Dev. Psych Exam #2

Most infants begin to crawl between: 11 and 13 months after birth. 3 and 5 months after birth. 5 and 7 months after birth. 8 and 10 months after birth.

8 and 10 months after birth

Some aspects of language learning may be best explained by one theory at one age and other aspects by another theory at another age. This concept refers to the: social-pragmatic theory. learning theory. language acquisition theory. hybrid theory.

hybrid theory

Perseveration is the opposite of: emotional regulation. self-control. impulsiveness. intelligence.

impulsiveness

To be "semilingual" refers to: using the grammar of one language and the vocabulary of another. incomplete, delayed, or impaired language development. being fluent in two or more languages. children serving as interpreters for their parents who do not speak the dominant language.

incomplete, delayed, or impaired language development

Montessori schools emphasize: artistic expression. pretend and dramatic play. group activities and projects. individual pride and accomplishment.

individual pride and accomplishment

Many adults believe they have ______________. They have forgotten experiences, people, and even languages they were exposed to in the first few years of life. short-term memory loss memory lapse senioritis infant amnesia

infant amnesia

Although it can be treated, in reality the best approach to stopping childhood malnutrition is: quarantine. humility. prevention. patience.

prevention

The internal dialogue that occurs when people talk to themselves is called: private speech. secretive speech. animism. abnormal behavior.

private speech

When early childhood programs are compared, the most important variable is the: size of the classroom. effectiveness of teachers. amount of parent involvement. curriculum.

effectiveness of teachers

A 3-year-old who gives his mother a toy car for HER birthday and expects that she will love it is demonstrating: centration. static reasoning. focus on appearance. egocentrism.

egocentrism

Across cultures, children of parents who are __________ are less able to regulate their emotions. shameful emotionally handicapped aggressive prideful

emotionally handicapped

________ is the understanding of the feelings and concerns of others, and ________ is the feelings of anger, distrust, and dislike toward another person. Empathy; prosocial behavior Sympathy; antisocial behavior Antipathy; empathy Empathy; antipathy

empathy; antipathy

Recent research on early affordances provides evidence that: input becomes quicker with age, but cognitive processing stays the same. input and cognitive processing do not show much change until the child is much older. even during the first year of life age makes a difference in which affordances will be perceived and then acted on. input and cognitive processing become slower with age.

even during the first year of life age makes a difference in which affordances will be perceived and then acted on

When a person expresses powerful feelings through uncontrolled physical or verbal outbursts, he or she is: internalizing problems. externalizing problems. emotionally regulated. extrinsically motivated.

externalizing problems

One explanation for immigrant children to "language shift" is: their egocentrism. their stranger anxiety. fast-mapping. role reversal.

their egocentrism

An example of a fine motor skill is: pumping a swing. riding a bicycle. kicking a ball. drawing a circle.

drawing a circle

The term ________ refers to a person who is fluent in two languages, not favoring one over the other. "bilingual" "balanced bilingual" "language shifter" "dual language learner"

"balanced bilingual"

What defines the condition called "wasting"? 2 percent below average for height 7 percent below average for age 2 or more standard deviations below average 1 or more standard deviations below average

2 or more standard deviations below average

In the United States in 2011, what percentage of children spoke a language at home other than English? 22 10 15 5

22

Children show evidence of memory as early as ___ months of age. 5 8 12 3

3

On average, young children of different ethnic and economic group spend ________ a day exposed to electronic media. 2 to 3 hours 3 to 4 ½ hours 6 hours 1 to 2 hours

3 to 4.5 hours

Separation anxiety: All of these answers are correct. is an infant's distress when a caregiver leaves. is normal at age 1 but not after age 3. intensifies by age 2 and then usually subsides by age 3.

All of these are correct

Which of the following statements is true about theory of mind? Culture and social interactions influence theory of mind. Culture does not seem to have an impact on theory of mind. Socioeconomic status seems to have a significant influence on theory of mind. An only child will likely have a more advanced theory of mind than a child with older siblings.

Culture and social interactions influence theory of mind

According to the text, how does the play of fathers and mothers with their infants differ? Mothers are more physical. Fathers are easily distracted. Fathers' play is more vigorous. Mothers are more spontaneous.

Father's play is more vigorous

What happens when a child is able to speak about 50 words? The progression of language acquisition slows down. The child begins to speak only in verbs. Vocabulary steadily increases at about 10 words per month. Language acquisition increases dramatically.

