Developmental Chapter 1 TEST
A company requires employees to retire at the age of 65. This policy is an example of a. age norms. c. the young-old principle. b. age stratification. d. growth norms.
A
A true experiment involves the _____ of the independent variable. a. manipulation c. elimination b. measurement d. correlation
A
An fMRI uses magnetic forces to measure _____ in an active area of the brain. a. blood flow c. dendritic expansion b. neurotransmitter levels d. hormone output
A
Differences in Maternal Leave Acts (laws) between the United States and other nations definitely influence children living in those counties. Bronfenbrenner would describe this phenomena in terms of the impact of the a. macrosystem. c. mesosystem. b. microsystem. d. exosystem.
A
Environmental impacts include all _____ that influence our development. a. external physical and social conditions c. internal physical and social conditions b. external genetic and social conditions d. internal genetic and social conditions
A
If asked to list the characteristics of a good theory, you should AVOID saying a. speculative. c. internally consistent. b. supported by data. d. falsifiable.
A
In a psychological experiment, a researcher always a. manipulates some aspect of the environment and then measures the effect on behavior. b. uses a control group. c. randomly assigns participants to a minimum of three different DIF:s of the independent variable. d. tests the entire population.
A
Maturation is to learning as a. genes are to social experience. c. the environment is to heredity. b. knowing is to doing. d. practice is to instinct.
A
Nature is to nurture as a. maturation is to learning. c. psychology is to biology. b. experience is to genetics. d. positive is to negative.
A
The _____ involves the immediate physical environment in which an individual functions. a. microsystem c. exosystem b. chronosystem d. macrosystem
A
The fact that many adult males who lived through the Great Depression later had erratic careers and unstable marriages exemplifies a. the impact of historical context on development. b. the multidirectional nature of development. c. maturation. d. the Baby Boom generation.
A
The greatest advantage of the naturalistic observation method is that it a. can tell us what people do in everyday life. b. is easily conducted in a laboratory setting. c. readily leads to the discovery of cause-effect relationships. d. untangles age effects from cohort effects.
A
The key element of the scientific method is the belief that _____ should determine the merits of an idea. a. systematic observation c. debate b. logic d. intuition
A
The main limitation of the case study methods is that a. results may not generalize to others. b. inferential statistics must be used in its analysis. c. it is "too artificial" as it is typically conducted in the laboratory. d. it does not provide any detail about an individual's behavior.
A
Traditionally, growth has been defined as a. physical changes that occur from conception to maturity. b. the biological unfolding of genetic potential. c. positive changes across the lifespan. d. gains, changes, and losses at each stage of the lifecycle.
A
Urie Bronfenbrenner is best associated with the _____ model of development. a. bioecological c. psychodynamic b. humanistic d. cognitive
A
When 60-year-old Madonna wore a miniskirt to a wedding, one of her friends commented, "I sure wish Madonna would act her age." This comment best illustrates the concept of a. age norms. c. cohort effects. b. age grade. d. maturation.
A
When compared to those from middle- or upper-income families, individuals from lower-income families tend to a. reach milestones of adulthood earlier. b. reach milestones of adulthood later. c. never reach milestones of adulthood. d. reach milestones of adulthood at the same time.
A
Which best describes the relationship between maturation and genes? a. Maturation is driven by a plan contained in the genes. b. Maturation is the nature side of development, and genes are the nurture side of development. c. Maturation is the process by which genes learn. d. Genes and maturation are unrelated concepts.
A
Which distinct period of development was the first to be recognized? a. Childhood c. Middle age b. Adolescence d. Old age
A
Which is NOT a major shortcoming of self-reports? a. Standardizing the self-report measure results in difficulty in comparing the responses of two different individuals who have completed the self-report. b. Respondents may give socially desirable answers so the researchers think more positively of them. c. They are difficult to use with very young children. d. Language abilities between people of different ages can make interpretation of results difficult.
A
Who is most often cited as the founder of developmental psychology? a. G. Stanley Hall b. Charles Darwin c. Sigmund Freud d. Jean Piaget
A
The fact that development often involves continuities speaks to the fact that over time humans tend to a. remain the same. c. become less active. b. become more intelligent. d. undergo orderly patterns of change.
