Dev. Psychology Connect/slides 10-12

****Developmental Social Neuroscience and Attachment ◦ Examines the connections between socioemotional processes, development and the brain ****Prefrontal cortex likely has an important role in maternal (CONTROL CENTERS) attachment behavior ****Subcortical regions of amygdala ****Oxytocin and vasopressin are hormones important to formation of maternal-infant bond **** Dopamine ****Nucleus Accumbens ****Oxytocin released during breast feeding and by contact and warmth

Developmental Social Neuroscience and Attachment

Many ways to fulfill needs for generativity: ◦ Biological generativity - adults conceive and give birth to children ◦ Parental generativity - adults provide nurturance and guidance to children ◦ Work generativity - adults develop skills that are passed down to others ◦ Cultural generativity - adults create, renovate, or conserve some aspect of culture

Many ways to fulfill needs for generativity: 4 NEEDS

****Physical Similarities and Differences ◦ Women have twice the body fat of men Concentrated around hips and breasts ◦ On average, males grow to be 10% taller than females Androgens promote growth of long bones Estrogens stop such growth at puberty ◦ Females have longer life expectancy and are less likely to develop physical or mental disorders ◦ Males have higher levels of stress hormones

Physical Similarities and Differences

****Possible Selves ◦ Adults in their twenties mention many possible selves they would like to become-PROJECT HOW THEY ARE GOING TO BE ◦ ****Some are unrealistic ◦ As individuals age, they describe fewer possible selves and portray them in more concrete and realistic ways ◦ By middle age, individuals frequently describe possible selves in areas of their lives in which they have already performed-THEY HAVE ALL THE MYSTERYS DISSOLVED BY THEN ◦ Older adults are more concerned with maintaining what they have-ALL COMMITMENTS HAVE BEEN MADE Preventing or avoiding health problems and dependency

Possible Selves

In infancy, there are 2 important roles in emotion and they are?

(1) communication with others and (2) behavioral organization

children use unrealistic positive overestimation's because of which of the following?

(1) have difficulty in differentiating their desired and actual competence, (2) cannot yet generate an ideal self that is distinguished from a real self, and (3) rarely engage in social comparison—exploring how they compare with others. Unrealistic positive overestimation's. Self-evaluations during early childhood are often unrealistically positive and represent an overestimation of personal attributes (Harter, 2012, 2013). A young child might say, "I know all of my ABC's" but does not; or might comment, "I'm never scared," which is not the case. These unrealistic positive overestimation's of the self occur because young children (1) have difficulty in differentiating their desired and actual competence, (2) cannot yet generate an ideal self that is distinguished from a real self, and (3) rarely engage in social comparison—exploring how they compare with others. Young children's self-evaluations also reflect an inability to recognize that they can possess opposite attributes, such as "good" and "bad" or "nice" and "mean" (Harter, 2006).

strategies for increasing self esteem:

(1) identify the causes of low self-esteem and the domains of competence important to the self, (2) provide emotional support and opportunities for social approval, (3) take responsibility for one's own self-esteem, (4) achieve goals, and (5) develop effective coping strategies.

****Developmental Changes JAMES MARICA ◦ Identity statuses Crisis - a period of identity development during which individual explores alternatives Commitment - personal investment in identity ◦ 4 statuses: Identity diffusion-UNDESIRABLE- WHO'S IDENTITY WAS TIED INTO A GROUP, NO INDIVIDUAL IDENTITY, SO IT WAS DIFFUSED (CULTS,GROUP IDENTITY) Identity foreclosure-UNDESIRABLE-EARLY TERMINATION TO THINGS, EXAMPLE: 14 YR OLD GIRL MEETS TRUE LOVE, PROLLY 0% CHANCE OF IT EVER WORKING......FAMILY BUSINESS AS ONLY CHILD AND FAMILY EXPECTS YOU TO TAKE IT OVER IN ADULTHOOD...CHOOSE TO JOIN MILITARY AT 14 YRS WHEN YOU GET OLDER, COMMIT TO SOON, REDUCED OPTIONS Identity moratorium-UNDESIRABLE-PUT THINGS OFF SOMETIMES, FAMILY ILLNESS, TEMPORARY HALT, DELAY, KIDS WHO CHANGES SCHOOLS EVERY YEAR WILL PROBABLY LOSE ENDS Identity achievement-SUCCESSFULLY NAVIGATE-IN PLACE BY NOW

...****Developmental Changes JAMES MARICA ◦ Identity statuses

Most men do not lose capacity to have children ◦ Modest decline in sexual hormone level and activity ◦ Testosterone production slows and sperm count shows a slowdecline ◦ Declining physical energy, family and work pressures Erections less full and frequent and more stimulation required to achieve them ◦ May stem from physiological problems - smoking, diabetes, hypertension, elevated cholesterol levels, lack of exercise

ADULTHOOD-SEXUALITY

Ainsworth - secure attachment forms a foundation for important psychological development later in life ◦****Few studies address attachment to mother and father separately ◦**** Consistent positive caregiving over a number of years is an important part in connecting early attachment with child's functioning later in life*

AINSWORTH

*****DEMONSTRATE POSITIVE EMOTIONAL HEALTH, HIGH SELF ESTEEM, SELF CONFIDENCE, SOCIALLY COMPETENT INTERACTION PEERS, TEACHERS, AND ROMANTIC PARTNERS THROUGH ADOLESCENCE

ATTACHMENT SECURE ATTACHMENT IN INFANCY

*****SOCIALLY COMPETENCE IN EARLY CHILDHOOD

ATTACHMENT SECURE ATTACHMENT IN INFANCY

Attachment ◦**** A close emotional bond between two people Infancy and Childhood (romantic partner, family, friends) ****Social Orientation - locomotion, intention, goal-directed behavior and cooperation are part of social referencing (back and forth interaction with baby) ****** Face-to-face play includes vocalization, touch and gestures **** Infants learn about the social world through contexts other than face-to face play with a caregiver ◦ Including the ability to crawl, walk and run-they are encouraged toward mom & dad-feel good social connection

ATTACHMENT AND LOVE

Adult Attachment Styles: ◦ Secure attachment Positive view of relationships, easy to get close to others, not overly concerned with or stressed out about romantic relationships ◦ Avoidant attachment(DONT WANT TO COMMIT) Hesitant about getting involved in romantic relationships Once in a relationship, distance themselves from partners ◦ Anxious attachment(CREEPY, CLINGY) Demand closeness, less trusting, more emotional, jealous, and possessive(NOT HEALTHY)

ATTACHMENT AND LOVE Adult Attachment Styles:

Adulthood Romantic partners fulfill some of the same needs for adults as parents do for their children -GOT YOUR BACK, COME HOME TO SAME NEEDS AS FOR CHILDREN ◦ Adults count on romantic partners to be a secure base to return to and obtain comfort and security in stressful times Young adults who were securely attached in romantic relationships were more likely to describe early relationships with parents as securely attached *** MARRIED COUPLES LIVE LONGER

ATTACHMENT AND LOVE Adulthood

Benefits of Secure Attachment: ◦ Well-integrated sense of self-acceptance, self-esteem, and selfefficacy ◦ Ability to control their emotions, optimistic, and resilient ◦ When facing stress and adversity, they activate cognitive representations of security, mindful about what is happening around them, and mobilize effective coping strategies Better relationships with partner than other attachment styles

ATTACHMENT AND LOVE Benefits of Secure Attachment:

◦ Social referencing - reading emotional cues in others EXAMPLE:IN CLASS EVERYONE IS GIGGLING BUT ONE KID ISN'T SURE WHY, BUT HE WILL JUST START LAUGHING TOO YOU ARRIVE AT A PARTY AND WALK IN, EVERYONE IS LAUGHING, YOU JUST START LAUGHING TO IN ORDER TO FIT IT

ATTACHMENT AND LOVE SOCIAL REFERENCING

Sociocultural Contexts and Dating ◦ Values and religious beliefs dictate when dating begins, how much dating freedom is allowed, whether dates must be chaperoned by adults, and roles of males and females in dating CULTURE, WHERE, WHERE, HOW, ECONOMIC STATUS Latino and Asian American cultures have more conservative standards regarding adolescent dating than Anglo American cultures (WIDE OPEN) ◦ Dating may be a source of cultural conflict for adolescents whose families come from cultures in which dating begins at a later age Parents place strict boundaries on dating 3 TYPES TRADITIONAL (STANDARD)-BOY COMES TO HOUSE, HOSTILE CONV, WHERE YOU GOING? WHAT TIME YOU GOING TO BE HOME? GROUP DATE: 3-4 GIRLS GO TO MOVIES, MOM DROPS THEM OFF, 3-4 BOYS ARE THERE, THEY ALL SIT TOGETHER, NOBODY'S REALLY DATING, WATCH AND LEARN CYBER DATING-ONLINE DATING

ATTACHMENT AND LOVE Sociocultural Contexts and Dating

following qualities that differentiates adolescences self understanding from that of a child (5)

Abstract and idealistic thinking. According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, many adolescents begin thinking in more abstract and idealistic ways. When asked to describe themselves, adolescents are more likely than children to use abstract and idealistic labels. Consider 14-year-old Laurie's abstract description of herself: "I am a human being. I am indecisive. I don't know who I am." Also consider her idealistic description of herself: "I am a naturally sensitive person who really cares about people's feelings. I think I'm pretty good looking." Self-consciousness. Adolescents are more likely than children to be self-conscious about and preoccupied with their self-understanding. This self-consciousness and self-preoccupation reflect adolescent egocentrism. Contradictions within the self. As adolescents begin to differentiate their concept of the self into multiple roles in different relationship contexts, they sense potential contradictions between their differentiated selves (Harter, 2006, 2012). An adolescent might use this self-description: "I'm moody and understanding, ugly and attractive, bored and inquisitive, caring and uncaring, and introverted and fun-loving" (Harter, 1986). Young adolescents tend to view these opposing characteristics as contradictory, which can cause internal conflict. However, older adolescents and emerging adults begin to understand that an individual can possess opposing characteristics and to integrate these opposing self-labels into their emerging identity (Harter, 2006, 2012). The fluctuating self. The adolescent's self-understanding fluctuates across situations and across time (Harter, 2006). The adolescent's self continues to be characterized by instability until the adolescent constructs a more unified theory of self, usually not until late adolescence or even early adulthood. Real and ideal selves. The adolescent's emerging ability to construct ideal selves in addition to actual ones can be perplexing and agonizing to the adolescent. In one view, an important aspect of the ideal or imagined self is the possible self—what individuals might become, what they would like to become, and what they are afraid of becoming (Markus & Kitayama, 2010, 2012; Markus & Nurius, 1986). Thus, adolescents' possible selves include both what adolescents hope to be and what they dread they will become (Lee & others, 2015; Pierce, Schmidt, & Stoddard, 2015). The attributes of future positive selves (getting into a good college, being admired, having a successful career) can direct future positive states. The attributes of future negative selves (being unemployed, being lonely, not getting into a good college) can identify what is to be avoided. A recent study of adolescents in Hong Kong found that those reporting pragmatic support ("If I need to know something about the world, I can ask my parents," for example) had possible selves that were focused more on career and school, and they were more likely to think they could attain their hoped-for possible selves and avoid their feared possible selves (Zhu & others, 2015). Self-integration. In late adolescence and emerging adulthood, self-understanding becomes more integrative, with the disparate parts of the self more systematically pieced together (Harter, 2006, 2012, 2013). Older adolescents and emerging adults are more likely to detect inconsistencies in their earlier self-descriptions as they attempt to construct a general theory of self, an integrated sense of identity.

****Adolescence EXPERIMENT & EXPLORE TIME, VERY BUSY WITH SELF UNDERSTANDING Adolescent developments in self-understanding are complex: ◦ ****Abstract and idealistic thinking-DEEP THOUGHTS COULD BE VERY REVEALING, STARTING TO FIGURE OUT WHO THEY ARE ◦ Self-consciousness-REALIZING ABOUT THEMSELVES ◦ Contradictions within the self-BECOME AWARE ◦ Fluctuating self-CHANGES THERE MIND ALOT ◦ Real and ideal selves-REAL PRESENT, NOT PERFECT ◦ Self-integration-HIGH SCHOOL LOOK AT FRESHMAN & SENIORS, FRESHMAN HAVE NO CLUE, SENIORS FAR FROM PERFECT BUT HAVE COME A FAR WAY OF SELF UNDERSTANDING ****Possible selves include what adolescents hope to be and what they dread becoming- EXAMPLE: PREDICTING AHEAD OF TIME (I JUST DON'T SEE MYSELF DOING THAT) (FORECASTING) (TIME TRAVELER)

Adolescence

Adolescence-STRUGGLING W IDENTITY Adolescents come to terms with new definitions of gender roles ◦ Must deal with changing physical aspects of their sex ****Gender intensification hypothesis ◦ Psychological and behavioral differences become greater during early adolescence ◦ Increased pressure to conform to traditional masculine and feminine gender roles-TO PROVE SOMETHING ◦ Adopting a strong masculine role associated with problem behaviors ◦ Premarital sex, alcohol and drug use, delinquency PURPOSELY TAKE ROLES OF GENDER 13-14 YRS GIRLS VERY FEMININE BOYS MACHO ACTIVITIES

Adolescence

Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Adolescence is a time of sexual exploration and experimentation(COGNITIVE, PHYSICAL, EMOTIONALLY) ◦ Sexual fantasies and realities ◦ Incorporating sexuality into one's identity ◦ Periods of vulnerability and confusion about sexuality on the way to mature sexual identity-WHAT ARE THEY In U.S. children and adolescents learn a great deal about sex from television ◦ TV, film, music, and Internet becoming increasingly sexually explicit ◦ Sexting is a concern-ADULTS ALSO (MARINE INCIDENT W PHOTOS)

Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood-SEXUALITY

Adolescent pregnancy creates health risks for baby and mother ◦ More likely to have low birth weight ◦ Neurological problems in childhood and childhood illness Adolescent mothers are more likely to come from lowSES backgrounds Adolescents benefit from comprehensive sexual education, beginning prior to adolescence and continuing through adolescence DECLINE OF TEENS HAVING BIRTH SINCE 1980

Adolescent pregnancy creates health risks for baby and mother

Adolescent sexual identity involves activities, interests, behavioral styles, and indication of sexual orientation Gay and lesbian youth have diverse patterns of initial attraction, often have bisexual attractions, and may feel physical or emotional attraction to same-sex individuals ◦ Do not always fall in love with them