Language acquisition increases dramatically

What happens when a child is able to speak about 50 words? The progression of language acquisition slows down. The child begins to speak only in verbs. Vocabulary steadily increases at about 10 words per month. Language acquisition increases dramatically.

Language acquisition increases dramatically

Although cultural differences exist, most infants worldwide develop special attachments to their caregivers. This discovery is currently attributed to: Abraham Maslow. Mary Ainsworth. B. F. Skinner. Erik Erikson.

Mary Ainsworth

Neurons that fire together become more closely and quickly connected. If a toddler (1 ½ years old) gets angry right away when a teasing older sibling approaches him, how is this explained in your text? Memory of past experiences play a role in emotional reactions. Social impulses are immature. Older siblings always tease younger siblings. Social impulses are mature.

Memory of past experiences play a role in emotional reactions

__________ is mental processing of information that arrives at the brain from the sensory organs. Awareness Perception Visualization Cognition

Perception

Which child-centered approach to early-childhood education places the most emphasis on individual differences, neither requiring children to engage in prescribed learning activities nor using any large-group instruction? Reggio Emilia Montessori intervention Head Start

Reggio Emilia

Which of the following diseases has been eliminated worldwide? pertussis measles smallpox polio

Smallpox

Which of the following statements about Head Start is true? Some programs are only 3 hours a day. Its long-lasting beneficial effects are well documented. All employ teacher-centered approaches. All use the same curriculum and work to achieve the same goals.

Some programs are only 3 hours a day

What is the major concern when children spend more time exposed to video games and other media? Children will replace television watching with time spent playing video games. Children will not develop appropriate social skills. The time spent engaged with electronic media reduces the time spent in social and educational activities. The way researchers evaluate the role of electronic media in cognitive development .delays remains controversial.

The time spent engaged with electronic media reduces the time spent in social and educational activities

Child-centered programs that recognize that children learn through play with other children are most consistent with the views of: Vygotsky. Erikson. Piaget. Freud.

Vygotsky

In terms of early childhood learning, research has found that if the home educational quality is poor, then: a quality preschool is especially beneficial. attendance at preschool is detrimental. a nursery school will be more beneficial than a preschool. a child-centered program will be more beneficial than any other approach.

a quality preschool is especially beneficial

Early childhood is __________ for language learning. a critical period a sensitive period both a critical and a sensitive period neither a critical nor a sensitive period

a sensitive period

The term for the time when language learning is most easily and readily accomplished is: a sensitive period. a preoperational period. a critical period. a zone of proximal development.

a sensitive period

Parents are told that their newborn is in the 90th percentile for height. This means that their child is: average height. unknowable without comparing to weight. above average height. below average height.

above average height

Tertiary circular reactions are characterized by: infants responding to their own bodies. infants responding to objects or other people. infants habituating to stimuli. active independent exploration and experimentation.

active independent exploration and experimentation

A major evaluation of Head Start found that benefits were most apparent for which children? children with the lowest family income children in rural areas children with disabilities All of the above answers are correct.

all of the above are correct

A typical 6-year-old in a developed nation: weighs between 40 and 50 pounds. looks lean, not chubby. All of these answers are correct. is at least 3½ feet tall.

all of these answers are correct

Which of the following is part of the limbic system? corpus callosum basal ganglia myelin amygdala

amygdala

According to Chomsky's theory of language development, which factor predicts communication? operant conditioning maturity of the auditory cortex an innate ability positive reinforcement

an innate ability

Vygotsky proposed that an important role of language is to: assist with cognitive development. assist with socialization. communicate feelings. increase neural connections.

assist with cognitive development

Keeva believes that she needs to show her children that she is in charge and has many strict rules about their conduct. At times she spanks her kids or gets them to do what she wants through force. What style of discipline is this? permissive neglectful authoritative authoritarian

authoritarian

At birth, a) babies are deaf and blind, b) all the senses are functional, c) the ear is the only sense organ that is fully functional, d) babies can perceive but not sense most stimuli

b) all the senses are functional

The extended repetition of syllables is referred to as: motherese. morphemes. babbling. cooing.

babbling

Which theory asserts that gender roles are learned and that they are a result of nurture rather than nature? epigenetic theory behaviorism cognitive theory psychoanalytic theory

behaviorism

The toilet-training method in which children would drink their favorite juice, sit on the potty, and be praised when the inevitable occurred is from the: social learning theory. behaviorist theory. psychoanalytic theory. psychosocial theory.