A is the answer
. Vue is a developmental psychologist who is concerned with helping adolescents learn to deal constructively with divorce. Her work focuses primarily on which goal of developmental psychology? a. Prediction c. Explanation b. Optimization d. Description
B
43. The fact that sex differences in aggression are greatest in patrilineal cultures suggests that a. genes for aggression most likely come from fathers. b. cultural standards play a significant role in determining aggression. c. boys are naturally more aggressive than girls. d. primitive societies were likely less aggressive than modern societies.
B
A brain scan is most accurately categorized as a a. naturalistic observation. c. structured observation. b. physiological measure. d. quasi-experiment.
B
A cross-cultural study on aggression in children from Belize, Kenya, Nepal, and American Somoa by Munro and colleagues (2000) indicated that a. boys were only more aggressive in the poorest countries. b. boys were more aggressive an all four countries. c. girls were more aggressive in female-dominant countries. d. girls and boys exhibited equal levels of aggression in the majority of the countries
B
A psychologist measures the IQs of 20 students who ingested a "smart pill" and 20 students who ingested a "sugar pill" in order to determine if the pill had an effect on intelligence. To ensure peak performance, she tests all of the students on Wednesdays. In this experiment, the independent variable is the a. day of the week. c. IQ score. b. pill type. d. sex of the researcher.
B
A specific prediction about what will hold true if we observe a phenomenon is called a a. fact. c. theory. b. hypothesis. d. correlation.
B
A study is done examining whether rewarding children for good behavior increases the amount of time students spend studying. In this study, amount of time spent studying would be the _____ variable. a. control c. confounding b. dependent d. independent
B
A theory is best defined as a a. set of concepts and propositions used to control developmental outcomes. b. set of concepts and propositions intended to describe and explain some aspect of experience. c. factual description of developmental phenomena. d. series of systematic tests of hypotheses.
B
After observing the interaction between rival street gangs, Jet predicts that fighting between the gangs would decrease significantly if the existing "colors" (clothing) of the two gangs (one black and one red) were changed to pink and yellow. This prediction is most accurately thought of as a a. fact. c. theory. b. hypothesis. d. correlation.
B
Based on an observation at a local fast-food restaurant Dr. Colby predicts that more people will buy a hamburger if it is covered with cheese. This prediction is most accurately thought of as a a. fact. c. theory. b. hypothesis. d. correlation.
B
Developmental psychologist Dr. Wiggles is interested in preschool children's helping behavior. He spends hours watching children at the campus preschool, taking great care not to interfere with the children or to influence their behavior in any way. What data collection technique is Dr. Wiggles using? a. Case study c. Meta-analysis b. Naturalistic observation d. Structured observation
B
Dr. Hu is interested in children's affective responses to studying science. She spends many hours sitting quietly and observing in elementary school classrooms during science instruction, and makes careful notes on all she observes. While observing, Dr. Hu is careful not to interact with the children or to interfere with their behavior in any way. This form of data collection is known as a. self-report investigation. c. structured observation. b. naturalistic observation. d. case study analysis.
B
In an experimental design, the behavior being measured is called the _____ variable. a. extraneous c. independent b. dependent d. confounding
B
In the Friedrich and Stein study on the influence of television on aggression, the observed level of aggression the children displayed in the nursery school represented the ______ variable in the experiment. a. extraneous c. independent b. dependent d. confounding
B
Male social age grades for the Arusha people of East Africa include a. only boy or man. c. helpful and helpless. b. junior warriors and retired elders. d. boyish and girlish.
B
Manuel hoped to graduate from college by age 22 but finds himself enrolling for the first time at age 52. The anxiety Manuel feels because of this situation may be best explained by the concept of a. biological maturation. c. plasticity. b. a social clock. d. historical change.
B
Maturation is best defined as a. any physical changes that occur from conception to maturity. b. the biological unfolding of genetic potential. c. physical gains, changes, and losses across the lifespan. d. the effects of experience on thoughts, feelings, and behavior.
B
Reba wants to examine the TV-viewing habits of 18- to 25-year-old males in the United States. As it is quite impossible to include all males of this age group in her study, she selects a smaller group of 18- to 25-year old males to survey. The males included in her study are called a(n) a. population. c. control group. b. sample. d. age grade.
