Dev Psych Chapter 6

The current U.S. policy on parental leave is to allow ______. up to 6 months of unpaid leave up to 12 weeks of paid leave up to 6 months of paid leave up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave

up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave

About ______ children in the United States currently receive formal, licensed child care. 100,000 500,000 1 million 2 million

2 million

By the time they are ______, most children recognize themselves in a mirror. 18 months old 2 years old 6 months old 1 year old

2 yo

Which individuals are displaying self-conscious emotions? 4-month-old Jill, who is giggling 11-year-old Mike, who is angry with his sister 4-year-old Sam, who feels shame 7-year-old Harry, who is embarrassed

4-year-old Sam, who feels shame 7-year-old Harry, who is embarrassed

In general, infant fear first emerges at ___ months and peaks at about ___ months.

6 months 18 months

According to Rothbart and Bates, what does the dimension of extraversion/surgency include? Approach Pleasure Smiling Anxiety Activity Inhibition

Approach Pleasure Activity Smiling

Two-year-old Shelly was badly frightened by the neighbor's dog, so she told her mother, "Feel bad, dog scare." Her little brother, Kyle, age one, simply cried and had to be comforted. What does this illustrate? Developmental differences in how personality is manifested Gender differences in how children use and communicate emotions Developmental strategies that children of different ages use to communicate emotions That Kyle is showing the early signs of a behavior disorder That there are no differences in development in early childhood

Developmental strategies that children of different ages use to communicate emotions

According to a 2006 study of discipline and corrective behavior, which of the following was the MAIN method parents used to correct unwanted behavior in their 12-month-olds? Negotiating with the infant Ignoring the infant Diverting the infant's attention Reasoning with the infant

Diverting the infant's attention

According to participant evaluation, which of the following were some of the results of the Bringing Home Baby project? Fathers were more sensitive and involved. Mothers were less likely to experience postpartum depression. Parents benefited, but babies showed the same level of development as those in the control group. Mothers had the same level of postpartum depression as those in the control group.

Fathers were more sensitive and involved. Mothers were less likely to experience postpartum depression.

Infants are able to understand that people have intentions because they can engage in which of the following? Locomotion Emotion regulation Gaze following Joint attention

Gaze following Joint attention

Baby Jordan engages in little interaction with his mother and isn't distressed when she leaves the room. When she returns, Jordan does not reestablish contact with her and even turns his back on her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Jordan? He is an insecure resistant baby. He is an insecure disorganized baby. He is a securely attached baby. He is an insecure avoidant baby.

He is an insecure avoidant baby.

According to the most current and common view among developmentalists, when should the soothing of infants by their caregivers occur? Occur only infrequently, because soothing the infant increases the frequency of crying Not occur regularly because it spoils the infant Occur regularly, because an infant cannot be spoiled in the first year of life Occur regularly, because it fosters a sense of trust and secure attachment

Occur regularly, because an infant cannot be spoiled in the first year of life Occur regularly, because it fosters a sense of trust and secure attachment

Longitudinal research regarding the transition to parenthood revealed which of the following trends? Women focused less on managing family tasks after a baby was born. One-third of couples showed an increase in marital satisfaction after a baby was born. Men paid more attention to personal growth after a baby was born. Couples enjoyed less positive marital relations before the baby was born.

One-third of couples showed an increase in marital satisfaction after a baby was born.

Which of the following are research-based recommendations in regard to rearing children with different types of temperament? Raise children similarly regardless of temperament. Recognize individuality. Be flexible. Make children conform to their environment. Avoid labeling

Recognize individuality. Avoid labeling Be flexible.

Which of the following theorists developed a temperament classification involving extraversion/surgency, negative affectivity, and effortful control? Chess and Thomas Rothbart and Bates Watson Kagan

Rothbart and Bates

What type of emotions require self-awareness and a sense of 'me'? Positive emotions Primary emotions Negative emotions Self-conscious emotions

Self-conscious emotions

True or false: Personality in infants is thought to involve a sense of self, trust, self-recognition, and independence.

