Developmental Ch. 6

4. Perception is best defined as the interpretation of a. memory. b. sensory input. c. unconscious thoughts. d. an abstract idea.

b. sensory input.

170. The swimming reflex disappears in the first four to six months of life. a. True b. False

a. True

92. Whose exploratory behavior would most likely just begin to involve exploring an item with both their eyes and hands? a. 2-month-old Tom b. 6-month-old Dick c. 12-month-old Harry d. 18-month-old Sally

b. 6-month-old Dick

9. Who would be most likely to develop a theory hypothesizing that in order to interpret music, a person would have to hear many versions of the sound? a. A nativist b. A constructivist c. A humanist d. A Freudian

b. A constructivist

178. Osteoarthritis is a disease that results in a loss of minerals that leaves bones fragile. a. True b. False

b. False

72. Which statement is FALSE? a. The sense of smell appears to develop by 28 weeks after conception. b. Infants prefer the smell of human milk over formula even if they have only consumed formula. c. Newborns tend to act favorably to the odor of ammonia. d. Mothers can identify their baby solely by the baby's smell

c. Newborns tend to act favorably to the odor of ammonia.

120. Which is the most common visual condition for a person over age 70? a. Glaucoma b. Macular degeneration c. Presbyopia d. Cataracts

c. Presbyopia

115. Research on smell in adolescence has shown that a. only females use body odor of others as a criteria for mate selection. b. only males use body odor of others as a criteria for mate selection. c. both females and males use body odor of others as a criteria for mate selection. d. neither females nor males use body odor of others as a criteria for mate selection.

c. both females and males use body odor of others as a criteria for mate selection.

101. The most effective way to increase the performance of a young child on a task requiring attention skills would be to a. increase the complexity of the task. b. increase the number of senses (e.g., hearing and seeing) involved with the task. c. decrease distractions. d. decrease time spent on the task.

c. decrease distractions.

22. Visual acuity is defined as the ability to perceive a. color. b. movement. c. detail. d. depth.

c. detail.

95. The best definition of attention is that it involves a. unconscious awareness of a stimuli. b. intuition. c. random acts of perception. d. cognitive focus on something in particular

d. cognitive focus on something in particular

139. The ability to taste _____ does NOT appear to decline with age. a. sour fruit b. bitter herbs c. lightly salted crackers d. sweet candy

d. sweet candy

91. Whose exploratory behavior would most likely involve mouthing an object to learn more about it? a. 2-month-old Rachael b. 6-month-old Chandler c. 12-month-old Phoebe d. 18-month-old Ross

a. 2-month-old Rachael

119. About _____ percent of adults over age 90 have lost all functional vision. a. 7 b. 17 c. 27 d. 37

a. 7

28. Which object would have the greatest amount of visual contour? a. A series of black circles on a white background b. A gray ship on the ocean c. A pillow with pastel blobs of blue and yellow d. A clear baby-bottle filled with breast milk

a. A series of black circles on a white background

55. Which is a criticism of cochlear implants? a. Denies deaf children a chance to be part of the deaf community. b. The transplanted cochlea is often rejected by the body. c. Direct stimulation of the eardrum may cause permanent damage. d.

a. Denies deaf children a chance to be part of the deaf community.

89. Which describes the "sleeper effect of early visual defecits?" a. If an infant does not experience normal visual experience, even after corrective surgery, it may never develop a normal perception of vision b. Naps are critical to the development of the depth receptors found on the retina c. The brain is so plastic, that even with complete absence of visual stimulation for up to a year, human infants will not show any detrimental effects d. Children tend to inherit visual problems that show up suddenly around age six

a. If an infant does not experience normal visual experience, even after corrective surgery, it may never

48. Which statement would indicate that Tory is an intuitive theorist? a. Infants seem to perceive the world in a very adult-like manner. b. Infants are like blank pieces of paper that need to be written on in order to change. c. Infants have unconscious, survival-based reflexes. d. Infants appear to think but do not know.

a. Infants seem to perceive the world in a very adult-like manner.

137. Which best describes the hearing of most older adults? a. Minor hearing loss especially for high-frequency sounds b. Significant hearing loss especially for high-frequency sounds c. Minor hearing loss especially for low-frequency sounds d. Significant hearing loss especially for low-frequency sounds

a. Minor hearing loss especially for high-frequency sounds

127. Which disorder results in the reduction in the ability to see close objects but does NOT impact the ability to see things at a distance? a. Presbyopia b. Age-related macular degeneration c. Glaucoma d. Retinitis pigmentosa

a. Presbyopia

35. Which child has acquired perceptual size constancy? a. Raven, who looks out a window on a plane and realizes that people in the terminal look like ants but that they are actually much bigger. b. Robin, who knows that she will get bigger when she is older c. Jay, who can perceive the difference in size between a one-story building and a 10-story building d. Loon, who uses Lego building blocks to create a tower that is taller than he is

a. Raven, who looks out a window on a plane and realizes that people in the terminal look like ants but that they