B
The average life expectancy for a newborn in the United States is _____ years. a. 73 c. 83 b. 78 d. 88
B
The major goal behind random sampling is to ensure that the a. data is falsifiable. b. sample is representative of the population. c. project will not be costly. d. population is large.
B
The term age grade refers to a. a group of individuals who are all the same mental age. b. a socially defined age group, with culture-specific assigned roles, privileges, and responsibilities. c. a universally defined age group, with universal roles, privileges, and responsibilities. d. a group of children assigned at a specific age to a specific grade in school.
B
The term emerging adulthood refers to individuals from about age a. 11 to 17. c. 29 to 37. b. 18 to 29. d. 38 to 46.
B
Which United States-born newborn would currently have the longest life expectancy? a. Donny, who is a white male b. Marie, who is a white female c. Michael, who is an African-American male d. Janet, who is an African-American female
B
Which is the best example of the macrosystem of a child? a. The room in which it is raised c. The school in which it is raised b. The culture in which it is raised d. The family in which it is raised
B
Which statement best characterizes individuals in the "emerging adulthood" period of development? a. Young people who are adolescents but not adults. b. Young people who are neither adolescents nor adults. c. Old people who are adults but not elderly. d. Old people who are neither adults nor elderly.
B
_____ aspects of development follow the "gain-stability-loss" model. a. All c. No b. Some d. Only physical
B
_____ is often cited as the most influential of the baby biographers. a. G. Stanley Hall b. Charles Darwin c. Sigmund Freud d. Jean Piaget
B
ixty-year-old Kwan has led a life filled with ups (a prosperous career) and downs (a battle with breast cancer) and continues to maintain the capacity to change in response to such experiences. A lifespan developmental psychologist would likely say that Kwan has a. a flawed social clock. c. minimal longevity. b. great plasticity. d. maturational grief.
B
Development is best defined as a. individual differences in human behavior. b. systematic changes and continuities from conception to death. c. the way people change in positive ways across time. d. the systematic unfolding of genetic potential.
B is the answer
The three broad domains explored by developmental psychologists are a. motor, interpersonal, cognitive. c. personality, motor, learning. b. physical, cognitive, psychosocial. d. interpersonal, maturational, learning.
B is the answer
"Senior" discounts on meals available only to individuals over age 55 provide an excellent example of a(n) a. age norm. c. age grade. b. social clock. d. social convoy.
C
47. Which is best described as a linkage between two microsystems? a. Exosystem c. Mesosystem b. Macrosystem d. Chronosystem
C
A factory decides to cut the pay of all its employees. This loss of pay results in Julia being unable to provide health care for her infant son. According to bioecological theory, this exemplifies the impact that events in the _____ can play on the development of a child. a. microsystem c. exosystem b. macrosystem d. chronosystem
C
A psychologist measures the IQs of 20 students who ingested a "smart pill" and 20 students who ingested a "sugar pill" in order to determine if the pill had an effect on intelligence. To ensure peak performance, she tests all of the students on Wednesdays. In this experiment, the dependent variable is the a. day of the week. c. IQ score. b. pill type. d. sex of the researcher.
C
A quinceañeara a. impacts only males. c. occurs at age 15. b. is a Jewish rite of passage. d. defines parenthood.
C
Aging is most accurately defined as involving _____ in the maturing organism. a. only negative changes c. both negative and positive changes b. only positive changes d. neither positive nor negative changes
C
Dr. Dré is very interested in infants' reactions to different music styles. In order to study the phenomena, he built a special lab crib containing audio speakers. He then individually brings six-month-olds into the lab, places them in the crib, plays rap music, and watches each baby's reactions. Given this description, Dr. Dré appears to be using the _____ technique. a. self-report investigation c. structured observation b. naturalistic observation d. case study analysis
C
Dr. Wells has proposed that the center of the Earth consists of large open areas that contain air and water and may be inhabited by some life form. This proposition is best described as a a. fact. c. theory. b. hypothesis. d. correlation.
C
In his book Adolescence (1904), G. Stanley Hall described the period between childhood and adulthood as a time of a. senescence. c. storm and stress. b. plasticity. d. fun and exploration.