Adolescent sexual identity involves activities, interests, behavioral styles, and indication of sexual orientation

Adult Development and Aging Climacteric-MALES N FEMALES ◦ Midlife transition in which fertility declines Menopause ◦ When a women's menstrual periods cease ◦ Usually during late forties or early fifties Perimenopause ◦ Transitional period from normal menstrual periods to no menstrual periods ◦ Often takes up to 10 years

Adult Development and Aging

****Adulthood STRENGTH AND LIMITS VERY SELF AWARE OF SELF ****Self-awareness becomes more important in early adulthood ◦ How much a young adult is aware of his/her psychological makeup, including strengths and weaknesses(A FEW) ◦**** Many do not have good awareness of psychological makeup and skills, as well as causes of weaknesses ◦ Early adulthood is a time when individuals can benefit considerably from addressing weaknesses FULLY EMPOWERED, GREAT TIME TO IMPROVE

Adulthood

As individuals move into the traditional college-age years and make the transition from adolescence to ________________________________, they begin to engage in more self-reflection about what they want to do with their lives

Adulthood As individuals move into the traditional college-age years and make the transition from adolescence to adulthood, they begin to engage in more self-reflection about what they want to do with their lives. The extended schooling that takes place in developed countries like the United States and Japan provides time for further self-reflection and understanding of one's self

Adulthood and Aging ***Rapport talk-FEMALE ◦ Language of conversation ◦ Way of establishing connections and negotiating relationships **** Report talk-MALE ◦ Designed to give information-SAY WHAT YOU NEED AND MOVE ON Women enjoy rapport talk more than report talk Men prefer report talk and display lack of interest in rapport talk EXAMPLE: HUSBAND AND WIFE IN MORNING BEFORE WORK, WIFE TALKS ABOUT REMODELING AND HUSBAND READING PAPER, PUTS IT DOWN AND SAYS OK, HE PICKS PAPER BACK UP AND CONTINUES READING, THEN SHE TALKS MORE ABOUT IT, AND HE PUTS THE PAPER DOWN AGAIN...SHES IN RAPPORT, AND HES IN REPORT.

Adulthood and Aging

affectionate love is also called _____________and occurs when someone desires to have the other person near.

Affectionate love, also called companionate love, is the type of love that occurs when individuals desire to have the other person near and have a deep, caring affection for the person. Love is more than just passion

AINSWORTH SECURE ATTACHMENT

Ainsworth notes that secure attachment in the first year of life provides an important foundation for psychological development later in life. The securely attached infant moves freely away from the mother but keeps track of where she is through periodic glances. The securely attached infant responds positively to being picked up by others and, when put back down, freely moves away to play.

it is important in adolescent development and understanding of self and others that they can do which of the following?

Among the aspects of understanding others that are important in adolescent development are perceiving others' traits, understanding multiple perspectives, and monitoring their social world Becoming a competent adolescent involves not only understanding one's self but also understanding others. As adolescence proceeds, teenagers develop a more sophisticated understanding of others. They come to understand that other people are complex and have public and private faces (Harter, 2006, 2012).

it is important for adults to not only understand ones self but also to understand others that are important in adolescent developement like?

Among the aspects of understanding others that are important in adolescent development are perceiving others' traits, understanding multiple perspectives, and monitoring their social world. Of course, becoming a competent adolescent involves not only understanding one's self but also understanding others. Among the aspects of understanding others that are important in adolescent development are perceiving others' traits, understanding multiple perspectives, and monitoring their social world. As adolescence proceeds, teenagers develop a more sophisticated understanding of others. They come to understand that other people are complex and have public and private faces (Harter, 2006, 2012)

Chess and Thomas' Classification Psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas identified three basic types, or clusters, of temperament:

An easy child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts easily to new experiences. A difficult child reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change. A slow-to-warm-up child has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood

STRANGE SITUATION AND 4 CATEGORIES BY AINSWORTH

Based on how babies respond in the Strange Situation, they are described as being securely attached or insecurely attached (in one of three ways) to the caregiver: Securely attached children use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment. When in the presence of their caregiver, securely attached infants explore the room and examine toys that have been placed in it. When the caregiver departs, securely attached infants might protest mildly, and when the caregiver returns these infants reestablish positive interaction with her, perhaps by smiling or climbing onto her lap. Subsequently, they usually resume playing with the toys in the room. Insecure avoidant children show insecurity by avoiding the mother. In the Strange Situation, these babies engage in little interaction with the caregiver, are not distressed when she leaves the room, usually do not reestablish contact with her on her return, and may even turn their back on her. If contact is established, the infant usually leans away or looks away. Insecure resistant children often cling to the caregiver and then resist her by fighting against the closeness, perhaps by kicking or pushing away. In the Strange Situation, these babies often cling anxiously to the caregiver and don't explore the playroom. When the caregiver leaves, they often cry loudly and push away if she tries to comfort them on her return, then want to be held again. Insecure disorganized children are disorganized and disoriented. In the Strange Situation, these babies might appear dazed, confused, and fearful. To be classified as disorganized, babies must show strong patterns of avoidance and resistance or display certain specified behaviors, such as extreme fearfulness around the caregiver

problems that may result from when on is in love and its not returned?

Being in love when love is not returned can lead to depression, obsessive thoughts, sexual dysfunction, inability to work effectively, difficulty in making new friends, and self-condemnation. Thinking clearly in such relationships is often difficult, because they are so colored by arousing emotions.

which of the following is not a means by which 4-to-5 year old's children demonstrate an increase understanding of emotions: By there ability to reflect on emotions by understanding the people may experience different emotions for the same event by a greater awareness that their own emotions need to be managed to meet social standards By verbalizing only basic emotions

By verbalizing only basic emotions

****Caregiving styles and attachment ◦ Securely attached babies have caregivers who are sensitive to their signals and consistently available to respond to their infants' needs ◦ Caregivers of avoidant or insecurely attached babies tend to be unavailable or rejecting Do not respond to baby's signals and have little physical contact with them ◦ Caregivers of disorganized babies often neglect or physically abuse them

Caregiving styles and attachment

◦ Change to middle adulthood lasts about 5 years (ages 40-45) ◦ Adult male must come to grips with existing conflicts: Being young vs. being old-MAN FEELS INBETWEEN Being destructive vs. being constructive Being masculine vs. being feminine Being attached to others vs. being separated ◦ 70-80% of men studied found midlife transition tumultuous and psychologically painful Levinson maintains that females also undergo midlife crisis-MYTH*** IT WAS SAID THEY BUY CARS, TRY TO FIND YOUNGER WOMEN LEAVES WIFE FOR THEM. THEY DO BUY CARS, THEY CAN AFFORD IT AT MIDLIFE, ITS NOT FROM CRISIS DIVORCE RATES DON'T SPIKE IN LIFE, AND AFFAIRS ARE LOWER

Change to middle adulthood lasts about 5 years (ages 40-45)

Other Adults, Media, and Peers ◦ Children also learn about gender from observing other adults in neighborhood and media ◦ As children age, peers become increasingly more important, rewarding and punishing gender behavior EXAMPLE, IF I BOY SHOWS UP WEARING GIRL CLOTHING, HIS PEER GROUP IS LIKELY TO CALL HIM OUT AND PICK ON HIM BOY USES A GIRLS BACKPACK Generally more accepted for girls to act like boys than for boys to act like girls EXAMPLE: GIRLS CAN WEAR BOY ATTIRE AD ITS MORE TRADITIONAL AND ACCEPTING -BOYS HAVE BROADER OPTIONS

Other Adults, Media, and Peers

Psychoanalytic theory of gender ◦**** Stems from Freud's view that preschool children develop a sexual attraction to opposite-sex parent WHERE WE DEV. OUR SENSE OF GENDER, OBSESSION WITH MOM OR DAD BOYS-MOM GIRLS-DAD THEN LATER IDENTIFY TH ROLE REJECTING DAD TO DAUGHTER COULD CAUSE HER TO GENDER SHIFT ◦**** At 5-6 years old, children renounce attraction because of anxious feelings ◦***** Identifies with same-sex parent and unconsciously adopts same-sex parent's characteristics

Psychoanalytic theory of gender

Social Influences ****Social role theory ◦ Psychological gender differences result from contrasting roles of women and men In most world cultures, women have less power and status than men, and they control fewer resources Social hierarchy and division of labor are important causes of gender differences in power, assertiveness, and nurturing

Social Influences

****Social cognitive theory of gender BANDURA ◦ Children's gender development occurs through observation and imitation ◦ Rewards and punishments shape gender-appropriate behavior OBSERVE AND INTEGRATE IT INTO THEIR OWN STYLE AND EXCLUDE THE BAD BEHAVIORS THEY DONT LIKE

Social cognitive theory of gender

*****Socioemotional Similarities and Differences ◦ Boys are more physically aggressive than girls-EITHER CAN BE BUT ITS MORE COMMON IN BOYS Occurs in all cultures and appears early in child development Difference in physical aggression pronounced when provoked to anger-WE LIKE TOUGH BOYS SO WE ENCOURAGE IT ◦ *****Girls use relational aggression-GIRLS ARE TRAINED TO BE MORE EXPRESSIVE ****Harming someone by manipulating social relationships, more than boys EXAMPLE: STORY ABOUT FAKE MYSPACE ACCOUNT WHERE GIRL PRETENDED TO BE A OLDER BOY AND ACTED LIKE SHE WAS INTERESTED IN THIS GIRL AND HUMILIATES HER WITH AN EMBARRASSING BREAKUP AND THE GIRL KILLS HERSELF. ****Increases in middle and late childhood

Socioemotional Similarities and Differences

criticisms of attachment theory

Some cultures value early childhood independence some cultures value attachments to several caregivers for a child it ignores the diversity of socializing agents in an infants world Another criticism of attachment theory is that it ignores the diversity of socializing agents and contexts that exists in an infant's world. A culture's value system can influence the nature of attachment (van IJzendoorn & Sagi-Schwartz, 2008). Mothers' expectations for infants to be independent are high in northern Germany, whereas Japanese mothers are more strongly motivated to keep their infants close to them (Grossmann & others, 1985; Rothbaum & others, 2000). Not surprisingly, northern German infants tend to show less distress than Japanese infants when separated from their mothers. Also, in some cultures, infants show attachments to many people. Among the Hausa (who live in Nigeria), grandmothers and siblings provide a significant amount of care for infants (Harkness & Super, 1995). Infants in agricultural societies tend to form attachments to older siblings, who are assigned a major responsibility for younger siblings' care. Researchers recognize the importance of competent, nurturant caregivers in an infant's development (Grusec & Davidov, 2015). At issue, though, is whether or not secure attachment, especially to a single caregiver, is critical (Fraley, Roisman, & Haltigan, 2013; Thompson, 2015, 2016

Sources of Sexual Orientation ◦ Bisexual-LEAST STUDIED GROUP Being sexually attracted to people of both sexes ◦ Regardless of sexual orientation, people have similar(TO HERTEROSEXUAL) physiological responses during sexual arousal and seem to be aroused by same types of tactile stimulation ◦ Sexual orientation is likely determined by a combination of genetic, hormonal, cognitive, and environmental factors PRESENCE OF TESTOSTERONE TESTOSTERONE DOWN-FEMALE BRAIN IN MALE BODY, BUT ATTRACTED TO MALES TESTESTERONE HIGH-FEMALE BODY AND BRAIN OF MALE, BUT TO FEMALES MORE MALE KIDS A WOMAN HAS THE HIGHER OF BOY BEING GAY-7

Sources of Sexual Orientation

jeremy is a very active toddler whos parents try to avoid putting him into situations where he must sit still for long periods of time.. this illustrates?

The concept of fit influences

Bowlbys concept of attachment

The ethological perspective of British psychiatrist John Bowlby (1969, 1989) also stresses the importance of attachment in the first year of life and the responsiveness of the caregiver. Bowlby stresses that both infants and their primary caregivers are biologically predisposed to form attachments. He argues that the newborn is biologically equipped to elicit attachment behavior. The baby cries, clings, coos, and smiles. Later, the infant crawls, walks, and follows the mother. The immediate result is to keep the primary caregiver nearby; the long-term effect is to increase the infant's chances of survival. Attachment does not emerge suddenly but rather develops in a series of phases, moving from a baby's general preference for human beings to a partnership with primary caregivers. Following are four such phases based on Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment (Schaffer, 1996): Phase 1: From birth to 2 months. Infants instinctively direct their attachment to human figures. Strangers, siblings, and parents are equally likely to elicit smiling or crying from the infant. Phase 2: From 2 to 7 months. Attachment becomes focused on one figure, usually the primary caregiver, as the baby gradually learns to distinguish familiar from unfamiliar people. Phase 3: From 7 to 24 months. Specific attachments develop. With increased locomotor skills, babies actively seek contact with regular caregivers such as the mother or father. Phase 4: From 24 months on. Children become aware of others' feelings, goals, and plans and begin to take these into account in forming their own actions. Researchers' recent findings that infants are more socially sophisticated and insightful than previously envisioned suggests that some of the characteristics of Bowlby's phase 4, such as understanding the goals and intentions of the attachment figure, appear to be developing in phase 3 as attachment security is taking shape.

when there is conflict at home, adolesenct support for improved self esteem comes from?

a teacher, a coach, or another significant adult or, more formally through programs such as Big Brothers and Big Sisters. As peer approval becomes increasingly important during adolescence, peer support is an important influence on the adolescent's self-esteem.