81. Which of the following is NOT an example of cross-modal perception? a. Recognizing a person's face in a photograph that you have only seen in person one time b. Picking out by sight a toy that you had previously only touched c. Identifying which of your two pet cats has jumped onto the bed in the dark by running your hands over it d. Correctly identifying a Tootsie Roll pop because of the way it feels in your mouth, after a friend tells you to closer your eyes and open your mouth for a treat

a. Recognizing a person's face in a photograph that you have only seen in person one time

6. A wave of sound proceeds through the auditory canal to the inner ear where receptor neurons on the basilar membrane are stimulated. The neurons send a message to the brain. When the brain receives the message, the result is a person thinking "that sounds like my mom calling me for dinner." what has taken place? a. Sensation and perception b. Sensation but not perception c. Perception but not sensation d. Neither sensation nor perception

a. Sensation and perception

117. As a researcher focused on the issue of sensations, how would you most likely explain why older people tend to raise the volume on their television sets and use more seasoning (e.g., salt and pepper) on their food? a. Their sensory thresholds have increased with age. b. They cannot concentrate on simple things. c. Visual accommodation abilities have declined. d. They forget that they already salted their food or raised the volume on the television

a. Their sensory thresholds have increased with age.

64. What was the key finding of the Cat in the Hat study on hearing? a. Voice recognition is influenced by prenatal experience. b. Infants prefer deeper male voices over higher-pitched female voices. c. Newborns prefer rhyming phrases over non-rhyming phrases. d. Reading to infants significantly increases their vocabulary size.

a. Voice recognition is influenced by prenatal experience.

61. What can we conclude regarding developmental changes in speech perception? a. With age, we become more sensitive to sound discriminations that are relevant in our own language and less sensitive to sound discriminations that are irrelevant. b. With age, we become more sensitive to all sound discriminations. c. There are no detectable differences in sound discriminations with age. d. With age, we become more sensitive to differences in consonant sounds and less sensitive to differences in vowel sounds.

a. With age, we become more sensitive to sound discriminations that are relevant in our own language and less sensitive to sound discriminations that are irrelevant.

128. Because of recent advancements in surgical techniques to effectively treat cataracts, _____ has now become the leading cause of blindness in older adults in the United States. a. age-related macular degeneration b. glaucoma c. retinitis pigmentosa d. presbyopia

a. age-related macular degeneration

129. Webster has just been informed that he is suffering from a visual problem that is destroying retinal cells responsible for central vision and that he will soon find reading nearly impossible. This diagnosis indicates that Webster has a. age-related macular degeneration. b. glaucoma. c. retinitis pigmentosa. d. cataracts.

a. age-related macular degeneration.

58. Three-month-old infants can discriminate between phonemes. This means that they can discriminate between a. basic speech sounds. b. a doorbell and the bell on a telephone. c. various familiar odors. d. familiar and novel tastes.

a. basic speech sounds.

82. All of the major sensory systems begin to function a. before birth. b. shortly after birth. c. about one month after birth. d. by a child's first birthday

a. before birth

13. Today, most developmental psychologists believe that sensations begin a. before birth and that early perceptions are coherent, not chaotic. b. after birth and that early perceptions are coherent, not chaotic. c. before birth and that early perceptions are chaotic, not coherent. d. after birth and that early perceptions are chaotic, not coherent.

a. before birth and that early perceptions are coherent, not chaotic.

57. The fact that two-month-olds can detect the difference between the sound "pa" and "ba" indicates that they a. can differentiate phonemes. b. have cross-modal perception. c. have semantic awareness. d. possess visual accommodation.

a. can differentiate phonemes

80. One-month-old infants were given either a smooth pacifier or one with hard nubs on which to suck. Although they had not seen the pacifier while sucking on it, when given the opportunity to look, the infants stared longer at the type of pacifier that they had sucked on. This shows that they have a. cross-modal perception. b. dark adaptation. c. inter-sensory sensation. d. repression.

a. cross-modal perception.

76. Recent research has indicated that infants are more likely to survive heart surgery if they receive _____ during the operation. a. deep anesthesia that keeps them unconscious b. moderate levels of anesthesia that keeps them semiconscious c. light levels of anesthesia that keeps them almost conscious d. no anesthesia so that they are completely conscious

a. deep anesthesia that keeps them unconscious

37. Gibson and Walk's visual cliff experiment demonstrated that infants develop ___ before their first birthday. a. depth perception b. size constancy c. location constancy d. shape constancy

a. depth perception

103. Which theory suggests that motor development takes place over time through a self-organizing principle using sensory feedback? a. dynamic systems b. ecological c. constructivist d. nativist

a. dynamic systems

114. Compared to younger children, adolescents are more likely to a. enjoy a food item with a strong taste. b. dislike the taste of sour foods. c. refuse to try some unfamiliar food item. d. show a greater preference for sweets.

a. enjoy a food item with a strong taste.