C
In the Friedrich and Stein study on the influence of television on aggression, the type of television show watched (aggressive, prosocial, or neutral) represented the ______ variable in the experiment. a. extraneous c. independent b. dependent d. confounding
C
Professor Plumb is interested in the impact of fruit consumption on memory. He identifies a group of college students to serve as research participants. Then he randomly assigns them to one of three conditions. In condition 1, the students eat no fruit for a week. In condition 2, students eat one pound of fruit each day for one week. Those students assigned to condition 5 eat five pounds of fruit each day for one week. At the end of the week, Professor Plumb measures the students' memory recall for a list of 20 words. Given this description, Professor Plumb appears to be using a(n) _____ research technique. a. correlational c. experimental b. meta-analysis d. biographical
C
The abusive behavior that Crosby perpetrated on his son has definitely negatively impacted his son's development. According to the ecological model, this impact is best explained by events occurring in the child's a. exosystem. c. microsystem. b. mesosystem. d. macrosystem.
C
The main limitation of physiological measures is that a. responses to such measures are easy to fake. b. they cannot be used to assess emotional reactions. c. it is not always clear what is being assessed. d. they cannot be used to study infants.
C
The question of how biological and environmental forces impact development is referred to as the _____ issue. a. continuity-discontinuity c. nature-nurture b. passive-active d. proximal-distal
C
The term _____ concerns an individual's sense of the age at which he or she should experience certain events. a. age norms c. social clock b. age stratification d. age grade
C
The title of Dr. Doublemint's latest bestseller is Why Identical Twins Differ from Each Other! Given this title, it is safe to assume that Dr. Doublemint's primary interest is in the _____ goal of psychology. a. prediction c. explanation b. optimization d. description
C
When making a decision on whether or not to follow the latest diet trend, Jillian focuses on what the best scientific research has to say about the topic of nutrition. This indicates that Jillian believes in engaging in _____ practice. a. speculative c. evidence-based b. ethnocentric d. emerging
C
Which does NOT belong on a list of key aspects of physical development? a. Change in motor ability c. Change in short-term memory b. Change in body organ efficiency d. Change in skin tone (e.g., wrinkling)
C
Which is NOT an assumption of the lifespan perspective? a. Development is shaped by historical context. b. Development can take multiple directions. c. Development focuses on gains not losses. d. Understanding development requires multiple disciplines.
C
Which of the following has had the most significant impact on lengthening the average lifespan in the United States? a. Improved health care for the elderly b. Improved nutritional habits c. Major decreases in infant mortality d. Disease prevention among school-age children
C
1. John Tatum a. generated the first comprehensive theory of lifespan development. b. was the first African-American psychologist. c. won three gold medals at the 2009 National Senior Games. d. was the first black soldier to serve in an all-white unit in World War II.
C is answer
. A rite of passage marks a transition from one _____ to another. a. culture c. sex b. gender d. status
D
According to the bioecological model, researchers need to a. focus mainly on unconscious factors. b. conduct research in the laboratory and not in "real-life" settings. c. the first step is to separate out the contributions of nature and nurture. d. consider the relationship between the person, context, time, and the process through which a person interacts with his or her environment.
D
According to the lifespan perspective, development is a. singularly influenced and involves a single discipline. b. multiply influenced and involves a single discipline. c. singularly influenced and involves multiple disciplines. d. multiply influenced and involves multiple disciplines.
D
Diversity can be based on a. race or ethnicity, but not socioeconomic status. b. race or socioeconomic status, but not ethnicity. c. ethnicity or socioeconomic status, but not race. d. race, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status.
D
Dr. Benjamin Spock wrote a popular book for parents, providing information on what behaviors can be expected of typical infants at specific ages. This sort of publication primarily reflects which goal of developmental psychology? a. Prediction c. Explanation b. Optimization d. Description
D
Dr. Johnson exclusively researches how people adapt to economic, psychological, and physical changes in old age. Given this emphasis, Dr. Johnson appears to be a. a lifespan developmentalist. c. a pubescence specialist. b. an anthropologist. d. a gerontologist.