The close emotional bond between parents and infants is called ___________

attachment

Attachment in Middle and Late Childhood Attachment continues to be important to children's development in later years ◦ In middle and late childhood, attachment becomes more sophisticated, and includes peers, teachers, and others as they spend less time with parents Secure attachment linked to lower levels of internalized symptoms, anxiety, depression in children ◦ Higher level of emotional regulation and less difficulty in identifying emotions SECURELY ATTACHED WILL FAIR BETTER IN SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS

attachment and love Attachment in Middle and Late Childhood

The increased self- ___________ is reflective of young children's expanding physcological sopistication

awareness Early Childhood Recent research studies have revealed that young children are more psychologically aware—of themselves and others—than used to be thought (Thompson, 2015). This self-awareness reflects young children's expanding psychological sophistication.

emotions influences by ___________ ________ and a persons experience

biological experience

emotions are influences by both ________ _______ and by a _______ __________

biological foundations and by a persons influence

following aspects change dramatically during adolescence

biological processes cognitive abilities social relationships ******

Viagra works by allowing increased ________ ________ to the penis

blood flow

what type of variations characterize emotional developement?

cultural ( may act differently)

According to Chess and Thomas classification system a _______ child is one who reacts negatively and cry's frequently engages in irregular activities and is slow to accept change

difficult

caregivers of _______ often neglect or physically abuse them.

dis

the personal life review may unfold in such a way that the pieces __________ the older adult.

do or do not make sense too

The rate of births to US adolescents girls has _______ ______% since 1991

dropped 30%

Sexual experiences in ________ adolescence can be especially difficult for teens to deal with emotionally.

early

Research has found which of the following behaviors are linked to early sexually intimate behavior in girls

early menarche alcohol use poor parent/child communication

positive care giving beginning with infancy is an important factor in later development. which of the following are experiences that lead to positive developmental adjustments ?

early secure caregiver attachment experiences with life stresses positive maternal care

Eight month Roger is usually in a positive mood is adaptive and and conforms readily to household routines. According to Chess and Thomas classification system he is an __________ child.

easy

research has found a strong predictor of educational attainment is ________, ______, __________.

effortful control parents' education and past grade point average A key component of self-regulation is engaging in effortful control, which involves inhibiting impulses and not engaging in destructive behavior, focusing and maintaining attention despite distractions, and initiating and completing tasks that have long-term value, even if they may seem unpleasant (Bates & Pettit, 2015). A recent study found that effortful control at 17 years of age predicted academic persistence and educational attainment at 23 to 25 years of age (Veronneau & others, 2014). In this study, effortful control was just as strong a predictor of educational attainment as were parents' education and past grade point average

contributors to erectile dtsfunction

elevated cholesterol levels smoking diabetes *****

Described as feeling, or affect, that occurs when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him or her, especially to his or her well-being. Which of the following fits best described above? STRESS EMOTION LOVE ANXIETY

emotion

crying is a communication and expression of emotion crys and smiles are among babies first form of emotional behavior

emotion expression and social relationships

during a disagreement you can still remain calm and not resort to yelling and crying is an example of ?

emotion regulation

****1st year -****infants develop ability to inhibit, or minimize, the intensity and duration of emotional reactions -sucking thumb, security blanket -caregivers help soothe emotions -upset infant, we have to teach kids how to calm down is important but not as easy as you think -1st year then you slow it down and don't response to every cry Context can influence emotional regulation, including: fatigue, hunger, time of day, which people are around infant and where they are -they aren't going to calm down as easy in these circumstances

emotion regulation and coping

emotion-coaching parents monitor childs emotions, view negative emotions as a teaching opportunity, assist them in labeling emotions, and coach on how to effectively deal with emotions Example: when a kid bits another kids or is bitten by another parents in charge of this better able to self-soothe(to calm oneself down), more effective in regulating negative affect, focus attention better, fewer behavioral problems

emotion-coaching parents

Name given to parents that ignore, deny or change negative emotions in their children?

emotion-dismissing parents

older adults are more motivated to pursue ___________ satisification

emotional

****What is Emotions?? ****feeling, or affect that occurs in a state or an interaction that is important to a person, especially to his/her well being EXAMPLES:tears, voice, shaky, heartbeat-physical manastation express emotion (way) behavior ( outward, intent) cognitive-your thinking ****some are learned behaviors (variation)

emotions

Which describes the influence of biology and environment on emotional development?

emotions are influenced by both nature and nuture

Positive emotion includes ________, _______ and _________

enthusiasm, joy and love

Many aspects of a child's ______________________ can encourage or discourage the persistence of temperament characteristics

environment

even as infants, individuals show ________ _______, ______ _____ ______ and begin to ______ ________ _______ with their caregivers.

even as infants, individuals show different emotional styles, display varying temperaments, and begin to form emotional bonds with their caregivers.

Gender expert, Janet Shilbley Hyde believes that cognitive differences between females and males have been:

exaggrated

regulation of emotion shifts from external sources to self initiated, internal sources. little kids have no emotional control, it comes from the adults who teach them children improve use of cognitive strategies to regulate emotion modulate arousal, manage situations to minimize negative emotion. cope with stress to keep ot from being overwelmingly funny or sad ags 2 to 4 -should see a behavioral change between the 2 ages, gradual movement toward self regulation

exploring emotion

****FEAR ****6-18 months not amusing to infants-new babies done see it much ****stranger anxiety -fear and awareness of strangers -emerges gradually, appearing at about 6 months of age -most frequent expression of infant fear -special aunt to you, but to the baby its a stranger and it embarassing when the baby reacts with anxiety--santa clause-birthday clown ****separation protest- crying when caregiver leaves-droping off at daycare and the baby will vry when you leave typically displayed by 7-8 months Peaks at about 15 months-should start tappering off

fear

reasons the birth rate in US adolescent girls has decreased

fear of STIs increased contraceptive use ***

Harlows conclusion based on the study of infant monkeys

feeding is not a crucial element in the attachment process contact comfort is crucial in the attachment process Harlow removed infant monkeys from their mothers at birth; for six months they were reared by surrogate (substitute) "mothers." One surrogate mother was made of wire, the other of cloth. Half of the infant monkeys were fed by the wire mother, half by the cloth mother. Periodically, the amount of time the infant monkeys spent with either the wire or the cloth mother was computed. Regardless of which mother fed them, the infant monkeys spent far more time with the cloth mother. Even if the wire mother but not the cloth mother provided nourishment, the infant monkeys spent more time with the cloth mother. And when Harlow frightened the monkeys, those "raised" by the cloth mother ran to the mother and clung to it; those raised by the wire mother did not. Whether the mother provided comfort seemed to determine whether the monkeys associated the mother with security. *****This study clearly demonstrated that FEEDING IS NOT the crucial element in the attachment process and that contact comfort is important.

gay and lesbian youths regarding romantic relationships

gay and lesbian youth have diverse patterns of initial attraction and follow diverse paths toward establishing a sexual identity The majority of adolescents with same sex attractions also experience some degree of other sex attractions many youth have no recollection of childhood same sex attractions and experience a more abrupt sense of same-sex attraction in late adolescence

important social cognitive accomplishment that is established at the end of the first year

goal directed behavior Intention cooperation

hormone replacement therapy can:

have few harmful side effects when initiated before age 60 increase risk of stroke increase risk of dementia

characteristcs of children younger than 4-5 that are used to describe differences among them selves like :

height hair color

Some positive of early childhood attachments to move foward into later life include?

high self-esteem and self confidence positive emotional health positive interaction with peers and teachers

In cross-cultural comparisons, the US has one of the _____ rates of adolescent pregnancy's in the industrialized world

highest

trend in having non relation sex is called

hooking up Casual sex is more common in emerging adulthood than it is during the late twenties (Fielder & others, 2013). A recent trend has involved "hooking up" to have non-relationship sex (from kissing to intercourse) (Olmstead & others, 2015; Roberson, Olmstead, & Fincham, 2015; Vrangalova, 2015a, b). A recent study indicated that 40 percent of 22-year-olds reported having had a recent casual sexual partner (Lyons & others, 2015). A recent study also revealed that 20 percent of first-year college women on one large university campus had engaged in at least one hookup over the course of the school year (Fielder & others, 2013). In this study, impulsivity, sensation seeking, and alcohol use were among the predictors of a higher likelihood of hooking up. And in another recent study of more than 3,900 18- to 25-year-olds, having casual sex was negatively linked to well-being and positively related to psychological distress (Bersamin & others, 2014).

Periods of elevated body tempature that cause a woman to sweat and feel feverish during menopause are called ______ _______

hot flashes

which affect the manufacture of hormone levels?

hypothalamus pituitary gland The pituitary gland in the brain monitors hormone levels but is itself regulated by the hypothalamus. The pituitary gland sends out a signal to the testes or ovaries to manufacture a hormone; then the pituitary gland, through interaction with the hypothalamus, detects when the optimal level of the hormone is reached and maintains this level.

how can ending a close relationship be beneficial?

if it increases one happiness and personal development The collapse of a close relationship may feel tragic. In the long run, however, our happiness and personal development may benefit from getting over being in love and ending a close relationship Being in love when love is not returned can lead to depression, obsessive thoughts, sexual dysfunction, inability to work effectively, difficulty in making new friends, and self-condemnation

anxiety, anger, guilt and sadness are what type of emotion

negative emotion

Infants born to adolescents mothers are more likely to have which of the following

neurological problems low birth weights childhood illness *******

adolescents mothers

often drop out of school were not good students before pregnancy likely come from low SES backrounds

young children are over _________ about their self descriptions.

opitimistic Unrealistic positive overestimations. Self-evaluations during early childhood are often unrealistically positive and represent an overestimation of personal attributes (Harter, 2012, 2013). A young child might say, "I know all of my ABC's" but does not; or might comment, "I'm never scared," which is not the case. These unrealistic positive overestimations of the self occur because young children (1) have difficulty in differentiating their desired and actual competence, (2) cannot yet generate an ideal self that is distinguished from a real self, and (3) rarely engage in social comparison—exploring how they compare with others. Young children's self-evaluations also reflect an inability to recognize that they can possess opposite attributes, such as "good" and "bad" or "nice" and "mean" (Harter, 2006).

Teresa has always tried to look at a cup that is half full. She has made _______ her personal style of thinking

optimism

Accoding to the selective optimization with compensation theory, _____________ suggests that it is possible to maintain performance in some areas through continued practice and the use of new technologies

optimization

Louise is 70 and has permanently lost the sight in her right eyes, Louise adapting to this loss of selective __________ with compensation theory

optimization

_________ suggests that it is possible to maintain performance is some areas through continued practice and the use of new technologies

optimization

selective _________ with compensation theory states that older adults can produce new resources and allocate them eddectively to tasks they want to master

optimization

When older adults keep working on what they have planned untilthey are successful, persevere and keep trying until they reach their goals, and show patience until the right moment arrives, these are examples of:

optimization strategies

It is important that adolescents understand themselves, but most important is the understanding of ____________ traits and perspectives

others

What are the consequences of low self-esteem?

overweight and obesity, anxiety, depression, suicide, and delinquency A recent study revealed that youth with low self-esteem had lower life satisfaction at 30 years of age

___________ is the transitional period from normal menstrual periods to no menstrual periods at all

perimenopause

Nearly 75% of erectile dysfunction in middle aged men is associated with ___________ problems

physiological

Kagan believes that children inherit a _______ that bias them in terms

physiology

For older adults with a partner, the biggest obstacle to sexual activity was

poor health

enthusiasm. joy and love are considered what type of emotion?

positive emotions

Almost all classifications designate an emotion as either ______ or _________

positive or negative

what individuals might become, what they would like to become and what they are afraid of becoming are called ____________ selves.

possible Thus, adolescents' possible selves include both what adolescents hope to be and what they dread they will become (Lee & others, 2015; Pierce, Schmidt, & Stoddard, 2015). The attributes of future positive selves (getting into a good college, being admired, having a successful career) can direct future positive states

Sexual Hararrassment is a manifestation of ones persons _________ over another.

power

symptoms that some menopause women experience

rapid heartbeat fatigue nausea ******

Social ____________occurs when one can understand the emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in situations

referencing Another important social cognitive accomplishment in infancy is developing the ability to "read" the emotions of other people Social referencing is the term used to describe "reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a specific situation. The development of social referencing helps infants to interpret ambiguous situations more accurately, as when they encounter a stranger and need to know whether or not to fear the person.

behaviors that qualify as sexual harrassment

sexist marks blatant sexual propositions unwanted sexual contact sexual assaults *******

The sending of sexually explicit images, videos or sexually explicit text messages via electronic communication is called _______________________________________

sexting

Latinas have had the ______ recent declines in adolescent pregnancy and birth rates among ethnic groups in the US

smallest

****SMILING not intentional, its a reflex ****reflexive smile-does not occur in response to external stimuli--smiling when asleep ****social smile- occurs in response to external stimuli 3 months they become genuine intentional smiles are universal all over the world

smiling

_________ __________ provide setting for development of emotions

social development (were social animals)

In terms of behavioral organization, emotions influence children's _________ _________and _________ ________ as they interact with others in their world.

social responses and adaptive behavior

3 composed social theories of gender

social role social cognitive psychoanalytic ********

Gender __________________ are generalizations about male and female that reflect widely held beliefs

stereotypes

ainsworth created the _______ _______, an observational means of identifying individual differences in infant attachment

strage situation

adolescent sexuality

teens have an almost insatiable curiosity about sexuality most teens experience time of vulnerability and confusion teens think about weather they are sexually attractive, how to do sex, and what the future holds for their sex lives

Infants born to adolescent mothers tend to be?

tend to be less healthy

Menopause commonly occurs during:

the late 40s or early 50s

The following theorists that proposed influential theories of infant attachment?

theories about why infants become attached to a caregiver by these 3. Three theorists—Freud, Erikson, and Bowlby—proposed influential views

sexual behavior in middle adulthood

there is little biological decline in the ability to function sexually in middle age carer interests and family matters can cause a decline in sexual frequency sexual activity usually occurs less frequently than in early adulthood ******

Girls are more __________ aggressive than boys.

verbally

Adolescents consider which of the following social norms when regulating their sexual behavior

whether peers are using protection extent to which peers are having sex whether peers are sexually permissive

Regarding adolescence and gender developement

you adolescents become acutely aware of how they appear to others Young adolescents go through enormous physical and cognitive changes in puberty Relationships with others change as dating and sexuality are experienced *********

which has been reported after a romantic breakup?

Changes were categorized in terms of personal, relational, and environmental positives Self-reported positive growth was common following a romantic breakup. The most commonly reported types of growth were personal changes, which included feeling stronger and more self-confident, more independent, and better off emotionally. Relational positive changes included gaining relational wisdom, and environmental positive changes included having better friendships because of the breakup. Women reported more positive growth than did men.

