antimicrobial products are far more toxic to bacteria than are antibiotics. c. Doctors are concerned that people will stop using antibiotics, and start using more antibacterial and antimicrobial products instead. d. The use of any chemical that kills bacteria can eventually lead to resistance to that chemical in the population of bacteria.

d. The use of any chemical that kills bacteria can eventually lead to resistance to that chemical in the population of bacteria.

An adaptation is ___________. a. the cause of natural selection b. a trait that gives rise to a new species c. an individual's attempt to conform to its environment d. a trait that gives an organism a reproductive advantage in the current environment e. All of the listed responses are correct.

d. a trait that gives an organism a reproductive advantage in the current environment

Which of the following observations led to Darwin's major inferences? a. Members of a population vary in their heritable traits. b. Body parts that are not used deteriorate over time. c. Organisms only go extinct when catastrophes occur. d. Although organisms can produce huge numbers of offspring, many of these offspring do not survive. e. The first and fourth answers are correct.

e. The first and fourth answers are correct.

Charles Darwin _________. a. was the first person to conclude that organisms evolve b. eagerly published his theory before it was well developed c. was the first to realize that fossils are remains of ancient organisms d. proposed that unused parts of the body deteriorate e. proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution

e. proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution