Developmental Ch. 13+

28. How would a typical four-year-old most likely describe his sister? a. "She is kind of is moody." b. "She eats corn flakes." c. "She is a good friend." d. "Everyone says she's smart."

b. "She eats corn flakes."

109. Based on the research of Jean Piaget, whom would you expect to have a basis for moral reasoning based on the rule, "All violations will be handled swiftly and harshly—there will be no exceptions." a. 4-year-old Molly b. 8-year-old Dolly c. 12-year-old Polly d. 16-year-old Holly

b. 8-year-old Dolly

78. At what level of moral development are the rules and standards of society internalized and held as one's own? a. Preconventional b. Conventional c. Postconventional d. Unconventional

b. Conventional

112. Which statement is the best example of a moral rule? a. You should take turns talking when at a dinner party. b. Everyone has the right to vote. c. There is no crying at a baseball game. d. You cannot bring candy into a movie theater.

b. Everyone has the right to vote.

170. Individuals at the postconventional level of moral reasoning view right and wrong in terms of existing societal laws. a. True b. False

b. False

174. Spanking is an excellent example of a form of induction discipline. a. True b. False

b. False

177. Aggressive youths tend to evaluate the consequences of aggression far more negatively than their non-violent peers. a. True b. False

b. False

178. By middle age, most adults have progressed to Kohlberg's postconventional level of moral reasoning. a. True b. False

b. False

52. Prosocial behavior is defined as a. any act that makes a person feel better. b. a positive social act reflecting a concern for others. c. an act intended to do good, but that actually results in harm to the person at whom the act is aimed. d. the vicarious experiencing of another person's emotions.

b. a positive social act reflecting a concern for others.

84. Which statement is the best example of postconventional moral reasoning? a. While it may be legally wrong, it is morally right. b. Depending on what I get out of the deal, it may be right. c. My intent is to be nice. d. Rules are not meant to be broken.

a. While it may be legally wrong, it is morally right.

116. Children who have attained theory of mind a. are more in tune with the feelings of others. b. still cannot pass the false belief task. c. have also attained the highest level of moral thinking proposed by Kohlberg. d. do not let the intent of an act influence how they feel about what was done.

a. are more in tune with the feelings of others.w

56. According to Freud, a. females are generally less moral than males. b. young infants are born with an innate understanding of right and wrong. c. moral development occurs when the id gains control over the superego. d. a sense of morality first develops during adolescence, as a result of engaging in dialogue and debate with peers.

a. females are generally less moral than males

110. According to researcher Elliot Turiel, "moral rules" a. focus on the welfare and basic rights for all individuals. b. cannot be violated. c. are situation specific. d. cannot be defined.

a. focus on the welfare and basic rights for all individuals.

25. The key factor in determining whether being born deaf will result in a delay in the acquisition of a theory of mind appears to be a. how well parents are able to communicate with the child. b. whether the deafness was the result of fetal alcohol syndrome or rubella. c. the number of mirror neurons the child has in their cochlea. d. the use of signing by parents (which almost always results in a delay).

a. how well parents are able to communicate with the child.

152. According to Greene, there is a(n) _____ process that allows us to automatically focus on the harm that would be caused were we to violate a moral principle. a. intuitive b. deliberative c. cognitive d. controlled

a. intuitive

17. Someone with a belief-desire psychology understands that a. people do not always hold accurate beliefs, but these beliefs still influence behavior. b. beliefs accurately reflect what we desire. c. desires shape our behavior. d. people develop accurate beliefs based on interactions with others.

a. people do not always hold accurate beliefs, but these beliefs still influence behavior.

Moral disengagement a. tends to only be found in individuals with conduct disorders. b. allows a person to justify his or her own immoral behavior. c. is a basic component of the theory of mind. d. is found exclusively in premoral thinkers.

b. allows a person to justify his or her own immoral behavior.