Child Care ◦ About 2 million children in the U.S. receive formal, licensed child care Additional millions of children cared for by unlicensed babysitters ◦ Around the world, child-care policies vary in eligibility criteria, duration of parental leave, benefit level, and extent to which parents take advantage of the policies United States allows workers to take up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave to care for a newborn baby 28% CENTER BASED CARE 27% RELATIVE CARE 27% PARENT 14% FAMILY CHILD CARE 4% NANNY

Child Care

Childhood Amount, timing, and intensity of gender socialization varies for boys and girls ◦ Boys receive earlier and more intense gender socialization than girls ◦ Social cost of deviating from expected male role is higher for boys Boys might have a more difficult time learning masculine gender role ◦ Male models are less accessible-BOYS HAVE A MORE NARROW PATH TO FOLLOW ◦ Messages from adults are not always consistent-MOM WANTS A SOFTER BOY, BUT DAD WANTS A BAD ASS Flexibility in gender roles applies more for girls than boys

Childhood

Childhood Majority of children engage in some sex play, usually with friends or siblings-PLAY DOCTOR, CURIOSITY EXAMPLE: PLAYING AND EXCHANGE CLOTHING ◦ Exhibiting or inspecting the genitals ◦ Motivated by curiosity Curiosity about sex remains high throughout elementary school years ◦ Children may ask about reproduction and sexuality RED FLAG IN KIDS THAT KNOW EVERY SPECIFIC NAME AND IS PREOCCUPIED WITH TOUCHING AND BE OPEN ABOUT IT, KNOWLEDGE BEYOND MEANS, SOMETHING SCARY IS HAPPENING.

Childhood-SEXUALITY

Cognitive Influences ◦ Gender schema theory-JOHN PAIGET Gender-typing emerges as children gradually develop gender schemas of what is gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate in their culture ◦ Gender schemas organize the world in terms of male and female EXAMPLE: TALKING TO SELF AND ASKING WHAT WOULD A MAN DO IN THIS SITUATION? Children motivated to act in ways that conform to gender schemas EXAMPLE: LITTLE GIRL NEW TO GRADE AND WANTS TO FIT IN WITH THE OTHER GIRLS AT THE SCHOOL WE HAVE DIFF SCHEMAS

Cognitive Influences ◦ Gender schema theory

Cognitive Similarities and Differences ◦ No gender differences found in overall intellectual ability In some cognitive areas, gender differences do exist ◦ Boys have better visuospatial skills than girls ◦ No differences in math scores-YOUNGER KIDS Girls have more negative math attitudes and parents' and teachers' expectations for math competence are biased in favor of boys ◦ Girls score higher than boys in reading and writing BOYS ARE DOING WORSE THAN IN THE PAST HISTORIC SCORES ◦ Girls earn better grades overall and complete high school at a higher rate

Cognitive Similarities and Differences

ADOLESCENCE Famous for their emotions -****They ARE NOT constantly in a state of emotional turmoil, or "STORM OF STRESS" -****Emotional HIGHS and LOWS do INCREASE EARLY IN ADOLESCENCE (Extremes) -emotional centers are fully developed but they don't manage as good as we do yet -Intensity of emotions may seem out of proportion to events that elicit them, DUE TO LACK OF EXPERIENCE** -Emotional mood swings may be due to NOT KNOWING how to express their feelings -****GIRLS(more than males) are especially VULNERABLE TO DEPRESSION in ADOLESCENCE-***THIS IS WHEN IT STARTS*** -****Depression leads to sad, gloomy, idiations of suicide, death and possible attempts, but boys are more likely for suicide though

Developement of Emotion ADLOESCENCE

****expressing emotions:**** (continued from infancy) Pride, shame, embarrassment, guilt are self conscious emotions that appear in second half of 2nd year of life (6-24M) -During EARLY CHILDHOOD expression of PRIDE and GUILT become more common -especially influences by parents responses to children's behavior Kids wanna please you and when they do let them know You don't want to shame or guilt them to much as caregivers and parent, such as "its always your fault" because it can leave or impact the child.

Developement of Emotion Early Childhood Expressing emotion

****Regulation Emotions -Emotional regulation is fundamental to the development of social competence -important component of self regulation or executive function -ability to monitor ones-self

Developement of Emotion Early Childhood Regulating Emotions

**** Gender ◦ Characteristics of people as males and females SELF DETERMINED, YOU CAN CHANGE YOUR GENDER, YOU DECIDE WHAT YOU WANT TO BE **** Gender identity ◦ A sense of one's own gender, including knowledge, understanding, and acceptance of being male or female -WHO YOU FEEL YOU ARE *****Gender roles ◦ Sets of expectations that prescribe how females and males should think, act, and feel SOCIAL DEFINITION, CULTURE, SOCIETY ***** Gender-typing ◦ Acquisition of traditional masculine or feminine role -HOW WE LEARN TO BE MALE OR FEMALE

Gender gender identity gender roles gender typing

****EMOTIONAL COMPETENCE awareness of ones emotional state detecting others emotions using vocab of emotion in socially and culturally appropriate ways having empathic and sympathetic sensitivity to others experiences adaptively coping with negative behaviors awareness that emotional expression plays a role in relationships viewing oneself overall as feeling the way one wants to feel Linked to effective management of resilience and more positive relationships

Exploring Emotion emotional competence

The Evolutionary Psychology View ◦ Natural selection favored males who adopted short-term mating strategies Males evolved dispositions that favor violence, competition, and risk taking ◦ Females favored those who devoted effort to parenting and chose males who could provide offspring with resources and protection WOMEN LOOKING FOR THE BEST TO TAKE CARE OF THEM AND BE A GOOD MAN/FATHER/PROVIDER ARE WOMEN EVOLVED TO BE NURTURING OR IS IT TAUGHT?

GENDER Biological Influences

Heterosexual Attitudes and Behavior ◦ Sex in America (1994) survey: Americans' sexual lives are more conservative than previously believed Sexual behavior is ruled by marriage and monogamy ◦ Men report having slightly more sexual experiences and more permissive attitudes than women regarding most aspects of sexuality ◦ Sexuality plays a role in well-being Linked to life satisfaction-SEX CONTRIBUTES

Heterosexual Attitudes and Behavior

****Erikson's View ◦ ****Erikson's stage - **identity vs. identity confusion** ****Adolescents faced with deciding who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life (ALOT FORM IN ADOLESCENCE**) Questions occur throughout life, but become especially important during adolescence ◦ Search for identity aided by psychosocial moratorium Society leaves adolescents relatively free of responsibility Allows them to try on different identities ◦ Adolescents who do not successfully resolve identity crisis suffer from identity confusion-CRISIS-DECISION POINT

IDENTITY ERIKSON VIEW

****ADOLESCENT SOCIAL ANXIETY SYMPTOMS

INSECURE ATTACHMENT IN INFANCY

LOW SELF ESTEEM IS LIKED TO: OBESITY, ANXIETY, DEPRESSION, SUICIDE, DELINQUENCY SCHOOL PERFORMANCE-MODEST CORRELATION JOB PERFORMANCE-RESEARCH VARIES HAPPINESS LINKED TO SELF ESTEEM-YES PHYSICAL APPEARANCE LINKED-YES DEPRESSION-YES IN ADOLESCENCE LINKED TO ADULTS WITH POOR HEALTH, POOR PHYSICAL HEALTH, LOWER ECONOMIC PROSPECTS, GREATER CRIMINAL ACTIVITY GRAPH CHILDHOOD GOOD PUBERTY-DROPS EARLY ADOLESCENCE-DROPS LATER ADOLESCENCE-SLOWS SLIGHTLY 20'S-INCLINE EARLY ADULTHOOD-GOES UP A LITTLE MID LIFE-RISES-TAKES OFF, EVERYTHING IS SET, CAREER, LIFE, KIDS RETIRE-DROPS, CULTURE, JOB IDENTITY LOST, DON'T FEEL IMPORTANT

ISSUES WITH SELF ESTEEM

**** Identity and Peer Romantic Relationships IF YOU DONT HAVE IENTITY FIGURED OUT YOU RELATIOHSIPS WILL BE DIFFICULT ND CAN BECOME A PROBLEM ◦ Capacity to explore identity linked to quality of friendships and romantic relationships ◦ Friends as a safe context for exploring identity-related experiences-SHARE EXPERIENCES WITH THEM ****Cultural and Ethnic Identity ◦ ****Adolescents grow up in cultural contexts with either individuality or collectivist emphasis ◦ Fitting in with group and connecting with others EXAMPLE: FEMALE WHO WAS ORIGINALLY FROM ALASKA, JIONED THE MILITARY, GOT STATIONED IN NC, DECIDED TO GET OUT AND STAY HERE, HER FAMILYL WASNT HAPPY SHE WAS STAYING BECAUSE OF CULTURE REASONS ◦ Identity development may take longer in certain cultures Postpone identity exploration beyond adolescence and emerging adulthood

Identity and Peer Romantic Relationships

****Identity and Social Contexts ◦ ******Parents are important in adolescent identity development ****Poor communication and persistent conflict with friends linked to less positive identity development ◦ Family atmosphere promotes individuality and connectedness: Individuality - self-assertion and separateness-PARENTS SHOULD STRIVE TO MAKE THE CHILD FORM SOME TYPE OF INDIVIDUALITY Connectedness - mutuality and permeability-STILL SHOWING LOVE EXAMPLE: STORY ABOUT EYEBROWS SHAVED, PAINTED ON, FUNNY, AND GUIDE THEM HOW TO PROPERLY DO IT RIGHT,

Identity and Social Contexts

Kegan is responsible for the temperament classification system that involves behavioral ________________________.

Inhibition Another way of classifying temperament focuses on the differences between a shy, subdued, timid child and a sociable, extraverted, bold child (Asendorph, 2008). Jerome Kagan (2002, 2008, 2010, 2013) regards shyness with strangers (peers or adults) as one feature of a broad temperament category called inhibition to the unfamiliar. Beginning at about 7 to 9 months, inhibited children react to many aspects of unfamiliarity with initial avoidance, distress, or subdued affect.

Kagan's Behavioral

Inhibition Another way of classifying temperament focuses on the differences between a shy, subdued, timid child and a sociable, extraverted, bold child Jerome Kagan (2002, 2008, 2010, 2013) regards shyness with strangers (peers or adults) as one feature of a broad temperament category called inhibition to the unfamiliar. Beginning at about 7 to 9 months, inhibited children react to many aspects of unfamiliarity with initial avoidance, distress, or subdued affect.

John Watson-Aimsworth-Bowlby on development of Emotion emphasized that parents rewarded crying and increased its incidence " i cry you come take care of me" -Aimsworth and Bowlby stress that you cannot respond to much to an infant crying in first year of life -Some develop-mentalists suggest that responding to a crying infants increases a sense of trust and secure attachment

John Watson-Aimsworth-Bowlby on development of Emotion

Which of the following people least likely to engage in risky behaviors during emerging adulthood?

Juanita, who remained a virgin during adolescence and is religious

Laurea Cartensen argues that self-____________related goals decrease in adults and _______ related goals increase

Knowledge; emotion

Late Adulthood ◦ Aging induces changes in sexual performance in late adulthood More so for men than women Many older adults do not have sexual desires ◦ Orgasm becomes less frequent in males Occurs every 2nd or 3rd act of intercourse More direct stimulation needed to produce erection ◦ Older adults without sexual partner less likely to engage in sex Finding a sexual partner may be a challenge for women ◦ Poor health stands in the way of sexual activity INTEREST IN SEX DOES NOT GO AWAY ARE THEY PHYSICALLY ABLE? DO THEY HAVE A PARTNER? ARE THEY CAPABLE? THEY ARE MORE SEXUAL THAN WE THINK.......YIKES!

Late Adulthood

which ethnic group is most likely to become pregnant?

Latino Adolescents

****Life Review USE EXPERIENCES, LEARNED FROM MISTAKES, GAINED FROM SUCCESS ◦ Looking back at one's life experiences, evaluating them, interpreting them and often reinterpreting them ◦ Identifying and reflecting on the positive aspects and regrets ◦ Reminiscence therapy - involves discussion of past activities and experiences with another individual or group ◦ Instrumental reminiscence therapy - recalling the times one coped with stressful circumstances and analyzing what it took to adapt to the contexts

Life Review

Negative emotion includes _______, _______, ______ and _______.

anxiety, guilt, anger and sadness

***Cultural and Ethnic Identity (continued) ◦ Many individuals in cultural majority groups take their cultural identity for granted **** Many non-Latino Whites in U.S. do not spend much time thinking of themselves as "White American" For ethnic minority groups or those who have emigrated from another country, cultural dimensions are important aspect of identity ◦ ****Ethnic minority groups struggle to maintain ethnic identity while blending in with dominant culture

*Cultural and Ethnic Identity (continued)

In the NICHD longitudinal study, what percentage of children received positive non-parental care?

12 percent Quality of care. Evaluations of quality of care were based on characteristics such as group size, child-adult ratio, physical environment, caregiver characteristics (such as formal education, specialized training, and child-care experience), and caregiver behavior (such as sensitivity to children). An alarming conclusion is that a majority of the child care in the first three years of life was of unacceptably low quality. Positive care-giving by non-parents in child-care settings was infrequent—only 12 percent of the children studied experienced positive non-parental child care (such as positive talk and language stimulation)! Further, infants from low-income families experienced a lower quality of child care than infants from higher-income families.

Emerging adulthood lasts from ________ yrs of age, and by the end of it, most individuals have had sexual intercourse

18 to 25

****basic cry-good emotional state-woke up from a nap and crys, then pauses and crys again ****angry cry-loud, like complaining-holds breath-so angry-expelling air out of lungs ****pain cry-sharp, immediate cry-come here right now pain sign parents can distinguish various cries of their own infant better than those of other babies

3 types of crying

Even in the sexually active oldest group (75 to 85) more than 50% said they still have sex atleast:

2 to 3 times a month

which of the following groups said they personally invest more time in work, friends, family, and independence..in that order?

25 to 34 years of age

In some areas of the US, as many as ______ % of sexually active adolescents have contracted clamydia

25%

What are the average ages of marriage for males and for females in the US?

28 for males 26 for females

which child has most likely developed an attitude of skepticism due to an understanding that others don't always give true statements?

