DEVELOPMENTAL PSYC: CHAPTER 7

71. Which of the following is a relational word that appears early in children's vocabularies? A) "no" B) "juice" C) "doggie" D) "Mommy"

A) "no"

87. The utterance "Boys are playing" contains: A) 5 morphemes. B) 6 morphemes. C) 6 words. D) 4 morphemes.

A) 5 morphemes.

75. The figurative use of words provides evidence that language is: A) innate. B) creative. C) imitative. D) independent of thought.

B) creative.

76. At what age would a parent expect the rate of children's vocabulary acquisition to increase dramatically? A) 6 months B) 12 months C) 18 months D) 30 months

C) 18 months

67. Children begin to produce comprehensible words: A) at birth. B) when they begin to babble. C) around their first birthday. D) just after their second birthday

C) around their first birthday.

107. What is the likely next line in the following conversation between a middle-class U.S. mother and her preschool child in an attempt to correct erroneous grammar? Mother: "What did you do at school today?" Child: "Holded baby bunny." Mother: A) "You holded a baby bunny?" B) "What did the bitty baby bun-bun feel like?" C) "You held the baby bunny. You should say 'held,' not 'holded'." D) "You held a baby bunny! Was the bunny soft?"

D) "You held a baby bunny! Was the bunny soft?"

102. Why are children's early attempts to produce narratives difficult for adults to interpret? A) Children's pronunciation of words is often confusing. B) Children are unable to remember events clearly. C) Children do not describe events in a chronological order. D) Children seem to assume shared knowledge and leave out essential information.

D) Children seem to assume shared knowledge and leave out essential information.

106. A development psychologist who believes that primarily "nature" accounts for language acquisition would say that: A) children learn language because they receive reinforcement for using certain words. B) children learn to talk through imitation. C) children acquire language through the experiences they have. D) every child has an innate ability to learn language.

D) every child has an innate ability to learn language.

43. All of the following are strategies for investigating the question of how biology influences language development EXCEPT: A) comparing human language learning to the language abilities of other species. B) using neuroimaging techniques to study relationships between brain development and language skills. C) examining how damage to particular brain regions influences language-related behaviors. D) exploring how cultural differences in adult-child interaction influence language development.

D) exploring how cultural differences in adult-child interaction influence language development.

90. The elements that create meaning by showing the relations between other elements within the sentence are called: A) vowels. B) phonemes. C) extensions. D) grammatical morphemes.

D) grammatical morphemes.

103. All of the following are common features of African American narratives EXCEPT: A) use of dramatic tone and language. B) use of body language and gesture. C) references to culturally specific events and behaviors. D) insistence on a quiet but attentive audience.

D) insistence on a quiet but attentive audience.

73. When Bartlett and Carey arranged for preschool children to learn the word "chromium," the children: A) learned it only after being tutored. B) had difficulty learning the unfamiliar word. C) learned to say the word but could not identify "chromium" objects. D) learned the word after one experience with its use in a familiar situation.

D) learned the word after one experience with its use in a familiar situation.

52. Jennifer is a child who uses "home sign." She fails to: A) communicate. B) embed sentences. C) make two- and three-word utterances. D) master complex grammatical distinctions.

D) master complex grammatical distinctions.

64. The basic unit of meaning in language is called a: A) noun. B) word. C) phoneme. D) morpheme.

D) morpheme.

100. In her study of how children make use of language, Marilyn Shatz found that children as young as 2 were able to: A) imitate parental speech patterns. B) understand only direct commands. C) correct the grammatical errors of peers. D) respond correctly to indirect commands.

D) respond correctly to indirect commands.

29. When Claire (a mother) and June (her baby) talk, they share knowledge about objects to which they jointly attend. This is an example of ____________ as a precursor to language. A) social referencing B) primary intersubjectivity C) pragmatic communication D) secondary intersubjectivity

D) secondary intersubjectivity

27. Primary intersubjectivity refers to: A) a baby's use of cooing before the secondary stage of the sound repertoire, babbling. B) social referencing. C) a baby's use of the cry signal starting at birth. D) sharing feelings as a result of organized face-to-face interactions.