behaviorist theory

Physical punishment, such as slapping and spanking, is used more on children ______ than on children of any other age-group. between infancy and age 6 over age 6 ages 1 to 2 ages 6 to 7

between infancy and age 6

When an infant's nutrition is temporarily inadequate, which part of the body is "spared"? heart brain lungs liver

brain

Developmentalists agree that infants' emotional development is directly tied to: brain development. maturation. reactions to stress. social awareness.

brain development

Developmentalists agree that infants' emotional development is directly tied to: reactions to stress. maturation. brain development. social awareness.

brain development

It is Stephie's 4th birthday. Although Henry is only 3 years old, he insists that he is older than Stephie because he is taller than her. Henry focusing only on height as a measure of age is an example of: symbolic thinking. centration. conservation. static thought.

centration

The information-processing theory compares human thinking to: the principles of behaviorism. evolutionary theory. Freud's psychoanalytic theory. computer functioning.

computer functioning

The first emotional expressions to emerge at birth are: laughter and curiosity. crying and contentment. fear and anger. social smiles.

crying and contentment

When Brian watched his brother kicking a soccer ball and then the next day got the ball and kicked it himself that is called: a reminder session. cause and effect. deferred imitation. explicit memory.

deferred imitation

When Gabe was 3 years old the pictures he would draw were indecipherable because he had yet to master his ________________ and ___________________. fine motor skills; appropriate perceptual representation fine motor skills; social skills gross motor skills; social skills gross motor skills; emotions

fine motor skills; appropriate perceptual representation

Theory of mind: gradually develops but typically appears by age 4. does not occur until the formal operational stage of cognitive development is reached. occurs in predictable phases over a period of two to three years between the ages of 4 and 8. occurs in predictable phases over a period of two to three years between the ages of 8 and 12.

gradually develops but typically appears by age 4

Word order, prefixes, suffixes, intonation, verb forms, pronouns, negations, prepositions, and articles are called: grammar. holophrase. name explosion. holograms.

grammar

What typically occurs when an infant is repeatedly exposed to an object or an event? affordance object permanence deferred imitation habituation

habituation

Which of the following seems to predict insecure attachment? highly stressed parents child care by someone other than the mother synchrony easy infant temperament

highly stressed parents

Three-year-old Tim knocks Dan to the ground to get a toy away from him. Tim is likely demonstrating: relational aggression. instrumental aggression. reactive aggression. bullying aggression.

instrumental aggression

The major nutritional deficit in early childhood in DEVELOPED countries is insufficient: iron, zinc, and calcium. carbohydrates. proteins and fats. calories.

iron, zinc, and calcium

Secure attachment (type B) results in a toddler who: wants to talk. clings to the mother. is self-centered. is willing to explore.

is willing to explore

Because most 3-year-olds have not yet developed a theory of mind, it makes it difficult for them to: lie. tell the truth. play hide-and-seek. love.

lie

Sarah is about 1 ½ years old and she has started to really enjoy playing on her own. The other day her mother found Sarah putting her stuffed animal in the toilet and attempting to flush it down. This is an example of behavior during the preoperational period that Piaget referred to as: experimenter. little scientist. object permanence. navigator.

little scientist

Which of the following is controlled by the left half of the brain? logical reasoning emotional and creative impulses the left half of the body cognitive skills

logical reasoning

One of the benefits of the maturation of the prefrontal cortex that occurs from the ages of 2 to 6 is: increased impulsiveness. more regular sleep. increased perseveration. improved understanding of facial expressions.

more regular sleep

Which of the following most directly contributes to improved coordination between the two sides of the body in early childhood? enhanced perseveration decreased hemispheric lateralization myelination of the corpus callosum maturation of the prefrontal cortex

myelination of the corpus callous

A sudden increase in an infant's vocabulary, especially nouns, is referred to as: child-directed speech. holophrases. deferred imitation. naming explosion.

naming explosion

Evidence that cultural differences are encoded in the brain of infants was validated by _________________ evidence. genetic social interaction ethnogenic neuroimaging

neuroimaging

Stage four of sensorimotor intelligence is characterized by: primary circular reactions. new adaptation and anticipation. accommodations. object permanence.