75. If he were a typical baby, Apollo would show the most tactile sensitivity when he is stroked on his a. face. b. shoulder. c. stomach. d. feet.

a. face.

134. Increased eye pressure that can eventually lead to blindness is called a. glaucoma. b. retinitis pigmentosa. c. cataracts. d. presbyopia

a. glaucoma

16. If you turn on a floor fan, an infant will orient toward the sound. After a while, it will appear to lose interest in the spinning blades. The phenomenon underlying the loss of interest is known as a. habituation. b. generalization. c. maturation. d. discrimination.

a. habituation.

86. Pearle was born with congenital cataracts. Her mother, Bailey, is a knowledgeable psychologist. As such, Bailey would know that in order to develop normal vision, Pearle should a. have cataract surgery as soon as possible. b. have cataract surgery around age two, after the eyes have developed. c. have cataract surgery around the time he goes through puberty. d. be left alone as his cataracts will disappear on their own.

a. have cataract surgery as soon as possible.

46. According to the intuitive theorist perspective, infants a. have innate knowledge of the world and can reason about the world like adults do. b. must construct their knowledge of the world from a blank slate. c. learn what they need to know about the world by observing people around them. d. may have some innate knowledge of the world, but do not yet have the capabilities to reason about the world

a. have innate knowledge of the world and can reason about the world like adults do.

8. If an adult were cloned, a constructivist would predict that once born, the clone would a. have to learn to perceive the world as meaningful. b. awaken with a meaningful understanding of the world. c. not be able to function. d. think and perceive like an adult

a. have to learn to perceive the world as meaningful.

107. If you were experiencing tinnitus, you would a. hear ringing in your ears. b. be unable to attend to two auditory images at the same time. c. be deaf in one ear. d. be unable to hear high-frequency sounds

a. hear ringing in your ears.

10. Nativists believe that a. humans have innate perceptual abilities. b. all knowledge comes from experience. c. infants come into the world unknowing and uncaring. d. genes play no role in development.

a. humans have innate perceptual abilities.

88. When asked whether it is important for some sensory damage (e.g., congenital cataract) in an infant be treated early, a competent physician would say, a. if you hope to achieve the best results, absolutely! b. you can delay the procedure, but only until age 2 c. the earlier you intervene, the more likely the procedure will actually increase the long-term damage d. there is no relationship between the timing of intervention and the long term implications

a. if you hope to achieve the best results, absolutely!

1. Sensation refers to a. interpretation of incoming sensory messages. b. stimulation of nerve cells in the sense organs. c. perceiving the surrounding environment. d. innate processes of understanding the world.

a. interpretation of incoming sensory messages.

142. In terms of their ability to sense pain, old people typically experience a. less sensitivity to mild pain. b. more sensitivity to mild pain. c. decreased sensitivity for all types and levels of pain. d. increased sensitivity for all types and levels of pain

a. less sensitivity to mild pain.

50. The fact that newborns turn away from loud sounds indicates that they can a. localize sound. b. distinguish between phonemes. c. perceive speech. d. understand size constancy.

a. localize sound

116. Sensory threshold is defined as the a. minimum amount of stimulation that can be detected. b. maximum amount of sensory stimulation that can be tolerated before pain is experienced. c. maximum number of senses that can be stimulated before the person is confused. d. minimum amount of energy produced by a neuron.

a. minimum amount of stimulation that can be detected.

111. Supertasters are people with a. more taste receptors than average. b. very strong preferences for sweet food. c. a willingness to try strange foods. d. very strong appetites.

a. more taste receptors than average.

126. When grandpa has difficulty reading a newspaper 20 inches from his face, but can clearly see the television that is 20 feet away, he most likely has a. presbyopia. b. age-related macular degeneration. c. glaucoma. d. retinitis pigmentosa.

a. presbyopia

21. Within a minute after birth, a typical infant a. sees colors and can track slow-moving objects. b. sees colors but cannot track any moving objects. c. can visually track slow-moving objects but sees only in black/white (no color vision). d. cannot track any moving objects and sees only in black/white (no color vision).

a. sees colors and can track slow-moving objects.

3. Nerves are stimulated during the process of _____, and the brain interprets this information in the process of _____. a. sensation; perception b. stimulation; selection c. perception; sensation d. selection; stimulation

a. sensation; perception

84. Rather than using the term critical period, it is more accurate to characterize the effects of early experience on vision as a "___" a. sensitive period b. critical stage c. genetically determined event d. once-in-a-lifetime moment

a. sensitive period

66. The senses of _____ both rely on detection of chemical molecules. a. taste and smell b. smell and vision c. vision and hearing d. hearing and taste

a. taste and smell

110. Adolescents are more likely to enjoy strong or strange tasting food because a. they have had more opportunities to learn to like them. b. they have a less sensitive sense of taste than do children. c. they are rebelling against family customs. d. they are influenced by their peers to do so.

a. they have had more opportunities to learn to like them.