4-year-olds understand that people may make statements that aren't true to obtain what they want or to avoid trouble An important part of children's socioemotional development is gaining an understanding that people don't always give accurate reports of their beliefs (Mills, 2013; Mills & Elashi, 2014). Researchers have found that even 4-year-olds understand that people may make statements that aren't true to obtain what they want or to avoid trouble (Lee & others, 2002). A recent study assessed preschool children's trust in the accuracy of an expert's comments (Landrum, Mills, & Johnston, 2013). In this study, in one condition, 5-year-olds trusted the expert's claim more than did 3-year-olds. However, in other conditions, preschoolers tended to trust a nice non-expert more than a mean expert, indicating that young children often are more likely to believe someone who is nice to them than someone who is an expert

what % of US men 40 years and older say they sometimes never get/keep an erection adequate for sexual intercourse

49%

Teanage girls thats engage in unprotected sex have a _________% chance of contracting gonorrhea

50

What percentage if US 15 to 19 old boyd have engaged in oral sex?

55%

the frequency of the face to face becomes less common after about what age?

7 months

In age groups, self esteem drops significantly during?

70s-80s

new Zeleand study of self esteem in adolescence and there adjustment to adulthood

A New Zealand longitudinal study assessed self-esteem at 11, 13, and 15 years of age and adjustment and competence of the same individuals when they were 26 years old (Trzesniewski & others, 2006). The results revealed that adults characterized by poorer mental and physical health, worse economic prospects, and higher levels of criminal behavior were more likely to have had low self-esteem in adolescence than their better-adjusted, more competent adult counterparts. Males have higher self esteem through most of adult years than females.

Argument that single-sex education eliminates distractions from opposite sex and reduces sexual harassment ◦ *****Unsupported by valid scientific evidence ◦ *****Reduces opportunity for boys and girls to work together in supervised, purposeful environment **** Single-sex public schools have increased in recent years

Argument that single-sex education eliminates

Affectionate love BORING OLD MUTUAL RESPECT ◦ Also known as compassionate love ◦ Occurs when an individual desires to have the other person near and has a deep, caring affection for the person ◦ As love matures, passion gives way to affection Communication and sexual intimacy more important in early adulthood, and feelings of emotional security and loyalty more important in later-life love relationships

Attachment and Love Affectionate love

Romantic Love (STARRING IN EYES) DONT LAST FOREVER, IT TURNS INTO AFFECTIONATE ◦ Also known as passionate love or eros ◦ Strong components of sexuality and infatuation ◦ Often predominates in early part of a love relationship Romantic attractions takes place in person, but also increasingly, over the Internet ◦ Online romantic relationships may lose interpersonal connection ◦ May benefit shy or anxious individuals ◦ Many individuals misrepresent their characteristics

Attachment and Love Romantic Love

Adolescence Secure attachment in adolescence facilitates social competence and well-being ◦ Reflected in self-esteem, emotional adjustment, and physical health ◦ Most consistent outcomes of secure attachment include positive peer relations and emotional regulation EXAMPLE: A KID IN MIDDLE SCHOOL HAS HARD TIME FORMING AND MAKING RELATIONSHIPS....SECURITY ISSUES

Attachment and love Adolescence

Attachment from Early to Late Adulthood ◦ Older adults have fewer attachment relationships than younger adults(PICKY-CAREFUL) With increasing age, attachment anxiety decreases In late adulthood, attachment security is associated with psychological and physical well-being

Attachment from Early to Late Adulthood

Attitudes and Behavior of Lesbian and Gays ◦ Many gender differences in heterosexual relationships appear in same-sex relationships Lesbians have fewer sexual partners than gays-WOMEN ARE MORE SELECTIVE Less permissive attitudes about casual sex outside a primary relationship ◦ Lesbians and gays experience life as a minority within a dominant, majority culture Develop a bicultural identity and new ways of defining oneself Special concerns about discrimination and prejudice toward sexual minorities MEN HAVE ALOT MORE PARTNERS, MORE SEX DESIRE SAME SEX IS CHANGING RAPIDLY

Attitudes and Behavior of Lesbian and Gays

****Biological Influences **** Estrogens ◦ ***A class of sex hormones that influence female physical sex characteristics and help regulate menstrual cycle SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS ****Androgens ◦ A class of sex hormones that promote development of male genitals and secondary sex characteristics ◦ ****Most important androgen is testosterone ****Both estrogens and androgens occur in females and males in different concentrations

Biological Influences hormones

What are some ways in which parents influence their child's gender developement

By utilization of punishments through their actions By utilization of rewards *****

at what age do children develop the ability to use psychological traits to describe themselves and others?

Concrete descriptions. Preschool children mainly think of themselves and define themselves in concrete terms. A young child might say, "I know my ABC's," "I can count," and "I live in a big house" (Harter, 2006). Although young children mainly describe themselves in terms of concrete, observable features and action tendencies, at about 4 to 5 years of age, as they hear others use psychological trait and emotion terms, they begin to include these in their own self-descriptions (Thompson, 2006). Thus, in a self-description, a 4-year-old might say, "I'm not scared. I'm always happy. Physical descriptions. Young children also distinguish themselves from others through many physical and material attributes. Says 4-year-old Sandra, "I'm different from Jennifer because I have brown hair and she has blond hair." Says 4-year-old Ralph, "I am different from Hank because I am taller, and I am different from my sister because I have a bicycle."

____________ adrenal hyperplasia is caused by a genetic defect in the adrenal glands which results in high levels of androgens

Congential

Contraceptive Use ◦ Many sexually active adolescents do not use contraceptives or use them inconsistently Every year, more than 3 million American adolescents acquire an STI ◦ United States continues to have one of the highest rates of adolescent pregnancy and childbearing in industrialized countries Rates have been on downward decline Fear of STIs, school/community health classes, and higher hopes for future among reasons for decline

Contraceptive Use

Environmental influences that can encourage or discourage the persistence of temperament characteristics

Cultural Influences Good of fit Influences

children's cognitive representations of themselves is makeup the concept of ________-___________

self-understanding

****Understanding Emotions Children develop increased understanding of emotion during early childhood Between 2-4 years, children increase the number of terms used to describe emotions & accuracy (yes I'm upset and explains why) learn about causes and consequences of emotions Between 4-5 years, children show increased ability to reflect on emotions ( theory of mind) -Same event can elicit different emotions in different people -Growing awareness of need to massage to meet social standards all the investment in infancy starts to pay off (acting in the classroom)

Developement of Emotion Early Childhood Understanding Emotions

Developmental changes in emotion during middle and late childhood" (continuation) ***EMOTIONS DEVELOP VERY RAPIDLY*** -Improved emotional understanding -Marked improvements in the ability to suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions (now capapbe of hiding things) EXAMPLE: a bully on the bus, they aren't going to want to tell the parents, they will hid it because they want the bully to like them or a fight down the street Use of self-initiated strategies for redirecting feelings (internalization of behaviors now-laugh or not to laugh) Increased tendency t take into fuller account the events leading to emotional reactions EXAMPLE: outburst in classroom with students, but the teacher isn't sure whats going on, missing the events leading up to it Development of capacity for genuine empathy- understanding of what someone else is feeling and knows how it feels "

Developement of Emotion MIDDLE AND LATE CHILDHOOD

****Leanring how to cope with stress is an IMPORTANT aspect of children's lives ( home and school) -****with age children able to more accurately appraise a stressful situation and determine how much control they have over it EXAMPLE: Divorce, moving, adjustment The more control the better they are -****Older children generate more coping alternatives to stressful conditions and make greater use of cognitive coping strategies (better strategy) -****By AGE 10, MOST children are able to use cognitive strategies to cope with stress (formal Operation Stage starting) -****Acute stress reactions can occur if a child experiences a disaster (overwhelmed EXAMPLE: attending a funeral-grieving-kids playing around head stones and reaction is OMG, whats wrong with them??? thats how kids cope with stress thats their coping strategy

Developement of Emotion MIDDLE AND LATE CHILDHOOD Coping with Stress

Adulthood -ADULTS ADAPT MORE EFFECTIVELY WITH EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE (EMOTIONAL CONTROL) -Skilled at perceiving and expressing emotions, understanding emotion, using feelings to facilitate thought, and managing emotion effectively -****WOMEN AND MEN DIFFER IN EXPERIENCE OF EMOTION AND RESPONSE TO STRESS -****WOMEN ARE MORE VULNERABLE TO SOCIAL STRESSORS, IN ROMANCE, FAMILY AND WORK AND ARE MORE LIKELY TO GET DEPRESSED IN STRESSFUL EVENTS ****MEN ARE MORE LIKELY TO RESPOND IN A FIGHT OR FLIGHT MANNER WHEN FACING STRESS AND ARE LIKELY TO BECOME AGGRESSIVE, WITHDRAW FROM SOCIAL CONTACT OR DRINK ALCOHOL ****WHEN WOMEN EXPRESS STRESS, THEY ENGAGE IN A TEND AND BEFRIEND PATTERN AND SEEK SOCIAL ALLIANCES WITH OTHERS, ESPECIALLY FRIENDS, SEEK COOPERATIVE WAYS & SOLUTIONS *****MEN AND WOMAN ARE CAPABLE OF BOTH, BUT TEND TO LEAN MORE TOWARDS THOSE ABOVE EXAMPLE: COAL MINE TRAPPED WITH A GROUP OF MEN AND THEY HAD TO LEARN TO "TEND AND BEFRIEND"

Development of Emotion Adult Development and Aging

-older adults experience more positive emotion and less negative emotion than younger adults ** positive emotion increased with age at accelerating rate -Older adults may experience less extreme joy, but have more contentment when connected in positive ways with friends and family -react less strongly to negative circumstances, better at ignoring irrelevant negative information, and REMEMBER MORE POSITIVE THAN NEGATIVE INFORMATION. ****POSITIVE EMOTIONS INCREASE & NEGATIVE EMOTIONS DECREASE WITH AGE ***MORE STABLE: FEW HIGHS AND LOWS ****REDUCE IN NEGATIVE EMOTION MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH DECREASED PSYCHOLOGICAL AROUSAL OF EMOTION *****AGING OF AMYGDALA AND AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ** younger adults are most negative than any other (approx age 25)

Development of Emotion MIDDLE/LATE ADULTHOOD

*****Socioemotional selectivity theory -Older adults become more selective about their activities and social relationships in order to maintain social and emotional well-being ◦ Deliberately spend more time with familiar individuals with whom they have rewarding relationships ◦ Motivation for knowledge-related goals decreases while motivation for emotion-related goals increases in middle and late childhood ****OLDER ADULTS ARE MORE PICKER WITH WHO THEY HANG OUT WITH, A FEW OLD FRIENDS ARE BETTER THAN A BUNCH OF NEW ONES ****BIRDS OF FEATHER FLOCK TOGETHER***

Development of Emotion MIDDLE/LATE ADULTHOOD SOCIOEMOTIONAL SELECTIVITY THEORY

Emerging Adulthood By end of emerging adulthood, most individuals have experienced sexual intercourse Most individuals are sexually active and unmarried Average age of marriage in United States is currently 29 for males and 26.5 for females Sexual risk factors increase during emerging adulthood ◦ Males engaging in more risk factors than females

Emerging Adulthood

****EMOTIONAL DISMISSING PARENTS deny, ignore or change negative emotions parent think its natural linked to poor emotional regulation example: once kids bits another, you bring him home and bit him back so he knows how it feels

Emotion dismissing parents

****EMOTION REGULATION -consists of effectively managing arousal to adapt to circumstances and to reach a goal arousal involves a state of alertness or activation -important to adults -developmental process -parents try to teach this EXAMPLE: a first grade kid sneezes an makes a really funny noise and his classmates starting giggling.

Emotional regulation

What is considered to the core of our relationships with others?

Emotions

In late adulthood, males experience an organism?

Every second or third act of intercourse, rather than everytime

Gender Differences in Brain Structure and Activity ◦ Part of the hypothalamus involved in sexual behavior is larger in men DONT KNOW WHY ◦ Area of the parietal lobe that functions in visuospatial skills is larger in males-DONT KNOW WHY ◦ Areas of brain involved in emotional expression tend to show more activity in females-MORE BRAIN PARTS INVOLVED ◦ Female brains are 10% smaller than males' Female brains have more folds, and larger folds allow more surface brain tissue SAME MASS AND CAPACITY, JUST MORE COMPACT IN CRANIUMS WHICH ARE SMALLER IN FEMALES.....SAME AMOUNT OF BRAINS

Gender Differences in Brain Structure and Activity

What term is defined as "the sense of being male or female'?

Gender Identity

____________________________ __________________________________theory suggessts that gender typing develops as children develop an understanding of what their culture considers gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate behavior

Gender Schema

Gender Stereotypes MAYBE OK FOR SOCIETY ◦ General impressions and beliefs about females and males Still present in today's world, in lives of children and adults Boys' gender stereotypes are more rigid than girls' ◦ Male traits are instrumental - being independent, aggressive, power-oriented-TYPICAL ◦ Female traits are expressive - being warm and sensitive ◦ Unequal in terms of social status and power-LEAVES INEQUALITY IN GENDERS WOMAN ON THE SIDE OF ROAD WITH A FLAT TIRE, DOES SHE NEEDS HELP? DEPENDS ON GENDER STEREOTYPE..

Gender Stereotypes

Gender and Aging ◦ Decreasing femininity and decreasing masculinity in late adulthood Older men become more nurturant-MELLOW OUT POSSIBLE REDUCED IN TESTESTORONE Women do not necessarily become more masculine ◦ As they age, women face ageism and sexism In developing countries, the poverty rate for older adult females is almost double that of older adult males Some ethnic minority groups define an older woman's role as unimportant, whereas in others, social status improves with age

Gender and Aging

Gender differences in children's emotional expression is very small ◦ Females express emotions more openly than males ◦ Males experience and express more anger than females Boys show less self-regulation than girls ◦ Can translate into behavior problems Girls are more "people-oriented," while boys are more "things-oriented"(HITTING A TREE WITH A STICK OUT OF ANGER FOR BOYS)

Gender differences in children's emotional expression is very small

____________ _____________ are general impressions and beliefs about females and males.

Gender stereotypes .