D) sharing feelings as a result of organized face-to-face interactions.

112. Bruner used the term language acquisition support system (LASS) to: A) an innate biological mechanism for acquiring language. B) the basic set of rules of a language. C) the conceptual understanding of vocabulary. D) the formatted events within which children acquire language.

D) the formatted events within which children acquire language.

45. Which of the following is evidence of the plasticity of the brain? A) damage to the left hemisphere is associated with more severe language impairment in children than in adults. B) right-hemisphere damage is associated with more severe language impairment than is left hemisphere damage. C) the left hemisphere quickly regenerates in response to damage, resulting in little noticeable language impairment. D) the right hemisphere becomes the brain center for language among infants with left-hemisphere damage

D) the right hemisphere becomes the brain center for language among infants with left-hemisphere damage

69. Children acquire ____________ words by the time they are 13 to 14 months old and ____________ words by the time they are 17 to 18 months of age. A) 10; 50 B) 10; 200 C) 50; 200 D) 20; 200

A) 10; 50

59. Which of the following BEST describes the relationship between vocabulary exposure and vocabulary acquisition? A) There is a positive correlation between vocabulary exposure and vocabulary acquisition. B) There is a negative correlation between vocabulary exposure and vocabulary acquisition. C) The rate at which children acquire vocabulary is not influenced by the amount of language they hear. D) The relationship between vocabulary exposure and vocabulary acquisition has not yet been studied.

A) There is a positive correlation between vocabulary exposure and vocabulary acquisition.

50. Which of the following results is true of deaf children born to parents who communicate with sign language? A) They acquire sign language as rapidly as hearing children born into hearing households acquire vocal language. B) The rate at which they acquire sign language is delayed compared to hearing children born into hearing households. C) The rate at which they acquire language is accelerated compared to hearing children born into hearing households. D) They are unable to learn sign language without professional intervention.

A) They acquire sign language as rapidly as hearing children born into hearing households acquire vocal language.

83. Which picture would Warren, a 2-year-old, MOST likely select when presented with a sentence such as "Big Bird is daxing Cookie Monster"? A) a picture of Big Bird doing something to Cookie Monster B) a picture of Cookie Monster doing something to Big Bird C) the picture in which her favorite Sesame Street character was doing the action D) the picture in which her favorite Sesame Street character was the recipient of action

A) a picture of Big Bird doing something to Cookie Monster

91. Grammatical morphemes are: A) acquired in roughly the same sequence by children learning English as a first language. B) acquired in a different sequence by slow and fast learners. C) not understood by children until they are about age 5. D) not intuitively grasped by children.

A) acquired in roughly the same sequence by children learning English as a first language.

94. Conversational acts are defined as: A) actions that achieve goals through language and gesture. B) making contributions to the conversation at the required time. C) speaking in a relevant and informative way. D) words combined with gestures.

A) actions that achieve goals through language and gesture.

111. Bruner refers to socially patterned activities in which an adult and child do things to and with each other by the term: A) format. B) deep structure. C) abstract modeling. D) communicative interaction.

A) format.

109. According to Chomsky, a language acquisition device: A) is like a specialized organ for language learning. B) develops out of the child's general cognitive structures. C) is formed from a process of conditioning and imitation. D) cannot account for how children living in different places learn different languages.

A) is like a specialized organ for language learning.

35. Children change from babbling to pronouncing words at about what age? A) late in the first year B) around 18 months C) at the end of the second year D) around 36 months

A) late in the first year

42. The existence of Broca's area and Wernicke's area in the brain suggests that the: A) left hemisphere of the brain is genetically wired to support normal language processing. B) right hemisphere of the brain is genetically wired to support normal language processing. C) brain processes information in a distributed way, such that specific functions are not associated with specific areas. D) brain is fully developed at birth.

A) left hemisphere of the brain is genetically wired to support normal language processing.