141. Old people are most likely to keep their homes too hot or too cold because a. they tend to be less sensitive to changes in temperature. b. changes in temperature tend to induce a loss of balance. c. their constant pain will make them seek environments of different temperatures. d. the myelin in their brains begins to be destroyed and this leaves them with bodies that crave heat

a. they tend to be less sensitive to changes in temperature.

45. Six-month-old Barbie watches as two dolls are placed behind a screen. When the screen is removed, Barbie sees either two dolls (possible) or one doll (impossible). Which of the following reactions is the infant likely to show? a. Barbie will not notice any difference between the possible and impossible outcomes, as evidenced by no difference in looking times at the two outcomes. b. Barbie will look longer at the impossible outcome than the possible outcome. c. Barbie will look longer at the possible outcome because it is familiar to her. d. Barbie will not look at either outcome because they will have habituated to the original stimulus

b. Barbie will look longer at the impossible outcome than the possible outcome.

118. A study finds that 100 percent of 20-year-olds, 70 percent of 40-year-olds, and only 40 percent of 60-year-olds are able to detect the scent of a single rotten egg in a 10- by 10-foot room. A developmental psychologist would most likely explain this change in terms of a(n) a. Decrease in olfactory sensory threshold b. Increase in olfactory sensory threshold c. Decrease in cross-modality perception d. Increase in cross-modality perception

b. Increase in olfactory sensory threshold

131. Statistically, who is least likely (per mile driven) to be in an accident? a. Teenage drivers b. Middle-aged drivers c. Elderly drivers d. Very old drivers

b. Middle-aged drivers

25. Which of the following is true regarding newborn infants' vision? a. Infants do not have color vision until around six months of age. b. Much of what young infants see is blurry. c. Pattern complexity has no impact on infants' visual preferences. d. Initial visual accommodation skills allow infants to focus clearly on far objects but not near objects

b. Much of what young infants see is blurry.

138. Which statement concerning speech perception in adulthood is true? a. Loud background noise is more distracting to young adults than to older adults. b. Older adults are more likely to recall fewer details from a conversation that took place in a noisy restaurant. c. Older adults tend to be better at attending to multiple conversations than young adults. d. In familiar setting, older adults tend to not use contextual cues to help them interpret what they are hearing.

b. Older adults are more likely to recall fewer details from a conversation that took place in a noisy restaurant.

99. _____ attention is best defined as deliberate concentration on one thing while ignoring something else. a. Divided b. Selective c. Reflexive d. Cross-modal

b. Selective

100. Which indicates that Maria has well-developed selective attention skills? a. She can pay attention to two people talking at the same time. b. She can pay attention to her teacher's voice while ignoring the voices of other students who are talking at the same time. c. It takes a great deal of noise to get Maria to notice that someone is talking to her. d. It takes her a long time to complete a task that requires vigilance.

b. She can pay attention to her teacher's voice while ignoring the voices of other students who are talking at the same time.

60. Thirty-year-old Jiang has lived in China all his life and has only spoken in a common Chinese dialect. Jiang has an infant son named Woo. What linguistic advantage would Woo have over Jiang? a. Woo would have a larger vocabulary. b. Woo would be better able to distinguish between the "r" and "l" sounds. c. Woo would be producing more grammatically correct sentences than Jiang. d. Woo would have no linguistic advantages over his father.

b. Woo would be better able to distinguish between the "r" and "l" sounds.

53. When describing her son's recent surgery, Sheri says, "They connected a microphone on the outside of his head. Then they surgically ran a wire into his inner ear." This description indicates that Sheri's son had a. photo-refractive surgery. b. a cochlear implant. c. cataract surgery. d. a magnetic resonance imaging.

b. a cochlear implant.

87. Research has shown that children who undergo surgery for congenital cataracts, but who missed out on early visual experience, a. are unable to see any details of faces. b. are able to see details of faces, but have difficulty identifying different orientation of the same face. c. are able to see details of faces, but have difficulty telling two different people apart. d. have face discrimination abilities identical to children born without cataracts..

b. are able to see details of faces, but have difficulty identifying different orientation of the same face.

11. If an adult were cloned, a nativist would predict that once born, the clone would a. have to perceive the world as meaningful b. awaken with a meaningful understanding of the world. c. be unable to learn because it has the brain of an adult rather than an infant. d. have a mind like a blank slate.

b. awaken with a meaningful understanding of the world.

9. The advantage of being born with the ability to categorize sounds phonetically is that it a. prevents children from making phonetic errors in speaking. b. biologically prepares a child to speak all human languages. c. ensures that people speak the same language. d. allows for ease of second language acquisition in later adulthood.

b. biologically prepares a child to speak all human languages.