Gendered interactions with parents begin in infancy and continue through adolescence ◦ Mothers' socialization strategies Daughters to be obedient and responsible Place restrictions on daughter's autonomy SPEND MORE TIME ON THE DAUGHTER THAN SON-MORE RULES, APPROACH, BEHAVIOR EXPECTATIONS BASED ON GENDER ◦ Fathers' socialization strategies Pay more attention to and engage in more activities with sons Put forth more effort toward son's intellectual development

Gendered interactions with parents begin in infancy Mothers' socialization strategies ◦ Fathers' socialization strategies

Generativity Generativity versus stagnation ◦ Generativity - adults' desire to leave a legacy of themselves to the next generation-DESIRE TO HELP YOUNG EXAMPLE: MENTOR IN WORKPLACE, FAMILY HELPING KIDS SETTLE AND DO GOOD THINGS ◦ Stagnation - an individual senses he/she has done nothing for the next generation Middle-aged adults are especially concerned about generativity Linked to positive social engagement in family life and community activities Associated with better later life health and adjustment to aging VAST MAJORITY GET THROUGH MIDLIFE JUST FINE

Generativity-Erikson Generativity versus stagnation

On which 3 groups did George Vaillant perform longitudinal studies of adult development and ?

Harvard graduates born about 1920 Socially disavdantaged inner-city men born about 1930 Middle SES, intellectually gifted women born about 1910

Research finds by late adulthood, most women ________

Have a lower rate of sexual activtiy than men

during late adulthood, delining in health and physical impairment have been linked to declining:

In the self-esteem study described earlier, self-esteem dropped in late adulthood

Individual Differences in Attachment AINSWORTH STUDY OF ATTACHMENT Strange Situation Observational measure of infant attachment in which the infant experiences a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with caregiver and an adult stranger in prescribed order ◦ ****Securely attached children(GOOD BOND) Use caregiver as a secure base to explore environment EXAMPLE: COMFORTABLE IM ROOM NOT DISTAUNTED WHEN MOTHER LEAVES THE ROOM FOR A MOMENT MOM AND CHILD GO TO THE OFFICE, SHE LEAVES HER AN THE CHILD OBSERVES, THEN SHE RETURNS. ◦ ****Insecure avoidant children Show insecurity by avoiding the mother -NOT ATTACHED TO MOM ◦***** Insecure resistant children Cling to the caregiver and push away being comforted -HELD, BUT RESENTFUL OF CARETAKER-PUSHING AWAY ◦ ****Insecure disorganized children Disorganized and disoriented -OVERWHELMED BY IT ALL

Individual Differences in Attachment AINSWORTH STUDY OF ATTACHMENT

****PRIMARY EMOTIONS presented in humans and other animals ****appear 1st-6th month of life ****suprise, interest, joy, anger, sadness, fear, disgust ( rotten bottle)

Infancy emotions developement

studying the self in infancy is hard because ?

Infants cannot verbally express their views of the self. Studying the self in infancy is difficult mainly because infants cannot tell us how they experience themselves. Infants cannot verbally express their views of the self. They also cannot understand complex instructions from researchers. A rudimentary form of self-recognition—being attentive and positive toward one's image in a mirror—appears as early as 3 months of age (Mascolo & Fischer, 2007). However, a central, more complete index of self-recognition—the ability to recognize one's physical features—does not emerge until the second year (Thompson, 2006

many individuals who achieve an identity go through crisis and subsequent identity achievement in a process referred as:

MAMA Resolution of the identity issue during adolescence and emerging adulthood does not mean that identity will be stable through the remainder of life (McAdams & Cox, 2011). Many individuals who develop positive identities follow what are called "MAMA" cycles; that is, their identity status changes from moratorium to achievement to moratorium to achievement (Marcia, 1994). These cycles may be repeated throughout life (Francis, Fraser, & Marcia, 1989). Marcia (2002) points out that the first identity is just that—it is not, and should not be expected to be, the final product

according to a cross-cultural study, the percentage of females who reported having intercourse by age 17 was highest in which country? US JAPAN CHINA MALI

Mali

which middle aged woman is MOST likely to engage in sexual activity?

Marianne, a married woman living with her partner

Mastering emerging sexual feelings and forming sexual identity is a multifaceted and lengthy process ◦ Learning to manage sexual feelings (arousal and attraction) ◦ Developing new forms of intimacy ◦ Learning skills to regulate sexual behavior to avoid undesirable consequences Adolescent sexual identity is influenced by social norms related to sex ◦ Extent to which adolescents perceive peers are having sex, using protection, etc.

Mastering emerging sexual feelings and forming sexual identity is a multifaceted and lengthy process

by the _________ school years , girls self esteem is lower than boys

Middle Girls and boys enter first grade with roughly equivalent levels of self-esteem. Yet some research studies have shown that by the middle school years girls' self-esteem is significantly lower than boys' (American Association of University Women, 1992). For example, one study confirmed that male adolescents have higher self-esteem than do female adolescents (McLean & Breen, 2009). A recent study found that preexisting gender differences in self-esteem (higher in males) narrowed between the ninth and twelfth grades (Falci, 2012). In this study, adolescents from higher-SES backgrounds had higher self-esteem than did their lower-SES counterparts.

****Middle and Late Childhood ****Children's self-understanding becomes MORE complex during middle and late childhood Key changes in self-understanding: ◦ Psychological traits and characteristics-NON TANGIBLES, THINKS THEY ARE FUNNY, SHY, SMART ETC EX: WHEN ASKED WHAT GRAD THEY ARE IN, IM IN MS. SMITHS ◦ ****Social descriptions-SOCIAL AFFILIATION-CUB SCOUTS, GIRL SCOUTS, BASEBALL TEAM ◦ ****Social comparison-EXPERTS AT IT, COMPARING TO OTHER KIDS, BEST SKILLED, TEACHERS PET, CLASS CLOWN ETC ◦ ****Real self and ideal self IDEAL-ALWAYS DOES HOMEWORK, DOSENT STEAL, CHEAT LIE OR GET IN TROUBLE REAL SELF-DOSENT MATCH IDEAL, SOMETIMES DONT DO HOMEWORK, STEALS COOKIES, GET IN TROUBLE ETC. ◦ ****Realistic-NO LONGER OVERESTIMATES ON THINGS, RECOGNIZES LIMITATIONS

Middle and Late Childhood

Childrens self- _____________and their social awareness become more complex during middle and late childhood.

Middle and Late Childhood Children's self-understanding becomes more complex during middle and late childhood (Carpendale & Lewis, 2015). And their social understanding, especially in taking the perspective of others, also increases

Midlife Crisis ◦ Levinson views midlife as a crisis Middle-aged adult is suspended between past and future, trying to cope with gap to ensure life's continuity ◦ Vaillant concludes that forties are a decade of reassessing and recording the truth about adolescent and adulthood years Only a minority of adults experience a midlife crisis Vaillant's research found few midlife crises Emotional well-being does not decrease significantly Some psychological gains experienced-GOOD TIME

Midlife Crisis ◦ Levinson views midlife as a crisis Vaillant Study

According to the new research findings, children are ___________psychologically aware of themselves than once believed

More Early Childhood Recent research studies have revealed that young children are more psychologically aware—of themselves and others—than used to be thought (Thompson, 2015). This self-awareness reflects young children's expanding psychological sophistication. Self-Understanding Because children can verbally communicate, research on self-understanding in childhood is not limited to visual self-recognition, as it is during infancy (Harter, 2012, 2013). Mainly through interviews, researchers have probed many aspects of children's self-understanding. Here are five main characteristics of self-understanding in young children: Confusion of self, mind, and body. Young children generally confuse self, mind, and body. Most young children conceive of the self as part of the body, which usually means the head. For them, the self can be described along many material dimensions, such as size, shape, and color. Concrete descriptions. Preschool children mainly think of themselves and define themselves in concrete terms. A young child might say, "I know my ABC's," "I can count," and "I live in a big house" (Harter, 2006). Although young children mainly describe themselves in terms of concrete, observable features and action tendencies, at about 4 to 5 years of age, as they hear others use psychological trait and emotion terms, they begin to include these in their own self-descriptions (Thompson, 2006). Thus, in a self-description, a 4-year-old might say, "I'm not scared. I'm always happy." Physical descriptions. Young children also distinguish themselves from others through many physical and material attributes. Says 4-year-old Sandra, "I'm different from Jennifer because I have brown hair and she has blond hair." Says 4-year-old Ralph, "I am different from Hank because I am taller, and I am different from my sister because I have a bicycle.

Mothers and Fathers as Caregivers ◦ Increasing numbers of U.S. fathers stay home full-time with children These fathers have career-focused wives that provide most of the family's income ◦ Stay-at-home fathers report being as satisfied with their marriage as traditional parents BUT......... Missed daily life in the workplace May feel ostracized when taking children to playground or excluded from parent groups Fathers have the ability to care for infants as sensitively and responsively as mothers do Maternal interactions with infants center on child-care activities ◦ Feeding, changing diapers, bathing Paternal interactions more likely to include play OCCURS DURING CHILDCARE TASKS, BATHING, FEEDING, ETC....HIGHEST BOND WITH MOMS DAD BOND DURING PLAYTIME NORMALLY

Mothers and Fathers as Caregivers

Rothbart and Bates' Classification

New classifications of temperament continue to be forged. Mary Rothbart and John Bates (2006) argue that three broad dimensions best represent what researchers have found to characterize the structure of temperament: extraversion/surgency, negative affectivity, and effortful control (self-regulation) Extraversion/surgency includes approach, pleasure, activity, smiling, and laughter. Kagan's uninhibited children fit into this category. Negative affectivity includes "fear, frustration, sadness, and discomfort" (Rothbart, 2004, p. 495). These children are easily distressed; they may fret and cry often. Kagan's inhibited children fit this category. A recent study revealed that preschool children with high levels of surgency and negative affectivity were more likely to engage in a number of obesity-related eating behaviors (Leung & others, 2014). Effortful control (self-regulation) includes "attentional focusing and shifting, inhibitory control, perceptual sensitivity, and low-intensity pleasure" (Rothbart, 2004, p. 495). Infants who are high on effortful control show an ability to keep their arousal from getting too high and have strategies for soothing themselves. By contrast, children low on effortful control are often unable to control their arousal; they become easily agitated and intensely emotional. A recent study found that young children higher in effortful control were more likely to wait longer to express anger and were more likely to use a self-regulatory strategy, distraction (Tan, Armstrong, & Cole, 2013).

it is important in adolescent development and understanding of self and others that they can do the following?

Of course, becoming a competent adolescent involves not only understanding one's self but also understanding others. Among the aspects of understanding others that are important in adolescent development are perceiving others' traits, understanding multiple perspectives, and monitoring their social world

In selective optimization with compensation theory the term selection refers to the concept that:

Older adults have a reduced and lose of functioning, which require a reduction in performance in most life domains

signs of attachment in older relationships

Older adults have fewer attachment relationships than younger adults With increasing age, attachment anxiety decreases In late adulthood, attachment security is associated with psychological and physical well-being Insecure attachment is linked to more perceived negative caregiver burden in caring for patients with Alzheimer disease

From 4 to about 12 years old, children spend a large majority of free play time exclusively with peers of their same sex-BEFORE PUBERTY THEY SEPERATE Boys and girls engage in different play behaviors and activities Playground is called "gender school" Continuing in adolescence and adulthood years, friendships mainly consist of same-sex peers-PICK PEOPLE LIKE US BOYS AND GIRLS SEPARATE THEMSELVES PLAYGROUND BEHAVIOR IS DIFFERENT-MIGRATION BOYS FORM LARGER GROUPS-FOCUSED ON SOME TASK, BICYCLE, GAME ETC. FACT BASED GIRLS SMALLER GROUPS 3-4 THEY ARE TALKING ALOT THAN PLAYING

Other Adults, Media, and Peers

****Parents ◦ Influence their children's and adolescents' gender development (GENDER TYPING) ◦ Mothers and fathers often interact differently with children and adolescents Mothers are more involved than fathers Caregiving and teaching activities Fathers increase time spent parenting when they have sons and are less likely to divorce when they have sons Leisure activities ** PARENT ARE OBSESSED WITH COLOR CHOOSING FOR ROOMS ND TOYS THEY PLAY WITH BASED ON GENDER THE WAY PARENTS TEACH, REWARD AND PUNISH ALL SHAPES BEHAVIOR

Parents

According to research, which groups have sex most often?

People who cohabit People who are married *****

This is defined as the ability to discern another's inner psychological state?

Perspective taking Perspective taking is especially thought to be important in whether children develop prosocial or antisocial attitudes and behavior. In terms of prosocial behavior, taking another's perspective improves children's likelihood of understanding and sympathizing with others when they are distressed or in need. A recent study revealed that in children who were characterized as being emotionally reactive, good perspective-taking skills were linked to their ability to regain a neutral emotional state after being emotionally aroused (Bengtsson & Arvidsson, 2011). In this study, children who made gains in perspective-taking skills reduced their emotional reactivity over a two-year period.

Self-Understanding Five key changes characterize the increased complexity of children's self-understanding in middle and late childhood:

Psychological characteristics and traits. In middle and late childhood, especially from 8 to 11 years of age, children increasingly describe themselves in terms of psychological characteristics and traits, in contrast with the more concrete self-descriptions of younger children. Older children are more likely to describe themselves as "popular, nice, helpful, mean, smart, and dumb" (Harter, 2006, p. 526). Social descriptions. In middle and late childhood, children begin to include social aspects such as references to social groups in their self-descriptions (Harter, 2006). For example, a child might describe herself as a Girl Scout, as a Catholic, or as someone who has two close friends. Social comparison. Children's self-understanding in middle and late childhood includes increasing reference to social comparison (Harter, 2006). That is, elementary-school-age children increasingly think about what they can do in comparison with others. Real self and ideal self. In middle and late childhood, children begin to distinguish between their real and ideal selves (Harter, 2006). This change involves differentiating their actual competencies from those they aspire to have and think are the most important. Realistic. In middle and late childhood, children's self-evaluations become more realistic (Harter, 2006). This change may occur because of increased social comparison and perspective taking.

________ talk is the language of conversation that helps people establish connections and relationships

Rapport

therapy that involves discussing pass activities and and experience with another individual or group is called __________ therapy

Reminiscence Some clinicians use reminiscence therapy with their older clients, which involves discussing past activities and experiences with another individual or group (Blake, 2013; Fujiwara & others, 2012). The therapy may include the use of photographs, familiar items, and video/audio recordings. Researchers have found that reminiscence therapy improves the mood of older adults, including those with dementia (Subramaniam & Woods, 2012). A recent study with older adults who had dementia found that reminiscence therapy reduced their depressive symptoms and improved their self-acceptance and positive relations with others (Gonzalez & others, 2015). Also, a study with elderly institutionalized adults found that 8 weeks of group reminiscence therapy resulted in increased self-esteem, life satisfaction, and psychological well-being, and reduced depression (Melendez-Moral & others, 2013).