104. The varying explanations of language acquisition correspond to which central issue of developmental psychology? A) nature versus nurture B) continuity versus discontinuity C) cultural context versus constructivist perspectives D) validity versus reliability

A) nature versus nurture

61. Vince is a child who believes that sneezes are called "achoos." He is struggling with the ____________ aspect of language development. A) phonological B) semantic C) grammatical D) pragmatic

A) phonological

95. When children are learning about how to make contributions to a conversation at the required time and for the accepted purpose of the exchange, they are learning about: A) pragmatics. B) grammar. C) phonemes. D) morphemes.

A) pragmatics.

28. Organized, reciprocal interaction between an infant and caregiver is known as: A) primary intersubjectivity. B) secondary intersubjectivity. C) social referencing. D) jargoning.

A) primary intersubjectivity.

78. Neuroimaging studies show that, as children's vocabularies increase, their brain: A) processes word-object associations more efficiently. B) processes word-object associations less efficiently. C) requires more time to store semantic information. D) utilizes glucose at a higher rate.

A) processes word-object associations more efficiently.

62. When a child between the ages of 2 and 3 years old cannot produce a particular sound, she will typically: A) substitute another sound. B) become frustrated and angry. C) refuse to use words that include the sound. D) misunderstand words that include the sound when she hears them

A) substitute another sound.

101. When her father asks, "Did you remember to wash your hands?" 2-year-old Tamika runs to the kitchen sink and begins to wash her hands. This example suggests that Tamika: A) understood that the question was functioning as a request. B) heard the word "wash" and remembered that she had not yet washed her hands. C) misunderstood her father's attempt to start a conversation with her. D) does not yet realize the health benefits of washing her hands before having a meal.

A) understood that the question was functioning as a request.

30. Baby Sarah, for the first time, demonstrates that she comprehends the meaning of the word "mommy." How old do you expect her to be? A) 3 months B) 6 months C) 8 months D) 10 months

B) 6 months

34. Baby Claire is in her crib when her mother hears her vocalize "babababababa" for the first time. How old is Claire likely to be? A) 3 months B) 7 months C) 10 months D) 12 months

B) 7 months

65. Which of the following is an example of how adults work with each other and their children to create word meanings? A) A child says, "I goed to school today." B) A child says, "dahdee" to commands and requests, and adults ignore that it sounds like "daddy." C) A child says, "All gone" when he finishes his milk. D) A child calls all four-legged animals "dogs.

B) A child says, "dahdee" to commands and requests, and adults ignore that it sounds like "daddy."

24. What was Alexander Luria referring to when he claimed that humans have a "doubleworld"? A) Humans spend part of their life in childhood and part in adulthood. B) Humans experience both the world they perceive directly and worlds that are theexperience of others. C) Humans understand that the world is large and diverse, but they live their lives intheir local communities. D) Humans begin life dependent on others and move toward greater independence asthey grow older.

B) Humans experience both the world they perceive directly and worlds that are theexperience of others.

80. Which of the following is true regarding metaphorical language? A) It is thought to depend on the appearance of deferred imitation. B) It provides evidence that language production is a creative process. C) Metaphorical language appears fairly late in childhood. D) When young children become able to use metaphorical language they also understand the figurative meaning of adult speech.

B) It provides evidence that language production is a creative process.

115. Psychologists who focus on cognitive explanations of language acquisition draw on whose ideas? A) Chomsky and the language acquisition device B) Piaget, Vygotsky, and the relationship between cognition and language C) Bandura and abstract modeling D) Skinner and reinforcement

B) Piaget, Vygotsky, and the relationship between cognition and language

79. Which of the following is a likely explanation for the dramatic increase in vocabulary acquisition that occurs in toddlerhood? A) Adults of toddlers intensify their efforts to teach word meanings. B) Toddlers demonstrate increasing abilities to use social cues to infer a speaker's intentions. C) Toddlers are more persistent than younger children in their efforts to communicate their needs. D) Toddlers are focused on language learning whereas younger children are focused on motor development

B) Toddlers demonstrate increasing abilities to use social cues to infer a speaker's intentions.