138. Coercive family environments refer to situations where family members a. eventually gain complete control over their children. b. are locked in power struggles. c. use discussion to try to persuade others to adopt their position. d. establish a power hierarchy that allows them to solve problems swiftly and smoothly.

b. are locked in power struggles.

139. According to Patterson's model of development, antisocial behavior a. first occurs when children fall in with a bad crowd when they are teens. b. begins with poor parental discipline. c. is the result of a genetic predisposition to act aggressively. d. starts when children begin to imitate antisocial behaviors they see depicted in the media (e.g., television, movies).

b. begins with poor parental discipline.

In a study using the false belief task with four-year-olds of average intelligence, four-year-olds with Down syndrome, and slightly older children with autism, Baron-Cohen found that a. only the average intelligence children passed the task. b. both the average intelligence children and the children with Down syndrome passed the task. c. both the average intelligence children and the children with autism passed the task. d. all three groups of children passed the task.

b. both the average intelligence children and the children with Down syndrome passed the task

1. John Gibbs, author of Moral Development and Reality, experienced a significant moral dilemma as a child at a. home, where he saw his mother abused by his father. b. camp, where he saw a mildly intellectually disabled man tormented by campers. c. school, where he was pressured into picking on an overweight classmate. d. church, where he struggled to understand how good church-going people could say mean things about others.

b. camp, where he saw a mildly intellectually disabled man tormented by campers.

96. Evolutionary theorists have argued that it is in our genetic self-interest to be altruistic because a. it perfectly matches the premise of survival of the fittest. b. helping our kin may allow our genes to be passed along. c. the more we help, the better spouse we will attain. d. chromosome 13 has been found to have a specific "helping gene."

b. helping our kin may allow our genes to be passed along.

67. According to Piaget, the moral reasoning of children ages 6 to 10 emphasizes a. religious teachings. b. intentions. c. parental beliefs. d. outcomes.

b. intentions

159. Concerning the developmental pattern of religiosity and spirituality, a. religiosity is strongest in middle age. b. levels of spirituality are lower than religiosity throughout adulthood. c. spirituality declines significantly in old age (particularly among women). d. adolescents tend to be neither spiritual nor show religiosity.

b. levels of spirituality are lower than religiosity throughout adulthood.

126. Throughout adolescence, there is a decrease in _____ moral reasoning and an increase in _____ moral reasoning. a. conventional; postconventional b. preconventional; conventional c. conventional; preconventional d. rule-based; social-conventional

b. preconventional; conventional

149. Persons in collectivist cultures may look like they are at Kohlberg's _____ of moral reasoning despite having sophisticated ideas about justice. a. stage 2 b. stage 3 c. stage 4 d. stage 5

b. stage 3

125. The fact that a fearful child may become more anxious when disciplined than a fearless child best demonstrates how the factor of _____ can impact moral development. a. vicarious consequences b. temperament c. observational learning d. unconscious desires

b. temperament

3. The "false belief" task is used to assess a. the difference between a sensorimotor and a preoperational thinker. b. the understanding that people may hold incorrect personal beliefs that influence their behaviors. c. a person's level of religiosity. d. how a person would reason about a moral.

b. the understanding that people may hold incorrect personal beliefs that influence their behaviors.

144. How many of the following factors (inconsistent parenting, affiliation with prosocial peers, academic failure) increase the risk of a child being aggressive? a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 3

c. 2

31. What important advance in social cognition generally occurs at age 11 or 12? a. Children begin to describe others in terms of the activities they engage in. b. Children begin to describe others in terms of inner psychological traits and characteristics. c. Children begin to attempt to explain why people do what they do. d. Children begin to focus heavily on others' physical appearance in their descriptions of them.

c. Children begin to attempt to explain why people do what they do.

140. Which statement concerning the role of genetics in determining aggression is true? a. Behavioral geneticists suggest that 90 percent of aggression can be accounted for by genetics. b. The fact that males can only have a limited number of children contributes significantly to their evolutionarybased levels of aggression. c. Children who inherit a predisposition toward aggression may evoke aggressive reactions from their parents. d. Having parents and children who are both genetically predisposed toward aggression tends to result in a paradox effect, which results in little aggression by either child or parent.

c. Children who inherit a predisposition toward aggression may evoke aggressive reactions from their parents.