122. Swen's doctor just informer him that in order to correct his visual problems, Swen must have his clouded lens replaced. This means Swen's visual problem involves a. retinitis pigmentosa. b. cataracts. c. glaucoma. d. macular degeneration.

b. cataracts.

39. Ester is in a swimming pool. Her nine-month-old son Williams is sitting on a blanket three feet from the edge of the pool. Ester coaxes her child to crawl to her. If the depth of the water is lower than the top lip of the pool, Williams is most likely to a. crawl off the edge of the pool and fall into his mother's arms. b. crawl to the edge of the pool and stop. c. crawl away from his mother because her whole body isn't visible. d. not do anything because of lack of location constancy.

b. crawl to the edge of the pool and stop.

123. A slow-reacting pupil is most likely to be responsible for a. glaucoma. b. difficulty with dark adaptation. c. cataracts. d. difficulty with far vision.

b. difficulty with dark adaptation.

70. If a mother wanted to DECREASE the likelihood that her infant would grow into a picky eater later in life, she should a. bottle feed. b. give the infant a wide variety of foods. c. give the infant a diet exclusively consisting of fruits and vegetables. d. avoid eating spicy foods.

b. give the infant a wide variety of foods.

133. While they both significantly affect vision, retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration differ in that retinitis pigmentosa _____ and age-related macular degeneration _____. a. is due to genetics; is due to illness b. impacts peripheral vision; impacts central vision c. is more likely to be found in males; is more likely to be found in females d. impacts close vision; impacts far vision

b. impacts peripheral vision; impacts central vision

125. Presbyopia a. is caused by inter-ocular pressure. b. leads to difficulty in seeing object that are nearby. c. is due to an aging iris. d. impacts visual acuity but not visual accommodation.

b. leads to difficulty in seeing object that are nearby.

24. Visual accommodation involves the ability of the _____ of the eye to change shape and bring objects into focus. a. retina b. lens c. iris d. fovea

b. lens

27. Visual contour is specifically defined as the amount of _____ of a visual object. a. curvature b. light/dark transition c. size d. movement

b. light/dark transition

42. Four month-old infants can best organize the world into distinct objects when the objects they are trying to make sense of are a. stationary. b. moving. c. identical. d. multicolored

b. moving.

71. The sense of smell is also referred to as the sense of a. surfaction. b. olfaction. c. adaptation. d. involution

b. olfaction.

135. Older adults seem to have the greatest visual perceptual problems a. when tasks consist of color objects rather than black and white objects. b. on tasks that are complex and novel. c. when they must focus on tasks one at a time, in a sequential manner, rather than in a simultaneous manner. d. when they are given oral instructions rather than written instructions.

b. on tasks that are complex and novel.

97. The fact that infants' attention seems to involve reacting to environmental stimulation (i.e. an item catches their attention) rather than being deliberately focused, illustrates the concept of a(n) _____ system. a. dynamic b. orienting c. fail-safe d. intentional

b. orienting

17. Dr. Violet is interested in how young children perceive color. In her study, Dr. Violet simultaneously shows young children two blobs of different colors and measures the amount of time they focus on each blob. This technique is known as a(n) _____ task. a. habituation b. preferential looking c. evoked potentials d. operant conditioning

b. preferential looking

69. Mennella and colleagues found that infants who were fed sour-tasting formula a. were at risk for being obese by age two. b. preferred the taste of sour items when they were preschoolers. c. were at risk for being anorexic in their teens. d. became very picky eaters as adults.

b. preferred the taste of sour items when they were preschoolers.

113. Research has shown that _____ will make people perceive the juice as tastier. a. pouring a glass of orange juice slowly b. putting a few drops of orange food coloring into a glass of orange juice c. leaving a glass of orange juice out on the counter for a few hours d. telling people that the juice in a glass is sugar-free

b. putting a few drops of orange food coloring into a glass of orange juice

40. Testing infants of different ages with the visual cliff apparatus has found that a. six- to seven-month-old infants perceive drop-offs but do not fear them. b. two-month-old infants perceive drop-offs but do not fear them. c. six-month-old infants show no response to the deep side of the cliff. d. both two- and six-month-old infants will crawl across the shallow side of the cliff but will cry when enticed to crawl over the deep side of the cliff.

b. two-month-old infants perceive drop-offs but do not fear them.

93. Perceptual development a. is impervious to cultural differences. b. varies across cultures because of socialization differences. c. varies across cultures because of differences in sensory capabilities. d. varies across cultures because of differences in levels of intellectual ability

b. varies across cultures because of socialization differences.

83. Research by Hubel and Wiesel on visual deprivation in cats demonstrated that a. visual deprivation led to permanent vision loss in both kittens and adult cats. b. visual deprivation led to permanent vision loss in kittens and but not adult cats. c. visual deprivation led to permanent vision loss in adult cats but not kittens. d. visual deprivation had no long-term impact on either kittens nor adult cats.

b. visual deprivation led to permanent vision loss in kittens and but not adult cats.