41. Damage to a specific part of the brain that leads to an inability to comprehend language is known as: A) Broca's aphasia. B) Wernicke's aphasia. C) Williams syndrome. D) hemispheric aphasia.

B) Wernicke's aphasia.

53. Nicaraguan sign language developed because: A) a group of teachers created a sign system to map onto Spanish. B) a community of deaf children was formed, and they developed their own pidgin language. C) children were taught to lip-read and finger-spell. D) deaf children were struggling to learn American Sign Language (ASL).

B) a community of deaf children was formed, and they developed their own pidgin language.

97. If Jill, an infant, holds up her cup and says "more" to get more juice, she is using: A) recursion. B) a protoimperative. C) a protodeclarative. D) the cooperative principle.

B) a protoimperative.

98. A protodeclarative is: A) always verbal. B) a way of referring. C) not considered conversational in nature. D) a way of engaging another person in order to achieve a desired object.

B) a way of referring.

96. The pragmatic use of language refers to the: A) rules governing word order and the relations between words. B) ability to select words and word orderings that are appropriate to their participation in particular cultural contexts. C) sound systems of a language. D) process of associating words with their meaning

B) ability to select words and word orderings that are appropriate to their participation in particular cultural contexts.

40. Damage to Broca's area results in: A) an inability to comprehend language. B) an absence or disruption of normal speech. C) an inability to develop a full vocabulary. D) difficulties understanding grammatical rules.

B) an absence or disruption of normal speech.

39. After chimpanzees are included in everyday human activities for an extended period, they: A) learn several thousand signs. B) create word combinations on lexical keyboards that are similar to the verbal utterances of 2-year-old children. C) produce speech comparable to the speech of 4-year-old children. D) frequently use complex communicative language to coordinate actions.

B) create word combinations on lexical keyboards that are similar to the verbal utterances of 2-year-old children.

74. When children hear an unfamiliar word in a familiar and highly structured situation, they likely form an idea of the word's meaning and how that word might fit into their existing repertoire. This phenomenon has been termed: A) pragmatism. B) fast mapping. C) mental module. D) telegraphic ability.

B) fast mapping.

81. A child's new potential for creating meaning by varying the arrangement of linguistic elements marks the birth of: A) language. B) grammar. C) social words. D) interpretations.

B) grammar.

82. The rules that govern both the sequence of words in a sentence and the ordering of parts of words are called: A) referents. B) grammar. C) semantics. D) deep structure.

B) grammar.

113. The early vocabularies of children raised in different cultural communities reflect the topics and experiences of importance to those communities. This demonstrates that: A) biological explanations of language development are inaccurate. B) joint attention exists across cultures, but the target of the shared attention may differ. C) joint attention does little to support children's vocabulary development. D) parents are needlessly restricting children's potential language gains.

B) joint attention exists across cultures, but the target of the shared attention may differ.

44. Neuroimaging studies reveal that the vocabulary spurt that occurs in early childhood follows: A) synaptic pruning within Broca's area. B) myelination of language-related brain regions. C) the development of connections between the brain regions related to language and vision. D) gradual differentiation of the left hemisphere.

B) myelination of language-related brain regions.

58. When compared to dual-language learning children, monolingual children: A) notice multiple images in an ambiguous figure at an earlier age. B) notice multiple images in an ambiguous figure at a later age. C) notice multiple images in an ambiguous figure at about the same age. D) are more flexible in their interpretation of ambiguous images.

B) notice multiple images in an ambiguous figure at a later age.

93. At playtime with her sister, Brenda says, "Gimme the doll." Later, at dinner, she asks her mother, "Please pass the milk." This child is demonstrating a developing understanding of: A) figurative language. B) pragmatic language use. C) levels of abstractness. D) gestural forms of communication.

B) pragmatic language use.