75. Macy really wants the cool new jacket she has just seen in the store, but she does not have enough money to buy it. For a second, she thinks about stealing the jacket but decides that while stealing is not wrong, she might get punished if she is caught. Macy's moral reasoning appears to be at Kohlberg's _____ level. a. preconventional b. conventional c. postconventional d. unconventional

a. preconventional

58. Which of Freud's assertions has been upheld by research? a. Females have weaker superegos than males. b. Complete moral maturity is achieved by age six or seven. c. Emotions play a critical role in moral development. d. Threatening, punitive parents produce children who are more morally strong than parents who are warm and affectionate.

c. Emotions play a critical role in moral development.

76. Which statement provides the best example of the morality of instrumental hedonism? a. Doing evil is fun. b. Wrong is always wrong. c. I steal for you, you steal for me. d. The law determines right from wrong.

c. I steal for you, you steal for me.

83. _____ morality transcends the perspective of specific groups and attempts to encompass the perspective of all people. a. Preconventional b. Conventional c. Postconventional d. Amoral

c. Postconventional

141. Which statement concerning violence and culture is true? a. Japanese children are more likely to react angrily to interpersonal conflicts than American children. b. Cultural contexts do not "breed" aggression. c. The United States is a relatively violent country. d. Hispanic children raised with traditional Hispanic cultural values engage in more antisocial behavior than those acculturated into American society.

c. The United States is a relatively violent country.

10. At or before nine months of age, most children begin to _____. This activity is one of the earliest milestones in developing a theory of mind. a. talk b. show prosocial behavior c. engage in joint attention d. demonstrate the ability to recognize themselves in a mirror

c. engage in joint attention

55. Jessica feels guilty after taking pocket change from her father's dresser drawer. According to Freud, this emotional response best indicates that Jessica a. is in the oral stage of development. b. is sexually attracted to her father. c. has successfully resolved an emotional conflict over her love for her father. d. has no superego.

c. has successfully resolved an emotional conflict over her love for her father.

117. Every time his daughter Luci swears (something he does not like), Lou walks away from her (pays her no attention). This strategy provides a good example of the _____ parental approach. a. power assertion b. induction c. love withdrawal d. empathy

c. love withdrawal

38. Studies on perspective-taking indicate that it is not until a child attains formal operational thinking that he or she is able to a. form a theory of mind. b. attain a belief-desire psychology. c. mentally "juggle" several perspectives of others. d. appreciate that two people can have different points of view, even with access to the same information.

c. mentally "juggle" several perspectives of others.

91. Mr. Mitchell's son Dennis is a menace. Dennis is cruel to animals and often shoplifts. In attempting to explain Dennis's morals, Mr. Mitchell says, "I think that his moral habits were learned by watching bad television shows." Mr. Mitchell's comments are best associated with the _____ view concerning moral behavior. a. psychodynamic b. Piagetian c. social learning theory d. cognitive developmental

c. social learning theory

113. A standard of appropriate behavior that has been determined by social consensus and that applies to a specific social situation is called a a. moral rule. b. postconventional law. c. social-conventional rule. d. preconventional law.

c. social-conventional rule.

87. Kohlberg's highest stage of moral reasoning involves a. authority and social order-maintaining morality. b. the morality of contract, individual rights, and democratically accepted law. c. the morality of individual principles of conscience. d. instrumental hedonism.

c. the morality of individual principles of conscience.

131. According to Dodge's social informationprocessing model, the main thing wrong with teenagers who commit violent, antisocial acts is a. their genetic makeup. b. the coercive family environments in which they were raised. c. the way they interpret and process social cues. d. the culture in which they live.

c. the way they interpret and process social cues.