102. Vurpillot's (1968) study on the development of visual search found that a. female children conduct more efficient visual searches than male children. b. young children conduct extremely unsystematic searches. c. Russian children were more focused searchers than American children. d. young children search details and older children search the "whole."

b. young children conduct extremely unsystematic searches.

29. Which of the following is LEAST likely to draw the visual attention of a young infant? a. A moving object b. A high contour object c. A highly complex object d. A face

c. A highly complex objec

130. Which issue cannot currently be treated either surgically or through the use of corrective lenses? a. Cataracts b. Glaucoma c. Age-related macular degeneration d. Presbyopia

c. Age-related macular degeneration

106. Which of the following is a typical change in attention seen during childhood? a. Attention becomes less selective. b. Attention span becomes shorter. c. Attention becomes less focused on irrelevant objects. d. Attention becomes more unsystematic.

c. Attention becomes less focused on irrelevant objects.

98. Which of the following is NOT a typical change in attention during childhood? a. Attention becomes more selective b. Attention span becomes longer c. Attention becomes more focused on irrelevant objects d. Attention becomes systematic

c. Attention becomes more focused on irrelevant objects

52. How should you react to a policy that supports the initial testing of hearing at age three and a half years? a. Great idea. b. Great idea, but since few hearing problems occur before this age, you are unlikely to identify any children with hearing problems. c. Bad idea, because by that time those with significant hearing loss reach this age, they are at significant risk for life-long speech and language difficulties. d. Bad idea, as accurate assessment of hearing is not possible until age five

c. Bad idea, because by that time those with significant hearing loss reach this age, they are at significant risk for life-long speech and language difficulties.

47. Which of the following is the best example of the infant as an intuitive theorist? a. Infants look away when an object disappears from view. b. Infants get bored and look away when an object is repeatedly presented. c. Infants show surprise when a ball that is dropped behind a screen is later shown to be suspended in the air. d. Infants show surprise when a ball rolling down a hill is shown reaching the bottom of the hill.

c. Infants show surprise when a ball that is dropped behind a screen is later shown to be suspended in the air.

62. Within days of their baby's birth, Ben and Jen are having an argument about their son. Jen claims that he recognizes her voice, but Ben says that this is impossible. Knowing the research in this area, you are able to tell them that a. Ben is correct (voice recognition does not occur until around six months of age). b. both could be correct, as babies can recognize only the first voice that they heard immediately following delivery (if this was Jen's voice, then she is correct; if it was not Jen's voice, then Ben is correct). c. Jen is correct (maternal voice recognition is evident a few days after birth). d. we do not know who is correct because infants this young cannot be accurately tested

c. Jen is correct (maternal voice recognition is evident a few days after birth).

63. Mom Billie and dad Bob are discussing the abilities of their two-month-old son Thorton. Billie claims that Thorton cannot recognize both of his parent's voices. Bob says that Thorton cannot recognize either voice. If Thorton is a typical two-month-old, then who is correct? a. Billie b. Bob c. Neither, as Thorton can likely recognize Billie's voice but not Bob's voice d. Neither, as Thorton can likely recognize Bob's voice but not Billie's vioce

c. Neither, as Thorton can likely recognize Billie's voice but not Bob's vioce

44. While sitting in her playpen, four-month-old Kiko watches her cat knock a lamp off a dresser. As the lamp begins to fall, Kiko seems to know that the lamp will drop straight to the floor. This knowledge appears to indicate that Kiko instinctively understands a. Piagetian laws of object permanence. b. Skinnerian laws of reinforcement. c. Newtonian laws of object motion. d. Freudian laws of ego formation.

c. Newtonian laws of object motion

30. Human infants prefer "top-heavy" patterns, including human faces. What makes a human face top-heavy? a. The large color contrast between the skin, teeth, and eyes b. The contrast between the size of the mouth and nose c. The eyes, hair, and upper part of the ear d. the fact that mommy's head is significantly larger than another infant's head

c. The eyes, hair, and upper part of the ear

26. In a normally developing human, mature color vision is achieved a. near the end of the fetal stage. b. within a day after birth. c. about three to four months after birth. d. around a child's first birthday

c. about three to four months after birth.

33. The ability of an infant to perceive a meaningful facial form tends to occur a. within a few minutes of birth. b. about one week after birth. c. around two to three months after birth. d. between one and two years of age.

c. around two to three months after birth

96. As a typical four-month old, Dakota's attention process is best described as a. being focused on the most relevant items. b. adult-like. c. being caught by objects in the environment. d. non-existent.

c. being caught by objects in the environment.