True

Which of the following is not one of the recommendations regarding the best parenting strategies in relation to children's temperament? Don't label a child as "difficult." Pay attention to the child's individuality. Avoid crowded, noisy environments. Be strict in responding to the child's characteristics.

Be strict in responding to the child's characteristics.

Regarding emotional regulation, which of the following statements is true? The soothing actions of a caregiver increase the level of stress hormones of the infant. The caregiver's soothing actions are completely different from how infants soothe themselves. In order to develop good emotional regulation, an infant should be allowed to reach frequent intense, agitated states. By rocking an infant to sleep, the caregiver is helping the infant soothe their emotions.

By rocking an infant to sleep, the caregiver is helping the infant soothe their emotions.

Which theorists developed a temperament classification system in which most children are considered to be easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm-up? Kagan Chess and Thomas Freud Rothbart and Bates

Chess and Thomas

Which of the following are environmental influences that can encourage or discourage the persistence of temperament characteristics? The influence of genetic inheritance Cultural influences The influences of personality Goodness of fit influences

Cultural influences Goodness of fit influences

Erik Erikson's second stage of development, occurring during the second year of life, is called generativity versus stagnation. integrity versus despair. autonomy versus shame and doubt. intimacy versus isolation.

autonomy versus shame and doubt.

According to Rothbart and Bates, approach, pleasure, activity, and laughter are all in the temperament classification of effortful control. negative affectivity. extraversion/surgency. inhibition to the unfamiliar.

extraversion/surgency.

Baby Farooq enjoys meeting new people and is mostly happy, but he has trouble self-soothing. His temperament could be described as extraverted, with low effortful control. extraverted, with high effortful control. high in emotional negativity and high in effortful control. low in emotional negativity and high in effortful control.

extraverted, with low effortful control.

The match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope is known by the term parenting challenge. lack of fit. adjustment parenting. goodness of fit.

goodness of fit

Emotional interactions between caregiver and child are ______, or synchronous, meaning they shape and are shaped by each other. reciprocal one directional personal singular

reciprocal

Ten-month-old Alyssa smiles at her mother and throws a sponge ball toward her. Alyssa's mother tries to catch it and smiles and laughs. Alyssa crawls closer and tries to take the ball, while giggling. This is an example of ___ socialization.

reciprocal

According to a 2006 study of discipline and corrective methods, one-third of parents had ______ before the time the child was 12 months old. spanked the infant threatened the infant yelled at their infant slapped the infant's hands

yelled at their infant

According to research, some couples experienced which of the positive results in the transition to parenting? Women more closely attended to their own personal growth. Men became more concerned with intimacy. Women improved family task management. Couples reported have a more stable couple identity. Couples reported having more economic security.

Men became more concerned with intimacy. Women improved family task management. Women more closely attended to their own personal growth. Couples reported have a more stable couple identity.

In the United States, separation protest typically peaks at about the age of ______. 4 to 6 months 8 to 10 months 10 to 12 months 13 to 15 months

13 to 15 months

At what age do most infants begin to exhibit self-recognition, as assessed by the mirror technique? 10 to 12 months 22 to 24 months 7 to 9 months 15 to 18 months

15 to 18 months

Scientists in the field of social neuroscience are MOST LIKELY to study which of the following factors? Psychoanalysis Mother-infant attachment The brain Hormones Maternity leave

Hormones The brain Mother-infant attachment

Which of the following statements are true of stranger anxiety? It is strongest when the infant is sitting on its mother's lap. It peaks at about 9 months of age. It appears at about 6 months of age. It disappears by 1 year of age.

It appears at about 6 months of age.

Which of the following statements are true regarding face-to-face play? It begins when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age. It does not include vocalization, touch, or gestures. It includes vocalization, touch, and gestures. It begins at about 6-7 months of age.

It begins when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age. It includes vocalization, touch, and gestures.