48. When given rehabilitation, Genie, a child who lived in nearly total isolation for more than 11 years: A) recovered to the point of nearly normal behavior. B) recovered somewhat, but never developed normal language skills. C) developed normal language skills but never showed affection toward other people. D) made little progress in any area of development despite years of rehabilitation.

B) recovered somewhat, but never developed normal language skills.

26. At birth children: A) must be taught to attend to language. B) show a preference for language over other sounds. C) produce basic sounds in all languages through babbling. D) can differentiate the basic sound categories of only their language.

B) show a preference for language over other sounds

84. The process of using grammar to learn the meaning of new words is known as: A) referential intent. B) syntactic bootstrapping. C) fast mapping. D) chronology.

B) syntactic bootstrapping.

116. That children begin to use certain words (e.g., "gone") at the time they begin to solve certain associated problems (e.g., object permanence) is used as the main support for which aspect of language acquisition? A) the innate language acquisition device B) the close relationship between language and thought noted by cognitive theorists C) the important role of imitation and reinforcement in language acquisition D) the primary importance of abstract modeling

B) the close relationship between language and thought noted by cognitive theorists

108. One mechanism through which language is acquired, according to a biological explanation of language acquisition, would be: A) imitation and conditioning. B) the triggering of the language acquisition device. C) assimilation and accommodation. D) coordination in cultural scripts.

B) the triggering of the language acquisition device.

92. Characteristics of two-word utterances include all of the following EXCEPT: A) the order of the words can be varied to create different meanings. B) they are free from ambiguity. C) they can be used to indicate possession and nonexistence. D) understanding of their meaning depends upon contextual cues.

B) they are free from ambiguity.

118. According to Vygotsky, what is the function of the egocentric speech that young children use prior to engaging in true dialogue? A) to show their conversational partners whose ideas are the best B) to help them organize their thoughts and regulate their behavior C) to practice how to pronounce words and give utterances the proper tone D) to regulate others before regulating themselves

B) to help them organize their thoughts and regulate their behavior

121. A(n) _____ is a communication in which each person's utterances take into account the utterances of others. A) collective monologue B) true dialogue C) inner speech D) language acquisition

B) true dialogue

57. Approximately what percentage of those who live in the European nations are bilingual or multilingual? A) 10 B) 25 C) 50 D) 75

C) 50

25. Which of the following is evidence that children are born into the world predisposed to attend to language and communicate with people around them? A) At birth, children show a preference for rhythmic womb-like sounds over speech sounds. B) Children do not say their first word until about 1 year of age. C) At birth, children are capable of differentiating the basic sound categories orphonemes characteristic of the world's languages. D) Children learn grammar before they learn pragmatics.

C) At birth, children are capable of differentiating the basic sound categories orphonemes characteristic of the world's languages

114. Cognitive approaches to language acquisition differ from biological explanations in which of the following ways? A) Biological explanations emphasize important innate factors that contribute to the language acquisition process. B) Biological explanations do not take into account the contribution of experience to language acquisition. C) Cognitive approaches emphasize the links between language development and the development of general cognitive processes, such as remembering and categorizing. D) Cognitive approaches focus on how the maturation of the nervous system contributes to language acquisition.

C) Cognitive approaches emphasize the links between language development and the development of general cognitive processes, such as remembering and categorizing.

38. Kanzi, a chimpanzee who understood simple requests, was told, "Give Liz a shot." What did he do? A) He ignored the request and continued with the activity he was already engaged in. B) He gave a syringe to Liz. C) He touched the syringe on Liz's arm as if giving her a shot. D) He touched the syringe to his own arm as if giving himself a shot.

C) He touched the syringe on Liz's arm as if giving her a shot.

54. What contribution do studies of deaf children born to hearing parents make to our understanding of the language acquisition process? A) They prove that it is sufficient to be raised in an environment where the actions of all other participants are organized by human language and culture. B) If the parents do not use sign language, deaf children will not use more than a single sign in any "utterance." C) They point to the importance of active participation of the child in language-mediated activity. D) Hearing is essential to acquire language.