Habituation is the process of "learning to be _____" with a stimulus a. smart b. you c. bored d. free

c. bored

90. Research has shown that _____ need to be detected and corrected as early in life as possible. a. only hearing problems b. only visual problems c. both hearing and visual problems d. neither hearing nor visual problems

c. both hearing and visual problems

34. The tendency to perceive an object as not growing when it approaches our eyes, or shrinking as it moves away, is _____ constancy. a. location b. size c. brightness d. form

c. brightness

7. Constructivists are likely to say that perceptions are a. innate. b. false. c. built with sensory experience. d. developed prior to sensations.

c. built

68. Newborns will produce certain facial expressions depending on the taste of the liquid that they are offered. They smile when offered sugar water and frown when offered quinine. This demonstrates that newborns a. prefer salty tastes to sour ones. b. inherit their mother's taste preferences. c. can discriminate between various tastes. d. learn to avoid substances that might contain poison.

c. can discriminate between various tastes.

85. Lewis and Maurer (2005, 2009) provided evidence for multiple sensitive periods for vision that included all of the following EXCEPT a sensitive period for a. visually driven normal development. b. damage. c. enhancement. d. recovery.

c. enhancement

19. A(n) _____ task always involves attaching an electrode to a subject. a. habituation b. preferential looking c. evoked potentials d. operant conditioning

c. evoked potentials

41. Research by Campos and colleagues indicates that in infancy, the fear of drop-offs is likely related to the experience of a. walking. b. being carried by moms. c. falling. d. playing pee-a-boo.

c. falling.

51. Concerning the ability of newborns to hear, research has shown that they can discriminate a. loudness and frequency, but not direction and duration. b. only frequency and loudness. c. frequency, loudness, duration, and direction. d. only between loud and soft sounds.

c. frequency, loudness, duration, and direction.

104. Which of the following is considered to be a fine motor skill? a. kicking b. jumping c. grasping a pencil d. throwing a ball

c. grasping a pencil

49. Typically, newborns can a. see and hear equally well. b. see better than they hear. c. hear better than they see. d. neither see nor hear well.

c. hear better than they see

32. When looking at faces, infants between age one and two months shift from a. looking at the top of the face to looking at the bottom of the face. b. looking at the bottom of the face to looking at the top of the face. c. looking at the outer contour of the face to looking at the interiors of the face. d. looking at the interiors of the face to looking at the outer contour of the face.

c. looking at the outer contour of the face to looking at the interiors of the face.

140. Research findings from Murphy (1985) suggests that the ability of older individuals to identify food is most negatively impacted by a. losses in the ability to taste and smell. b. losses in the ability to taste and cognitive declines impacting memory. c. losses in the ability to smell and cognitive declines impacting memory. d. losses in the ability to see and cognitive declines impacting memory.

c. losses in the ability to smell and cognitive declines impacting memory.

105. Attention skills of adolescents are advanced relative to those of children. This advantage appears to be due, in part, to _____ commonly found in adolescents. a. improvements in visual acuity b. increased distractibility c. myelination of brain cells d. androgens released by the ovaries/testes

c. myelination of brain cells

56. A _____ is a basic sound used in human speech. a. cataract b. dopamine c. phoneme d. surfactant

c. phoneme

23. If you want your two-week-old child to see you as clearly as possible, you should a. have very bright light on your face. b. move back and forth quickly so the child focuses on movement. c. put your face within about eight inches of her eyes. d. wear colorful makeup.

c. put your face within about eight inches of her eyes.

109. Programs designed to effectively improve hearing protection in teens should a. avoid noting the potential long-term consequences of noise exposure. b. not address the misperception that hearing is not a health issue. c. reduce the stigma associated with wearing hearing protection. d. note that one-time exposure to loud noise cannot cause damage.

c. reduce the stigma associated with wearing hearing protection

77. Breast feeding an infant who is receiving a vaccination a. leads the infant to produce more antibodies. b. is ill advised as it promotes connecting pleasure with pain. c. reduces the behavior signs that they are in pain. d. has been banned by the American Academy of Pediatrics.

c. reduces the behavior signs that they are in pain.

94. When 10- to 15-year-olds in Papua New Guinea are asked to draw pictures of the human body, they are most likely to a. refuse, as drawing the human body is against their religion. b. draw pictures of their "gods" c. scribble or draw tadpole-like forms. d. draw museum-quality pictures of humans.

c. scribble or draw tadpole-like forms.

124. When driving at night, an elderly person may have trouble seeing well when exiting a lighted freeway onto an unlighted road. The most likely cause of this trouble involves a. reduced sensory thresholds. b. presbycusis. c. slower dark adaptation abilities. d. trouble with near vision

c. slower dark adaptation abilities.