8 weeks of group ____________therapy in adults increased self esteem, life satisifaction, and reduced depression.

Reminiscience

________ is talk that is designed to give information

Report talk

what type of love is called passionate love and has strong components of sexuality and infatuation?

Romantic love Romantic loveis also called passionate love or eros; it has strong components of sexuality and infatuation, and it often predominates in the early part of a love relationship. A recent meta-analysis found that males show higher avoidance and lower anxiety about romantic love than females do

The risk of which of the following can be greatly reduced if contraception is used

STIs Unintended pregnancy

****Schools and teachers - bias against boys ◦ Compliance, following rules, and being neat and orderly valued and reinforced in many classrooms ◦ Large majority of teachers are female, especially at elementary level ◦ Boys are more likely to have learning disability, ADHD, and to drop out ◦ Boys are more likely to be criticized by teachers ◦ Boys' behavior is more likely to be stereotyped as problematic

Schools and teachers - bias against boys

Schools and teachers - bias against girls ◦ Girls' compliance and quiet in the classroom may come at the cost of diminished assertiveness- MALES DOMINATE FEMALES CHARACTERISTICS ◦ Teachers spend more time watching and interacting with boys ◦ Boys get more instruction and more help when having trouble than girls ◦ Girls and boys enter first grade with same level of self-esteem Girls' self-esteem becomes lower than boys' by middle school GIRLS ARE PAYED LESS ATTENTION TOO EXAMPLE: WHEN BOYS ARE BEHAVING BADLY IN CLASS THE TEACHER MAY PUT A GIRL IN BETWEEN THEM OR EVEN GO BOY GIRL BOY GIRL SEATING ARRANGEMENT

Schools and teachers - bias against girls

baby Marlow uses mom as a base from which to explore the environment. when mom leaves he protests mildly, and when mom returns he reestablished positive interaction with her. Which of Ainsworth's categories explains Marlow? Infants feel safe and secure to explore enviroment

Secure Attacment

when adolescence compare themselves with others this is apart of self-___________ developmental process. self awareness self control self understanding self regulation

Self Understanding Adolescence The development of self-understanding in adolescence is complex and involves a number of aspects of the self (Harter, 2012). The tendency to compare themselves with others continues to increase in the adolescent years. However, when asked whether they engage in social comparison, most adolescents deny it because they are aware that it is somewhat socially undesirable to do so

self-__________ is how a adult young becomes aware of their psychological being

Self- Understanding An aspect of self-understanding that becomes especially important in early adulthood is self-awareness—that is, the degree to which a young adult is aware of his or her psychological makeup, including strengths and weaknesses. Many individuals do not have very good awareness of their psychological makeup and skills, as well as the causes of their weaknesses (Hull, 2012). For example, how aware is the person that she or he is a good or bad listener, uses the best strategies to solve personal problems, and is assertive rather than aggressive or passive in resolving conflicts? Awareness of strengths and weaknesses in these and many other aspects of life is an important dimension of self-understanding throughout the adult years, and early adulthood is a time when individuals can benefit considerably from addressing some of their weaknesses.

****Self-Esteem and Self-Concept ****Self-esteem HOW IMPORTANT YOU THINK YOU ARE ◦ Global evaluations of the self Self-concept-HOW YOU VIEW YOURSELF ◦ Domain-specific evaluations of the self-HOW YOU ARE AT MATH, DEALING WITH LIFE ◦ Academic, athletic, appearance, etc. HOW YOU FEEL ABOUT YOURSELF IN SPECIFIC THINGS Foundations of self-esteem and self-concept emerge from quality of parent-child interactions in infancy and early childhood-ABUSE OR NEGLECT CAN EFFECT THIS Low self-esteem in adolescence produces low levels of life satisfaction in adulthood? yes High performance in work/school increases self-esteem? yes Happiness related to increased self-esteem? yes Physical appearance related to increased selfesteem? yes Depression related to lower self-esteem? yes Adult adjustment? (depression, suicide, anorexia nervosa) YES *****IF YOU EXIT WITH LOW SELF ESTEEM IT WILL MOST LIKELY FOLLOW YOU INTO ADULT LIFE****

Self-Esteem and Self-Concept

self________ refers to domain-specific evaluations of the self self regulation self concept self conscious self specific

Self-concept Domain-specific evaluations of the self. refers to domain-specific evaluations of the self. Individuals can make self-evaluations in many domains of their lives—academic, athletic, appearance, and so on. In sum, self-esteem refers to global self-evaluations, self-concept to domain-specific evaluations

self-_______ is also referred to self worth or self image.

Self-esteem refers to global evaluations of the self. Self-esteem is also referred to as self-worth, or self-image. For example, a person may perceive that she or he is not merely a person but a good person.

self esteem

Self-esteem fluctuates across the life span (Trzesniewski, Donnellan, & Robins, 2013). One cross-sectional study assessed the self-esteem of a very large, diverse sample of 326,641 individuals ranging from 9 to 90 years of age (Robins & others, 2002). About two-thirds of the participants were from the United States. The individuals were asked to respond to the statement "I have high self-esteem" on a scale from 1 to 5 with 1 meaning "strongly agree" and 5 meaning "strongly disagree." This research focused on both (a) developmental changes, and (b) gender differences. Self-esteem decreased in adolescence, increased in the twenties, leveled off in the thirties, rose in the fifties and sixties, and then dropped in the seventies and eighties (see Figure 3). In most age periods, the self-esteem of males was higher than the self-esteem of females.

self-_________emerges in late adolescence and emerging adulthood where self understanding merges with self and its many parts.

Self-integration. In late adolescence and emerging adulthood, self-understanding becomes more integrative, with the disparate parts of the self more systematically pieced together (Harter, 2006, 2012, 2013). Older adolescents and emerging adults are more likely to detect inconsistencies in their earlier self-descriptions as they attempt to construct a general theory of self, an integrated sense of identity.

by the age of 2-to-3 years old children are aware of limitations of self__________ Example, knowing where to play and what to play with. self awareness self regulation self control self limitation

Self-regulation The next phase of developing self-regulation takes place at approximately 2 to 3 years of age. At this point, children begin to comply with the caregiver's expectations in the absence of external monitoring by the caregiver. Thus, most 2- to 3-year-old children are aware of where they may and may not play and which objects they may and may not touch if they are at home, on a playground, or in the homes of friends and relatives

The ability to monitor and control your behavior during the day is considered self-

Self-regulation self-regulation The ability to control one's behavior without having to rely on others for help. involves the ability to control one's behavior without having to rely on others' help. Self-regulation includes the self-generation and cognitive monitoring of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in order to reach a goal. An individual might develop better self-control in the physical, cognitive, or socioemotional domain than in other domains

Sexual Attitudes and Behavior ◦ Sexual activity during middle adulthood usually occurs on less frequent basis Career interests, family matters, decreased energy levels, and routine contribute to decline ◦ Early ejaculation and erectile difficulties among most common sexual problems for men Lack of sexual interest and lubrication difficulties among common sexual problems for women ◦ Health in middle age is a key factor in sexual activity

Sexual Attitudes and Behavior

Sexual Orientation Overwhelming majority of Americans aged 25-44 report that they engage in heterosexual behavior ◦ 98% of women and 97% of men have engaged in vaginal intercourse ◦ 89% of women and 90% of men have had oral sex with an opposite-sex partner ◦ 36% of women and 44% of men report having anal sex with an opposite-sex partner FAIRLY MAINSTREAM (BORING) ACTIVE SEXUALLY

Sexual Orientation

Sexual Risk Factors in Adolescence ◦ Adolescent sexual behavior may have positive or negative consequences for sexual health: Not emotionally prepared to handle sexual experiences, especially in early adolescence Early sexual activity linked with risky behaviors, such as drug use, delinquency, and school-related problems

Sexual Risk Factors in Adolescence

Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love ◦ Passion - physical and sexual attraction HOT STUFF, FLOWERS, ROMANTIC (INFATUATION, FATUOUS LOVE, CONSUMMATE LOVE) ◦ Intimacy - emotional feelings of warmth, closeness, and sharing KNOWING ABOUT EACH-OTHER, SECRETS.. (AFFECTIONATE LOVE, CONSUMMATE LOVE) ◦ Commitment - cognitive appraisal of relationship and intent to maintain relationship in the face of problems I'M GOING TO LOVE YOU EVEN THOUGH YOU DONT DESERVE IT. (AFFECTIONATE LOVE, FATUOUS LOVE, CONSUMMATE LOVE)

Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love

_____________________ situation was created by Mary Ainsworth as an observational measureme of infant attachment

Strange Situation attachment to a caregiver intensifies midway through the first year Ainsworth created the Strange Situation, an observational measure of infant attachment in which the infant experiences a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger in a prescribed order. In using the Strange Situation, researchers hope that their observations will provide information about the infant's motivation to be near the caregiver and the degree to which the caregiver's presence provides the infant with security and confidence.

In its early stages _________ can be treated with penicillin, In its advanced stages, it can cause paralysis or even death

Syphilis

TEMPERAMENT-the way you are most of the time, mellow, almost predictable Chess and Thomas' classifications: **** Easy child - positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines, adapts easily to new experiences **highly engaged** EXAMPLE: WILLING TO TAKE A BATH, OR GO TO STORE, COOPERATIVE WITH JUST ABOUT ANYTHING **** Difficult child - reacts negatively and cries frequently, irregular daily routines, slow to accept change **highly engaged** EXAMPLE: DON'T LIKE CHANGE, DISAGREEABLE, DON'T ADJUST WELL **** Slow-to-warm-up child - low activity level, somewhat negative, low intensity of mood *** EXAMPLE: DETACHED FROM WHATS AROUND THEM, IDK CHILD ◦ 40% are easy children, 10% are difficult children, 15% are slow-to-warm-up THAT'S 65%, THE OTHER 35% JUST DON'T FIT IN THESE LABELS OF TEMPERAMENT, INCONSISTENT TO THESE PATTERNS THESE TRAITS CAN BE LONG TERM AND SEEN IN OLDER ADULTS SOMETIMES THEY CHANGE DUE TO THINGS OR EVENTS MAYBE HEREDITY??

TEMPERAMENT CHESS AND THOMAS EASY CHILD DIFFICULY CHILD SLOW TO WARM UP CHILD

****Biological Foundations and Experience ◦****Physiological characteristics linked with different temperaments ◦ ****Heredity may play a moderate role in influencing temperament ◦ ****Temperamental dimensions develop and change with growth of neurobiological systems of self-regulation ◦**** Gender and culture may also shape temperament **** Caregivers' responses may differ depending on gender of the baby *****Certain temperamental characteristics are valued in different cultures ◦**** Many aspects may influence continuity or discontinuity of temperament across life span IF YOU MODEL BEHAVIORS, CHILDREN CAN PICK THEM UP

TEMPERAMENT BIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS AND EXPERIENCES

Self ◦ All characteristics of a person -MOST IMPORTANT DECISION ARE MADE BY THE SELF -EVERYTHING ABOUT YOU Identity ◦ Who a person is, representing a synthesis and integration of self-understanding -HOW YOU SEE YOURSELF, RELATE TOO Personality ◦ Enduring personal characteristics of individuals CHARACTERISTICS, WHAT YOU DO MOST OF THE TIME

THE SELF

****Early Childhood(THEY GET BUSY) Main characteristics of self-understanding: ◦ *****Confusion of self, mind, and body DOSEN'T UNDERSTAND MIND & BODY SEPARATE YET ◦ ****Concrete descriptions OF SELVES ◦ ****Physical descriptions ◦ ****Active descriptions (WHEN ASKED TO TALK ABOUT THEMSELVES EXAMPLE: SALLY-RED HAIR-FRECKLES-GREEN SHOES-AND CAN RUN FAST ◦ ****Unrealistic positive overestimations EXAMPLE: I CAN COUNT TO 100 - THEN THEY COUNT 1,2,4,5,10,100 THINKING THEY GOT IT, LACK INSIGHT OF THEIR ABILITIES OF WHAT THEY REALLY KNOW, THEY THINK THEY KNOW IT ALL ****Children as young as 13 months old seem to consider another's perspective when predicting actions (PERSPECTIVE TALKING-ME&YOU WERE DIFFERENT, THEY BEGIN TO REALIZE THESE POINTS OF VIEW)

THE SELF EARLY CHILDHOOD

Infancy-(LITTLE UNSURE WHEN THEY RECOGNIZE) Early form of self-recognition - being attentive and positive toward one's image - appears as early as 3 months ****START LOOKING IN MIRROR AT 3 M Mirror technique ◦ Increased touching means that infant recognizes itself in the mirror ◦***** Signs of self-recognition appear between 15-18 months old BLUSH MAKEUP-PUT INT ON THE END OF BABY'S NOSE AND THEY WILL REACH FOR IT THAT'S HOW THEY KNOW THEY SEE THEMSELVES ◦ *****Infants develop a conscious awareness of their bodies by second year of life( THEY KNOW WHERE ARMS AND FEET ARE) 18 MONTHS

THE SELF INFANCY

______________________refers to a individuals behavioral style and characteristic emotional style.

Temperament One infant is cheerful and happy much of the time; another baby seems to cry constantly. These tendencies reflect temperament, which involves individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding. With regard to its link to emotion, temperament refers to individual differences in how quickly the emotion is shown, how strong it is, how long it lasts, and how soon it fades away

The Timing and Frequency of Adolescent Sexual Behaviors ◦ Timing of sexual initiation varies by country, gender, and other socioeconomic characteristics In United States, male, African American, and inner-city adolescents report being the most sexually active Asian American adolescents have the most restrictive sexual timetable ◦ From 1991 to 2011, trends indicate that fewer adolescents report: Having had sexual intercourse Currently being sexually active Having had sexual intercourse before age 13 Having had intercourse with 4 or more persons HAVING SEX 20% UNDER 16 80% OVER 16 US BIRTH CONTROL & SAFE SEX BUT KIDS DON'TAKE ADVANTAGE OF IT HAVING SEX AT YOUNG AGE THOUGH IS ON A DECLINE