C) They point to the importance of active participation of the child in language-mediated activity.

85. The reason children's sentences such as "I runned home" are informative in understanding children's language acquisition is that they suggest children: A) can learn from simple imitation. B) can be taught grammar directly. C) are familiar with some grammar rules but often misapply them. D) do not understand anything about grammar.

C) are familiar with some grammar rules but often misapply them.

36. The remarkable ability that children demonstrate in their ability to understand and use language is due primarily to: A) specialized biological structures and systems. B) participation in language-using communities. C) both biological and environmental factors. D) caregivers' efforts to teach children language skills.

C) both biological and environmental factors.

105. A development psychologist who believes that "nurture" primarily accounts for language acquisition would say that: A) children are born ready to learn language. B) children have a language acquisition device as noted by Chomsky. C) children acquire language through the experiences they have. D) every child has an innate ability to learn language.

C) children acquire language through the experiences they have

70. The first words children acquire are: A) names for common things like sweater and diapers. B) verbs and adjectives. C) closely linked to actions they can accomplish or objects they can move. D) names for large immobile things like trees and houses.

C) closely linked to actions they can accomplish or objects they can move.

89. Grammatical morphemes: A) are innate structures inherent in language. B) measure the complexity of children's utterances. C) create meaning by showing the relations between words. D) show that children do not understand the difference between verbs and nouns.

C) create meaning by showing the relations between words.

51. Suan is a deaf child who is being raised by parents who do not know sign language. He can be expected to: A) not learn any language. B) learn to read lips. C) develop "home signs" to communicate. D) learn to vocalize to communicate.

C) develop "home signs" to communicate.

49. Susan Goldin-Meadow and her colleagues found that "home sign": A) develops as far as pointing. B) develops among hearing children of deaf parents. C) develops among deaf children of hearing parents who do not know sign language. D) is idiosyncratic and does not resemble normal language in any way.

C) develops among deaf children of hearing parents who do not know sign language.

55. Terrance is a child who has been exposed to two languages. He can be expected to: A) show a strong preference for one language. B) show no preference but develop better skills at one language. C) differentiate between the two languages when appropriate in a given conversation. D) have difficulty in distinguishing the vocabulary of the two languages.

C) differentiate between the two languages when appropriate in a given conversation.

77. Nori is watching her mother cook breakfast. On the counter is a spoon and a whisk. Although Nori has never heard the label "whisk" before, she hands her mother the correct tool when her mother asks her to pass the whisk. This is an example of: A) overextension. B) underextension. C) fast mapping. D) reformulation.

C) fast mapping.

122. According to Vygotsky, what is the internalization of egocentric speech that occurs during early childhood and allows individuals to mentally plan activities and solve problems? A) collective monologue B) true dialogue C) inner speech D) language acquisition

C) inner speech

123. Little Brandon is thinking to himself what he needs to do in order to brush his teeth by himself. What is this called? A) collective monologue B) true dialogue C) inner speech D) language acquisition

C) inner speech

66. The process of identifying what words mean depends primarily on: A) the child's ability to figure out what a speaker is talking about. B) adults' interpretation of children's attempts to speak. C) joint effort on the part of both adults and children to understand each other'sutterances. D) direct instructional strategies on the part of adults.

C) joint effort on the part of both adults and children to understand each other'sutterances.

68. The first words that infants raised in English-speaking settings use are generally: A) verbs for actions. B) commands for actions. C) labels for objects. D) their names.

C) labels for objects.

88. When calculating the complexity with which children speak, researchers often calculate the "mean length of utterance," which is the average: A) number of syllables per utterance. B) number of words per utterance. C) number of morphemes per utterance. D) time taken to complete utterances

C) number of morphemes per utterance.

31. What is the process through which the sound of a familiar word serves as an anchor for learning new words? A) babbling B) fast mapping C) perceptual scaffolding D) syntactic bootstrapping

C) perceptual scaffolding

32. The basic sound categories of a language are known as: A) letters. B) syllables. C) phonemes. D) morphemes.

C) phonemes.