What is one of the main criticisms of the Strange Situation? It may be culturally biased. It is outdated. The research may have been poorly designed. Psychoanalysis is inappropriate for infants.

It may be culturally biased.

Which of the following statements are true regarding cultural influences on emotional development? East Asian infants display less frequent and less positive and negative emotions than non-Latino White infants. East Asian parents encourage their children to express emotions versus showing emotional reserve. Japanese parents try to prevent their children from experiencing negative emotions. Non-Latino White mothers are more likely than Japanese parents to respond after their children become distressed.

Japanese parents try to prevent their children from experiencing negative emotions. Non-Latino White mothers are more likely than Japanese parents to respond after their children become distressed. East Asian infants display less frequent and less positive and negative emotions than non-Latino White infants.

Which theorist developed a temperament classification system based on inhibition and lack of inhibition? Gartstein Chess & Thomas Rothbart Kagan

Kagan

Your Answer incorrect Patty has been classified as a slow-to-warm-up child, according to Chess and Thomas' classification system. Which of the following characteristics is she likely to display? Low activity level Low intensity of mood Somewhat negative affect Frequent crying Irregular daily routines

Low activity level Somewhat negative affect Low intensity of mood

A 2006 study of 1- and 2-year-olds that involved a cooperative task yielded which of the following results? The actions of both the 1-year-olds and the 2-year-olds suggested cooperation. Neither group showed clear evidence of cooperation. The behavior of the 1- and 2-year-olds exhibited clear cooperation. The actions of the 2-year-olds suggested cooperation, but the actions of the 1-year-olds suggested coincidence.

The actions of the 2-year-olds suggested cooperation, but the actions of the 1-year-olds suggested coincidence.

Jeremy is a very active toddler whose parents try to avoid putting him in situations where he must sit still for long periods of time. What does this illustrate? Self-soothing The concept of goodness of fit The notion of swaddling The slow-to-warm up child

The concept of goodness of fit

Identify the major criticisms of attachment theory. There is a critical sensitive period of development in infants. Caregiving styles have no affect on infant development. Culture plays a role in socialization in a infants environment. There are biological based factors that play a role in temperament.

There is a critical sensitive period of development in infants. Culture plays a role in socialization in a infants environment. There are biological based factors that play a role in temperament.

Which of the following factors can result in an infant showing fear as early as 3 months? Abuse Neglect Food allergies Indigestion

abuse neglect

A study of 2 and 3-year-old children showed that an increase in the number of child-care arrangements the children experienced was linked to better socialization. an increase in behavioral problems. health problems. greater interest in visiting new places.

an increase in behavioral problems.

Babies have at least three types of cries: a basic cry, a(n) ___ cry, and a(n) ____ cry.

anger cry, pain cry

Criticisms of __ theory include the role that culture and biological factors have on infant's temperament.

attachment

Most developmentalists support the view that parents should soothe a crying infant in order to help the infant develop a sense of trust and secure ___.

attachment

According to Erikson's theory, three year old Gannon is determined to get his own juice from the refrigerator. This is a sign of Gannon striving for __

autonomy

More children are in child care today than ever before, primarily because U.S. adults: prefer to continue working rather than go on leave. cannot receive paid leave. are having fewer children per family. are having more children per family.

cannot receive paid leave.

Developmental ___ can include connections between a wide range of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes as well as involving social contexts such as families, peers, schools, and culture.

cascades

Coordinated actions of 1-year-olds is most likely coerced rather than cooperative. coincidental rather than cooperative. cooperative rather than coincidental.

coincidental rather than cooperative

Which of the following are the two most important emotional expressions that infants display when interacting with their parents? Cries Expressions of disgust Frowns Smiles

cries smiles

When parents of children in East Asia encourage the demonstration of emotional reserve, this illustrates the influence of ___ diversity on emotional development.

cultural

The jealousy research study in which infants observed their mothers holding a lifelike baby doll illustrates the fear reactions that infants have toward strangers. short attention span of most infants. difficulty of interpreting infant emotions. widely accepted evidence that jealousy appears at about 6-months of age.

difficulty of interpreting infant emotions.