137. When considering social cognitive causes of aggression, concern over a person's levels of impulsivity best reflect the extent to which the problem is due to _____ one thinks. a. how b. what c. whether d. where

c. whether

79. An individual who is at Kohlberg's conventional level of moral development is most likely to a. do anything to avoid being punished. b. do something nice for someone so that the individual will be rewarded in return. c. ignore the intent of an act and focus on its impact. d. behave in ways that earn the approval and avoid the disapproval of others.

d. behave in ways that earn the approval and avoid the disapproval of others.

115. Carlos believes that rules such as "don't hit" are more important than "don't eat food in the living room." If Carlos is a normally developing child, what is the earliest age at which he would have come to such a conclusion? a. 2 years b. 6 years c. 10 years d. 14 years

a. 2 years

98. When considering why college student Waldo just cheated on his exam, which theorist would be most focused on whether Waldo lived with relatives who he had observed cheating? a. Bandura b. Freud c. Piaget d. Kohlberg

a. Bandura

102. Which family situation is associated with the best form of moral development in young children? a. Mutually responsive orientation b. Power assertion c. Induction d. Coercive family environment

a. Mutually responsive orientation

74. What did Kohlberg use to assess moral reasoning? a. Reactions to written moral dilemmas b. Parental descriptions of their children's moral decisionmaking c. A modified version of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory d. Naturalistic observation of people in real-life setting

a. Reactions to written moral dilemmas

171. Social learning theory claims that morality is highly situation-specific. a. True b. False

a. True

12. How many of the following (understanding that others people have intentions, engaging in pretend play, imitating others) are skills underlying having a theory of mind? a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 3

d. 3

20. Which of the following is NOT necessary for attaining a theory of mind? a. Some language skills b. Symbolic thinking skills c. Experience interacting with other people d. Being human

d. Being human

59. Which theoretical perspective tends to focus the most attention on the development of moral reasoning? a. Psychoanalytic b. Social learning c. Classical conditioning d. Cognitive developmental

d. Cognitive developmental

24. Davis was born deaf to deaf parents who signed to him at an early age. How would this be most likely to affect his acquisition of a theory of mind? a. He would show slightly slower development than that of a sensory-normal child. b. He would show a similar development as that of a Down syndrome child. c. He would show a similar development as that of an autistic child. d. He would show similar development to that of a sensory-normal child.

d. He would show similar development to that of a sensory-normal child.

77. Which of the following would Kohlberg consider the LEAST sophisticated stage of moral thinking? a. Authority and social order-maintaining morality b. Morality of contract, individual rights, and democratically accepted law c. Morality of individual principles of conscience d. Instrumental hedonism

d. Instrumental hedonism

42. Which is NOT part of the text's definition of morality? a. Distinguishing right from wrong b. Acting on the distinction between right and wrong c. Experiencing pride when doing right and shame when doing wrong d. Knowing what is right and wrong without having to perform the act

d. Knowing what is right and wrong without having to perform the act

106. What did Kohlberg's research reveal about the moral thinking of fiveyearolds? a. It demonstrated that they were amoral. b. It demonstrated that they were premoral. c. It demonstrated that they were conventional thinkers. d. Nothing, as Kohlberg never studied young children.

d. Nothing, as Kohlberg never studied young children.

32. Which best describes the initial perceptions of others made by young children? a. Psychological and specific b. Psychological and global c. Physical and specific d. Physical and global

d. Physical and global

146. Regarding moral development in adulthood, which is true? a. Moral development in older males progresses at a faster rate than in older females. b. Moral reasoning deteriorates significantly in old age. c. The majority of older adults are preconventional thinkers. d. Postconventional thinking emerges only during adulthood.

d. Postconventional thinking emerges only during adulthood.