D
Dr. Vandepolder is conducting a study on American Midwest college students' radio-listening habits. He doesn't have the resources to survey all college students in the Midwest, so he uses census data to randomly select a group of several thousand students from Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, and Minnesota to participate in the study. In this study, the group of all American Midwest college students is called the _____, while the group randomly selected from Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, and Minnesota is called the _____. a. sample; control group c. control group; population b. sample; population d. population; sample
D
Francine has just purchased a copy of G. Stanley Hall's 1922 book Senescence for herself. This indicates that she is likely very interested in the topic of a. mental illness. c. bioecology. b. language. d. old age.
D
Hermes is currently in the "emerging adulthood" stage of development. As such, he would most likely a. be leading a very stable life. c. be focused on others versus himself. b. feel adultlike in all ways. d. believe in a life of limitless possibilities.
D
If all you know is that men commit more violent crimes than women you can most accurately conclude that a. genes alone cause aggression. b. women elicit violent behavior in men. c. gender roles alone cause aggression. d. a difference in the level of a behavior exists, but the cause may involve hereditary and/or environmental factors.
D
In the nineteenth century, scholars began to systematically record the growth and development of their own children. The published form of the observations were known as a. quasi-experiments. c. meta-analyses. b. time of measurement papers. d. baby biographies.
D
Learning is defined as the process through which _____ brings about relatively permanent changes in actions, thoughts, or feelings. a. maturation c. instincts b. genetics d. experience
D
Random assignment helps ensure a. cohort effects. b. differences exist between treatment groups prior to the treatment. c. age effects. d. similarity of treatment groups prior to the treatment.
D
The category of "teenager" best exemplifies an age a. effect. c. analysis. b. coefficient. d. grade.
D
The fact that specific historical events (e.g., living during the AIDS epidemic) can influence development is best explained by the influence of the a. mesosystem. c. microsystem. b. exosystem. d. chronosystem.
D
The gap between the average life expectancies for _____ have widened in the past decades. a. women versus men c. newborn females and newborn males b. Caucasians versus African-Americans d. high and low socioeconomic groups
D
The scientific method is best characterized as a. neither a method nor an attitude. c. an attitude but not a method. b. a method but not an attitude . d. both a method and an attitude.
D
Trojan interviews a group of 50 teen mothers to determine what sort of knowledge they hold regarding use of contraceptives prior to the time they became pregnant. He then writes an article where he speaks in broad terms about what teen mothers know about the use of contraceptives prior to becoming pregnant. In this study, the group of 50 teen mothers is called the _____, while all teen mothers are collectively called the _____. a. control group; population c. sample; control group b. population; sample d. sample; population
D
Which best exemplifies the concept of neuroplasticity? a. The ability to use your arm to draw after the arm was severely broken b. The development of thicker heart muscles in old age after beginning an aerobic exercise class c. The production of large amounts of testosterone during puberty d. The formation of new brain cell connections as the result of reading a book
D
Which is best categorized as being in the cognitive domain of development? a. Physical maturation of the body c. Poor interpersonal skills b. A changing personality d. Language acquisition
D
Which is true of ALL structured observations? a. The data is analyzed using inferential statistics. b. They take place outside of the laboratory setting. c. They measure some verbal response. d. The researcher creates a special condition to elicit a behavior.
D
Which of the following represents a maturational process? a. Being taught how to pay attention b. Changing one's violent ways as the result of spending time in prison c. Learning to tie your shoes d. The development of pubic hair during puberty
D
Which statement concerning the pre-seventeenth century conception of childhood is most accurate? a. Pre-seventeenth century adults believed that children were simply miniature adults. b. Pre-seventeenth century adults did not discipline their children because infants were thought to be morally pure. c. Pre-seventeenth century adults forced children to grow up at a very slow pace. d. Pre-seventeenth century adults held views toward childhood that are different from most modern parents.
D
Which type of study always involves an in-depth examination of one specific individual or a very small number of individuals? a. Cross-sectional study c. Longitudinal study b. Quasi-experimental study d. Case study
D
_____ aging involves the deterioration of an organism that eventually results in death. a. Cognitive c. Behavioral b. Psychosocial d. Biological
D
Albert, a developmental psychologist, conducts research on children's emotional reactions to studying math in school. Albert is concerned with children's _____ development. a. cognitive c. physical b. maturational d. psychosocial
D is the answer