According to Ainsworth's model, insecure ______ babies may show confusion and fearfulness around their caregivers. avoidant detached disorganized resistant

disorganized

A feeling or affect that occurs when individuals are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being, is called an

emotion

Harlow's baby monkey study demonstrated that ______ is not the crucial element in the attachment process and that ______ is important. contact comfort; feeding cognition; biology biology; cognition feeding; contact comfort

feeding; contact comfort

An inhibited temperament is associated with a unique physiological pattern that includes: high and stable heart rate high level of the hormone cortisol low levels of fear and inhibition. high activity in the right frontal lobe of the brain

high and stable heart rate high level of the hormone cortisol high activity in the right frontal lobe of the brain

Between 18 and 24 months of age, children markedly increase their ______ play. imitative and reciprocal reciprocal and face-to-face imitative and face-to-face imaginative

imitative and reciprocal

According to Erikson, the developmental stage of trust versus mistrust occurs in the first three months of life. in the first year of life. in the first six months of life. in the first nine months of life.

in the first year of life.

According to Bowlby, an infant's internal working model of attachment develops into seven more developmental stages that occur across the life span. influences the child's subsequent responses to other people. deteriorates after the age of 24 months. has minimal impact on the child's subsequent responses to other people.

influences the child's subsequent responses to other people

A(n) ______ temperament is associated with a high and stable heart rate, high level of cortisol, and high activity in the right frontal lobe of the brain. uninhibited inhibited outgoing

inhibited

Young Marco is almost two years old. Whenever his mother goes away, he says to his babysitter, "Mommy gone, Mommy gone." This is an example of how toddlers can use ___ to define their feelings and what is upsetting them.

language

Kagan believes that children inherit a/an __ (emotionality/physiology) that biases them to have a particular type of temperament.

physiology

The early emotions of anger, disgust, fear, interest, joy, sadness, and surprise are all examples of ___emotions.

primary

Which type of infant smile does not depend on external stimuli? Aggravated Reflexive Agitated Social

reflexive

A(n) ___ smile in an infant does not occur in response to external stimuli, but a(n) __ smile does.

reflexive social

In one study, more time spent in early non-relative child care was related to higher levels of ______ at 15 years of age. risk taking and impulsivity cognitive-academic achievement confidence emotional wellbeing.

risk taking and impulsivity

An important form of reciprocal socialization is ___ , in which parents adjust the level of guidance to fit the child's performance, thus allowing them to be more skillful.

scaffolding

The term ___ protest is used to describe the behavior of infants who cry when their caregiver leaves them.

separation

Baby Julio isn't very active and shows a low intensity of mood. According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, Julio is a(n) ______ child. introverted easy difficult slow-to-warm-up

slow-to-warm-up

One-year-old Bryan sees a man with a beard approaching him and his mother. Brian looks at his mother's face to get a cue as to whether or not he should be alarmed. His reliance on his mother to "show" him how to react is an example of __

social referencing

An individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding is his or her ______. temperament attributes behaviors heredity

temperament

In one research study, it was found that mothers of infants respond differently to the crying of irritable girls than the crying of irritable boys. This is an example of how gender affects reaction to

temperament

Kagan believes that __ has both physiological and experiential bases.

temperament

John Watson was a behaviorist who argued that parents spend ______ time responding to infant crying and thus ______ its occurrence. too little; encourage too much; increase just enough; manage not enough; decrease

too much; increase

The NICHD study on child care was conducted by using which of the following methods? (Select all that apply.) data from previous studies interviews trained observers questionnaires

trained observers interviews questionnaires

The reciprocal interchanges and mutual influence processes between parents and children are sometimes referred to as scaffolds. isolated actions. transactional.

transactional.

True or false: A quality child care environment should provide a low caregiver-child ratio.

true