13. Which linguistic skills provide solid evidence that a child is developing a theory of mind? a. Producing a first word b. Cooing c. Producing a first grammatically correct sentence d. Saying, "I whistle because I am happy"

d. Saying, "I whistle because I am happy"

40. Which of the following had NOT been used to explain the fact that social cognitive skills tend to hold up better than non-social cognitive skills in later life? a. The fact that the brain cortex responsible for social cognition skills ages slower than brain areas supporting non-social cognitive skills b. The fact that social skills are practiced (exercised) everyday c. The fact that older adults tend to have more strongly held beliefs about people when making social-cognitive decisions d. The fact that older adults reject the use of "rules of thumb" in social cognitive decisionmaking

d. The fact that older adults reject the use of "rules of thumb" in social cognitive decisionmaking

73. Kohlberg's cognitive developmental theory of moral development claims that a. regression from a higher to a lower stage of moral reasoning is quite common. b. through an exploration of moral dilemmas, it is possible to teach someone to skip over the lower stages of moral development. c. the sequence of stages one goes through may vary from one culture to another. d. a person's stage of moral development is determined by the person's thoughts, rather than his or her actions.

d. a person's stage of moral development is determined by the person's thoughts, rather than his or her actions.

130. Research on antisocial behavior has shown that a. most antisocial teens grow up to be antisocial adults. b. juvenile delinquents are more likely than other peers to be conventional thinkers. c. early-onset aggressive children tend to not display significant antisocial behavior until early adulthood. d. aggressive youth tend to show less empathy.

d. aggressive youth tend to show less empathy.

107. Concerning the development of morality, a. both Kohlberg and Piaget overestimated children's levels of moral thinking. b. Kohlberg overestimated children's levels of moral thinking, and Piaget underestimated children's levels of moral thinking. c. Kohlberg underestimated children's levels of moral thinking, and Piaget overestimated children's levels of moral thinking. d. both Kohlberg and Piaget underestimated children's levels of moral thinking.

d. both Kohlberg and Piaget underestimated children's levels of moral thinking.

108. Nelson (1980) presented three-year-olds with a story in which a character throws a ball to a playmate, and in which the motive of the thrower and consequence of the act were manipulated. The results of this study showed that three-year-olds _____ when judging the act. a. disregarded both intent and consequence b. disregarded intent and but considered consequence c. disregarded consequence but considered intent d. considered both intent and consequence

d. considered both intent and consequence

15. The ability to explain one's behavior as being driven by what one wants is the basis of _____ psychology. a. classical conditioning b. physiological c. operant conditioning d. desire

d. desire

97. Evolutionary-based research on altruism has demonstrated that a. only humans show any example of helping behavior. b. altruism does not begin to emerge until puberty. c. we abandon immature forms of moral thinking as we develop. d. humans may have a genetic make-up that predisposes them to behave both antisocially and prosocially.

d. humans may have a genetic make-up that predisposes them to behave both antisocially and prosocially.

148. According to Kohlberg, moral development a. occurs in a universal manner. b. is determined by genes. c. cannot be accurately studied in older adults. d. is shaped by the social context in which someone is raised.

d. is shaped by the social context in which someone is raised.

147. Critics have charged that Kohlberg's theory is biased against people living in a. Western cultures and people who are politically liberal. b. non-Western cultures and people who are politically liberal. c. Western cultures and people who are politically conservative. d. non-Western cultures and people who are politically conservative.

d. non-Western cultures and people who are politically conservative.

93. For Bandura, _____ is the key mechanism that monitors and evaluates one's actions and produces moral actions. a. self-esteem b. self-recognition c. self-categorization d. self-regulation

d. self-regulation

41. Adults who maintain their social cognitive abilities into old age tend to have all of the following characteristics EXCEPT being a. in a meaningful relationship (e.g., parent, grandparent). b. well-educated. c. in good physical health. d. socially isolated.

d. socially isolated.

145. The goal of the Fast Track Program was to reduce a child's risk of becoming aggressive through a. exposure to non-violent forms of media (e.g., television shows, movies). b. academic success. c. participation in athletics. d. teaching social information-processing and social skills.

d. teaching social information-processing and social skills.