new adaptation and anticipation

Five-year-old Marisol becomes furious after minor incidents with her peers. According to the research on neural activity in newborn mice, her inability to deal with normal stress may be related to the _______ of stress hormones in her brain during infancy. underproduction transmission overproduction destruction

overproduction

The tendency of a young child to apply rules of grammar when he or she should not is: overregularization. fast-mapping. syntax extension. scaffolding.

ovverregularization

Which of Freud's psychosexual stages of development occurs at about 3 or 6 years of age? phallic anal latency genital

phallic

Preschoolers predict that they can solve impossible puzzles r control their dreams. These naive predictions are considered their: positivity-bias. initiative. self-concept. self-esteem.

positivity bias

Freud and Erikson were: epigenetic theorists. cognitive theorists. psychoanalytic theorists. behaviorists.

psychoanalytic theorists

Play that mimics aggression, but with no intent to harm, is: abnormal for boys. parallel. rough-and-tumble. solitary.

rough-and-tumble

Trace and Emmitt are running around outside. Their goal is to catch the other, tackle him to the ground, and wrestle until the other gets up and they begin the chase again. They are most likely engaging in: sociodramatic play. rough-and-tumble play. parallel play. onlooker play.

rough-and-tumble play

The attachment pattern in which an infant welcomes his mother upon her return and then returns to play after a brief separation is: secure. insecure-resistant. insecure-avoidant. insecure-disorganized.

secure

_______________depends on age, motivation, context and culture. Visual cliff Perception Selective perception Dynamic imagination

selective perception

Piaget's cognitive development period that begins at birth and ends around age 2 is called: sensorimotor intelligence. reflexes stage. primary circular reaction. preoperational thought.

sensorimotor intelligence

The term used to describe an infant's thought process that relies on senses and motor skills is: operational intelligence. preoperational intelligence. adaptation intelligence. sensorimotor intelligence.

sensorimotor intelligence

Another term for lateralization is: callosum connection. sidedness. amygdala. ambidextrous.

sidedness

According to your text, early sensation helps infants survive by meeting the requirement of _______________________________. social interaction crawling and walking obtaining food and toys language acquisition and speech

social interaction

Fourteen-month-old Carlos watches his older brother giggle and roll on the floor at SpongeBob on TV. Carlos then laughs and rolls on the floor whenever his brother does. This is an example of: learning to be autonomous. social reward. social learning. affixation.

social learning

A __________ is expressed at 6 weeks and __________ between 2 and 4 months. social smile; anger fear; crying laugh; curiosity social smile; laughter and curiosity

social smile; laughter and curiosity

The language theory that believes social communication to be the crucial starting point of language learning is called: behaviorism. LAD. social-pragmatic. epigenetic.

social-pragmatic

Which theory of gender differences credits cultural values and customs for differences between the sexes? sociocultural theory cognitive theory evolutionary theory behaviorism

sociocultural theory

A person dressed in an Easter bunny costume approaches 18 month old Robyn to give her candy. She begins to cry loudly and clings to her mother. Robyn is exhibiting: separation anxiety. stranger wariness. separation wariness. anger.

stranger wariness

The level of prevention aimed to reduce harm when a child has already been abused is: primary. tertiary. unilateral. secondary.

tertiary

The six outer layers of the brain are referred to as: the cortex. synapses. axons. dendrites.

the cortex

"Self-righting" refers to: the plasticity of sensitive periods. the inborn drive to remedy a developmental deficit. the reorganization of the cortex upon a lack of sensory stimulation. the infant's ability to roll over when placed on its back.

the inborn drive to remedy a developmental deficit

The most critical element in a synchronous exchange is: mood. attention span. love. timing.

timing

The brain develops extremely quickly in the first few years, but not all of this growth is permanent. Because of its rapidity, but also because much of it is temporary, this growth is described as: dendritic proliferation. cortex multiplication. transient exuberance. pruning.

transient exuberance

We recognize today that child abuse or maltreatment is: most often the work of mentally ill strangers. rare and sudden. accidental or intentional. usually perpetrated by the child's parents.

usually perpetrated by the child's parents

Though the comparison children caught up with Head Start children in other areas by elementary school, which of the following was the exception? social skills vocabulary science math

vocabulary

When children develop folk psychology they are trying to respond to questions that revolve around: what others think. truth vs. fantasy. how stories relate to their own life. why people engage in certain behaviors.

what others think