The Timing and Frequency of Adolescent Sexual Behaviors

Self Identity Personality

The self consists of all of the characteristics of a person. Identity is who a person is, representing a synthesis and integration of self-understanding. Personality refers to the enduring personal characteristics of individuals. Personality is usually viewed as the broadest of the three domains and as encompassing the other two (self and identity

The concept that both traits and situations or context factors must be considered to understand personality is a description of the _____________-_____________ interaction

Trait-situation

****Understanding Others in Adolescence ◦ ****Adolescent development includes perceiving others' traits, perspective taking, and social cognitive monitoring ◦ ****Adolescents understand that others are complex and have private and public faces EXAMPLE: SEES PARENTS AT HOME, BUT IN PUBLIC PARENTS ACT AND DO THINGS DIFFERENT AND THE KID WILL CALL THEM OUT ON IT, ROLES ARE DIFFERENT WITH JOB AND HOME ◦ ****Adolescents monitor their social world more extensively May be important part of social maturity

Understanding Others in Adolescence

Understanding Others in Middle and Late Childhood ◦ ****Perspective taking I KNOW THAT I FEEL THE WAY I DO AND I KNOW HOW YOU FEEL ****Ability to assume another person's perspective and understanding his/her thoughts and feelings & CONSEQUENCES ****Improves children's likelihood of understanding and sympathizing with others when distressed or in need ◦ Executive functions, such as cognitive inhibition and cognitive flexibility, involved in perspective taking EXAMPLE ONE KID IS CRYING, BUT THE OTHER ISNT. HE IS CRYING BECAUSE HE IS ANGRY AND THE OTHER KIDS KNOWS THAT

Understanding Others in Middle and Late Childhood ◦ Perspective taking

Views of Adult Personality Development ◦ ****Levinson's Seasons of a Man's Life Stages and transitions in midlife change ****Developmental tasks mastered at each stage ◦**** Twenties as a novice phase of adult development ◦ ****Thirties as a focus on family and career development ◦**** By age 40, stable career reached and looks forward to life as a middle-aged adult HE INVESTED IN ADULT DEVELOPMENT..... HE CLAIMED MEN AND WOMEN FOLLOW DIFFERENT PATHS HE MADE A MISTAKE******* MIDLIFE CRISIS IS A MYTH*****

Views of Adult Personality Development

What is Attachment? ◦ Freud - infants attach to person/object that provides oral satisfaction ◦ Harlow - contact comfort is crucial element in developing attachment EXAMPLE:MONKEY EXPERIMENT, PHYSICAL CONTACT -FAV BLANKEY, PILLOW ETC ◦ Erikson - trust vs. mistrust stage emphasizes the role of physical comfort -VERY FIRST YEAR THIS TAKES PLACE, WHO THEY CAN TRUST AND RELY ON FOR COMFORT IE CHANGING DIAPER -FAMILY DOG WOULDNT BE RELIABLE SIBBLING-RIVAL-NOT TRUSTING -TRUST ISSUES MAY GO ALL THE WAY THROUGH LIFE WITH NEVER REALLY LEARNING TO TRUST

WHAT IS ATTACHMENT?

****What is identity? WHAT YOU FEEL IS IMPORTANT ABOUT YOU, FEEL, VALUE ◦ Career and work path ◦ Political beliefs ◦ Spiritual beliefs ◦ Relationship status ◦ Achievement/intellectual identity ◦ Cultural/ethnic identity ◦ Interests ◦ Personality ◦ Physical identity/body image SEXUAL IDENTITY

WHAT IS IDENTITY?

Mikulincer and shaver have stated that the following benefits of secured individuals

ability to control emotions integrated sense of self acceptance self esteem control emotions optimistic resilient Facing stress and adversity, they activate cognitive representations of security, are mindful of what is happening around them, and mobilize effective coping strategies

protective factors against earlier onset sexual intercourse

academic achievement maternal communication about sex living with two biological parents ****

Date rape or ___________ rape is coercive sexual activity perpetrated by someone who the victim knows in somesocial capacity

accquaintance

Sternbergs triangle of love consists of passion, intimacy, and commitment; various combinations of these results in which types of love?

affectionate love consummate love fatuous love

most children are in childcare today than even before, primary because US adults

cannot receive paid leave Parental Leave Today far more young children are in child care than at any other time in history. About 2 million children in the United States currently receive formal, licensed child care, and uncounted millions of children are cared for by unlicensed baby-sitters. Child-care policies around the world vary in eligibility criteria, duration of parental leaves, benefit level, and the extent to which parents take advantage of the policies (Burchinal & others, 2015; Tolani & Brooks-Gunn, 2008). Europe has led the way in creating new standards of parental leave: The European Union (EU) mandated a paid 14-week maternity leave in 1992. In most European countries today, working parents on leave receive from 70 percent of the worker's prior wage to the full wage, and paid leave averages about 16 weeks (Tolani & Brooks-Gunn, 2008). The United States currently allows workers to take up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave to care for a newborn.

developmental _________ model involves connections across domains over time that influence developmental pathways and outcomes

cascade developmental cascade model, which involves connections across domains over time that influence developmental pathways and outcomes Developmental cascades can include connections between a wide range of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes (attachment, for example), and also can involve social contexts such as families, peers, schools, and culture. Further, links can produce positive or negative outcomes at different points in development, such as infancy, early childhood, middle and late childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.

In emerging adulthood, males have more ______ sexual partners, and females report begin more ______ about their choice if a sexual partner

casual; selective

a person who fakes an identity online an online dating site is called a __________?

catfish It didn't work out so well in 2012 for Notre Dame linebacker Manti Te'o, whose online girlfriend turned out to be a "catfish," someone who fakes an identity online. However, online dating sites claim that their sites often have positive outcomes. A poll commissioned by match.com in 2009 reported that twice as many marriages occurred between individuals who met through an online dating site than between people who met in bars, clubs, and other social settings

The term ______ is used to describe the midlife transition during which fertility declines

climacteric

____________ strategies that can help older adults include searching for other ways to achieve what one wants, being willing to let others, and trying new ways to achieve similar results

compensation

in selective optimization with compensation theory, _______________________ becomes relevant when life tasks require more capacity thank older adults currently exhibits

compensation

according to social cognitive theorists, which advances in adolescence provides adolescents with the tools to develop better self control?

increased introspection delaying gratification in exchange for something desirable increased self control Few studies of self-regulation have focused on adolescents. On the one hand, advances in cognitive skills (logical thinking, for example), increased introspection, and the greater independence of adolescence might lead to increased self-control. Also, advances in cognitive abilities provide adolescents with a better understanding of the importance of delaying gratification in exchange for something desirable (such as a good grade in a class) rather than seeking immediate gratification (listening to music rather than studying)d

Adolescents are _________ their use of contraceptives

increasing

moderate amount of contribution to relationships and other relationship problems are signs of adults with ___________ relationship problems.

insecure Attachment categories are somewhat stable in adulthood, but adults do have the capacity to change their attachment thinking and behavior. Although attachment insecurities are linked to relationship problems, attachment style makes only a moderate-size contribution to relationship functioning because other factors contribute to relationship satisfaction and success

Engages in little interaction with mother, and is distressed when she leaves the room. when she returns he does not reestablish contact with here and even turns his back to her. What category of Ainsworths is this explaining? insecure avoidant children insecure resistant children insecure disorganized children securely attached children

insecure aviodant

According to Aimworths model ________ _______ babies are disoriented; they might show strong patterns of avoidance and resistance or display certain specified behaviors such as extreme fearfulness around caregiver

insecure disorganized

According to Ainworths model, an ______________ _______________ baby often clings to the caregiver and then may fight closeness perhaps by kicking and pushing away.

insecure resistant

Androgen-_____________ males have a genetic error where they dont have androgen cells in their body, and their bodies look female

insensitive

important factors in shaping ones temperment

intelligence caregiver reactions gender Gender may be an important factor shaping the environmental context that influences temperament (Gaias & others, 2012). Parents might react differently to an infant's temperament depending on whether the baby is a boy or a girl. For example, in one study, mothers were more responsive to the crying of irritable girls than to the crying of irritable boys

the developement of self in infants and toddlers occurs through?

interaction with siblings Through labeling and describing physical aspects interaction with caregivers The development of the self in infants and toddlers does not occur in a social vacuum (Thompson, 2015). Interactions with caregivers, older siblings, and others support the development of the self in infants and toddlers. Through labeling and describing physical aspects and internal states of infants and toddlers, these persons scaffold infants' and toddlers' self-development and understanding

Bowlby argued that infants develop an _____________ _____________ _____________ of attachment, a simple mental model of the caregiver, their relationship, and the self as deserving of nurturant care

internal working model . The infant's internal working model of attachment with the caregiver influences the infant's and later, the child's, subsequent responses to other people. The internal model of attachment also has played a pivotal role in the discovery of links between attachment and subsequent emotional understanding, conscience development, and self-concept (Thompson, 2015). A recent analysis concluded that secure attachment enhances the positive processing of social information

hormone replacement therapy

it can consist of various forms of estrogen, and usually a progestint

Generally, what has been concluded about menopause?

it is not the negative experience for most women it was previously considered to be

one of the main criticisms of the strange situation?

it may be culturally biased

which of the following would alyssa likely demonstrate when she recived a good grade on her biology test?

joy, happiness, pride

Through emotions, infants communicate important aspects of their lives such as _____, ______, ______, ________.

joy, sadness, interest, and fear

COmpared to early adulthood, sexual activity in middle adult hood is ________ frequent

less

following factors correlated with a greater risk of earlier onset sexual intercourse

living in low-income areas of inner cities not feeling close to parents disagreements between Latino teens and parents*****

one important milestone for infants who are developing social orientation and understanding is ______________________

locomotion

aspects of the development of social orientations?

locomotion goal directed behaviors biological and cognitive factors

life review involves which of the following behaviors ?

looking back at one's life experiences evaluating them, interpreting them, and often reinterpreting them Another important aspect of self-understanding in adulthood is the life review. Life review is prominent in Erikson's final stage of psychosocial development, which is integrity versus despair. Life review involves looking back at one's life experiences, evaluating them, interpreting them, and often reinterpreting them. As the past marches in review, the older adult surveys it, observes it, and reflects on it. Reconsideration of previous experiences and their meaning occurs, often with revision or expanded understanding taking place. This reorganization of the past may provide a more valid picture for the individual, bringing new and significant meaning to one's life. It may also help prepare the individual for death and in the process reduce fear.

middle aged men

may experience a decline in sex drive dont lose fertility in middle age erections are less full and less frequent, and require more stimulation

child sex play

milely motivated by curiosity includes exhibiting and inspecting genitals dosent appear to be linked to sexual adjustment in later life ****

According to a recent survey, there are an estimated 2 million stay at home dads in the US, which of the following do stay at home dads experience?

missed daily life at workplace ignored when taking kids to playground excluded from parent groups In a recent survey, the number of stay-at-home dads in the United States was estimated to be 2 million in 2012 (Livingston, 2014). The 2 million figure represents a significant increase from 1.6 million in 2004 and 1.1 million in 1989. A large portion of the full-time fathers have career-focused wives who provide most of the family's income. One study revealed that the stay-at-home fathers were as satisfied with their marriage as traditional parents, although they indicated that they missed their daily life in the workplace (Rochlen & others, 2008). In this study, the stay-at-home fathers reported that they tended to be ostracized when they took their children to playgrounds and often were excluded from parent groups

neuroscience involves the brain regions, hormones, and neurotransmitters that are important in motivating infant-mother __________

mother-infant attachment Theory and research on the role of the brain's regions in mother-infant attachment is just emerging (de Haan & Gunnar, 2009). One theoretical view proposed that the prefrontal cortex likely has an important role in maternal attachment behavior, as do the subcortical (areas of the brain lower than the cortex) regions of the mother's amygdala (which is strongly involved in emotion) and the hypothalamus (Gonzalez, Atkinson, & Fleming, 2009). An ongoing fMRI longitudinal study is exploring the possibility that different attachment patterns can be distinguished by different patterns of brain activity (Strathearn, 2007, 2011)

what explains infants social sophistication and insight?

motivation to share and participate increased in emotional understanding and communication infant perception of others actions

when an adult fosters a childs social-emotional growth and helps to refine their representations of who they are and what other people are like, they are serving as a relational _______________

relational catalysts Whichever side is taken in this debate, it is important to underscore that social interactions and relationships with others contribute significantly to young children's development of the self and understanding of others. In Thompson's (2013) view, "When caregivers exuberantly applaud their child's accomplishments, focus their young child's attention on the consequences of misbehavior, acknowledge shared intentions, work to repair affective mismatches, or talk with their child about emotions, they act as relational catalysts, fostering the child's socioemotional growth and helping to refine the child's representations of who they are (and) what other people are like . . ." (p. 113).

Hormone replacement therapy alternatives such as:

relaxation therapy and acupuncture dietary supplements and herbal remedies regular exercise nonsteroidal medications

Hormone __________ ___________ augments the declining levels of repoductive hormome production by the ovaries and can consist of various forms of estrogen and usually a progestin

replacement therapy

A gender __________ is a set of expectations that prescribes how females or males should think, act and feel

role

Adults that are _______ attached have more positive romantic relationships

securely Attachment security predicted more positive romantic relationships In newlywed marriages, spouses were more likely to engage in infidelity when either they or their partner had an anxious attachment style A national survey indicated that insecure attachment in adults was associated with the development of disease and chronic illness, especially cardiovascular system problems such as high blood pressure, heart attack, and stroke Adults with avoidant and anxious attachment patterns had a lower level of sexual satisfaction than their counterparts with a secure attachment pattern Secure attachment in adults was linked to fewer sleep disruptions than insecure avoidant and anxious attachment

_____________ is based on the concept that older adults have a reduced capacity and a loss of functioning, which require a reduction in performance in most life domains such as memory and physical skills.

selection

Strategies that include focusing on the most important goal at a particular time, committing to one or two major goals, and reaching a particular goal while abandoning others are known as :

selection strategies

****SELF CONSCIOUS EMOTIONS basic understanding of me and you ****6-24 months ****jealousy, empathy, embarrassment, pride, shame, and guilt EXAMPLES:jealousy-playing with same toy empathy-1 kid cry's so another kid will cry also just because hes crying

self conscious emotions

although older adults are aware of age related lossses, most still effectively maintain a sense of?

self control