110. A rationale for arguing for a nature-driven explanation for language development is that it is: A) influenced by the ways their parents speak with them. B) similar whether they are learning a single language or multiple languages. C) quick, flexible, and seemingly effortless. D) often filled with errors that are easily corrected once brought to the attention of an adult

C) quick, flexible, and seemingly effortless.

63. The term morpheme: A) is synonymous with phoneme. B) refers to children's first words. C) refers to a basic unit of meaning in a language. D) refers to units of sound that are the same for all languages.

C) refers to a basic unit of meaning in a language.

86. Utterances such as, "Sarah eated fast": A) are usually learned by imitation. B) are rarely if ever made by children. C) show that children have some grasp of grammatical rules. D) provide evidence that children rarely confuse grammatical forms.

C) show that children have some grasp of grammatical rules.

119. Elizabeth Bates and her colleagues believe that the acquisition of grammar is primarily: A) the product of an innate rule system. B) a process of learning grammatical structures. C) a by-product of learning the rules of language. D) a result of increasing vocabulary size.

D) a result of increasing vocabulary size.

33. Baby Claire is in her crib when her mother hears her vocalize "babababababa." What is Claire doing? A) scaffolding B) cooing C) fast mapping D) babbling

D) babbling

37. When chimpanzees are reared as human children they: A) make recursive utterances. B) acquire oral language like that of their human counterparts. C) acquire sign language like that of their human counterparts. D) can acquire gestures that resemble some aspects of human language.

D) can acquire gestures that resemble some aspects of human language.

46. Research on the effects of brain injury on language development shows that: A) adults are more severely affected by right hemisphere damage than left hemisphere damage, but children are not. B) children are more severely affected by left hemisphere damage than right hemisphere damage, but adults are not. C) both children and adults are more severely affected by left hemisphere damage. D) children are affected about equally by left and right hemisphere damage.

D) children are affected about equally by left and right hemisphere damage.

72. Bartlett and Carey demonstrated children's developing vocabularies in the course of normal conversation by inventing the color "chromium." The findings of this study suggest: A) children learn by imitation. B) direct teaching of new vocabulary words is most effective. C) children acquire language because adults explicitly reward their efforts. D) children can learn new words when they occur in a close relationship with a familiar action.

D) children can learn new words when they occur in a close relationship with a familiar action

56. What is a device that transforms sounds into electric pulses that directly stimulate the auditory nerve, bypassing the malfunctioning inner ear that ordinarily processes sound? A) secondary intersubjectivity B) semantic implant C) mapping implant C) mapping implant D) cochlear implant

D) cochlear implant

117. According to Piaget, young children who take turns speaking but do not appear to be having a true dialogue are engaged in: A) syntactic bootstrapping. B) cultural modeling. C) formatted events. D) collective monologues.

D) collective monologues.

60. The ____________ aspect of language development refers to learning to segment speech into meaningful units of sound, whereas the ____________ aspect refers to learning the meanings of words. A) semantic: grammatical B) pragmatic; semantic C) phonological; pragmatic D) phonological; semantic

D) phonological; semantic

99. Julie, a baby, points to a cat and says "kitty." This is an example of: A) overextension. B) underextension. C) protoimperative. D) protodeclarative.

D) protodeclarative.

120. Research on children with Williams syndrome who developed near-normal speech patterns in spite of mental retardation suggests: A) language functioning is entirely innate. B) language functioning is the basis of normal cognitive functioning. C) there is a close link between general cognitive ability and language functioning. D) some aspects of language develop independently of general cognitive functioning

D) some aspects of language develop independently of general cognitive functioning

47. The case of Genie, a child who lived in conditions of isolation and neglect for more than 11 years: A) was of little public or scientific interest. B) turned out to be faked. C) is difficult to evaluate because her experience affected every aspect of her health and development. D) suggests that participation in a normal social environment is essential to the process of language acquisition.

D) suggests that participation in a normal social environment is essential to the process of language acquisition.