74. Premature infants who are _____ tend to gain weight faster than those not receiving this stimulation. a. fed formula with quinine b. kept in a warm environment c. stroked over their entire body d. hearing soothing music

c. stroked over their entire body

112. What type of food would be most likely to produce "chemosensory irritation" a. A cold scoop of ice cream b. A hamburger hot off of the grill c. A pickled pig's foot d. A spicy jalapeno pepper

d. A spicy jalapeno pepper

67. Which is NOT one of the four basic taste perceptions? a. Salty b. Sour c. Sweet d. Fruity

d. Fruity

136. Woody has just been diagnosed with presbycusis. What is he most likely experiencing? a. He is hearing voices of people who are not there. b. He is hearing a continuous ringing sound in his ear. c. He is having difficulty hearing low-frequency sounds. d. He is having difficulty hearing high-frequency sounds

d. He is having difficulty hearing high-frequency sounds

65. what is the best explanation for young infants' ability to recognize their mother's voices shortly after birth? a. An instinctive mother-baby bond b. Postnatal linguistic experiences c. Innate phonetic receptors d. Prenatal exposure to mom's voice

d. Prenatal exposure to mom's voice

5. Which of the following is the best example of a perceptual process? a. Hearing a sound in the room b. Detecting that a light has been turned on in a dark room c. Sensing that someone has touched your arm d. Realizing that the odor you smell is vanilla

d. Realizing that the odor you smell is vanilla

132. _____ is characterized by the deterioration of light-sensitive cells of the retina. a. Presbyopia b. Age-related macular degeneration c. A cataract d. Retinitis pigmentosa

d. Retinitis pigmentosa

2. A wave of light proceeds through to the back of the eye where it encounters and stimulates a receptor neuron. What process has taken place? a. Perception b. Thinking c. Cognition d. Sensation

d. Sensation

73. Skin receptors allow a person to sense all of the following EXCEPT a. pain. b. heat. c. pressure. d. balance

d. balance

78. Newborns look in the direction of a sound that they hear. They also try to grasp objects that they can see. This suggests that newborns a. use the senses of sight, hearing, and touch, more than taste and smell. b. use vision to coordinate all the senses. c. cannot distinguish between their senses. d. can integrate two or more senses.

d. can integrate two or more senses.

121. Seventy-year-old Vinita has been having difficulty seeing while driving at night. When she is seen by an optometrist, she is told that the problem is the fact that both of her lenses have clouded. The correct specific diagnosis would by that Vinetta has a. presbycusis. b. myopia. c. presbyopia. d. cataracts

d. cataracts

15. Glinda jingles her keys in front of baby Elphaba's face, and she watches and smiles. Glinda continues to bring her keys up and jingle them in front of Elphaba because she appears to enjoy this game. After a while, though, Elphaba seems to lose interest in the game and no longer focuses on the keys when Glinda jingles them. This illustrates the process of a. cross-modal perception. b. constancy. c. preferential looking. d. habituation

d. habituation

18. On a preferential looking task, a researcher measures a. how fast an infant gets used to an object. b. the brains response to the presentation of an object. c. the length of time it takes for an infant to learn to choose the reinforced stimulus. d. how long an infant views each of the objects presented.

d. how long an infant views each of the objects presented.

12. Peter believes that his newborn already detects a difference between when he walks away from her and when he walks toward her, and that she understands that these two actions will lead to different outcomes for her. Peter's beliefs are most similar to those of a(n) a. empiricist. b. psychoanalyst. c. humanist. d. nativist

d. nativist

20. In an effort to study the acquisition of speech, Dr. Verball reinforces an infant every time it makes a sound. Given his research method would best be described as a(n) ____ task. a. habituation b. preferential hearing c. evoked potentials d. operant conditioning

d. operant conditioning

79. Cross-modal perception is the ability to a. perceive three-dimensionality from a two-dimensional display. b. perceive an object through two senses at the same time. c. stop responding to a stimulus that is repeatedly presented. d. recognize with one sense an object that was learned through another sense

d. recognize with one sense an object that was learned through another sense

36. Three-month-old Jordan reacts as if he believes that the basketball he is playing with actually shrinks as it rolls away from him. This reaction would indicate that Jordan lacks a. object permanence. b. cross-modal perception. c. attention. d. size constancy.

d. size constancy.

108. Ozzie is planning on attending a very loud rock concert. As such, he should be prepared to experience _____ unless he takes precautions to protect his hearing. a. presbyopia b. macular degeneration c. presbycusis d. tinnitus

d. tinnitus

38. When describing her research, Dr. Rebhuhn says, "Basically, I take young infants and place them on a supported clear glass several feet off the ground. Then I measure whether the kid seems scared or not" Her research sounds like it involves the use of a: a. habituation task. b. strange situation paradigm. c. longitudinal design. d. visual cliff.

d. visual cliff.

31. Martin Banks and colleagues suggest that _____ is the most important overall factor in determining what an infant will stare at the longest. a. the degree of contours that the object has b. whether the object is moving or not c. how complex the object is in terms of colors and patterns d. whether or not the infant can see it well

d. whether or not the infant can see it well

54. Cochlear implants work by providing direct stimulation to the a. tympanic membrane. b. auditory nerve. c. oval window. d. ossicles.

b. auditory nerve.

43. Four month-old infants appear to use object _____ to determine whether two side-by-side objects are separate. a. size b. hue c. shape d. shade

c. shape