Developmental psych Cognition and Language Development

Language Development: Newborns: _______ 6-8 weeks: _______ 6-7 months: __________

Newborns: Vegetative sounds 6-8 Weeks: Cooing (oo, aa) 6-7 months: Babbling (ba b

Language Development: ________: Vegetative sounds ______: Cooing (oo, aa) ______: Babbling (ba ba)

Newborns: Vegetative sounds 6-8 Weeks: Cooing (oo, aa) 6-7 months: Babbling (ba ba)

Infants have been shown to look ______ at objects that violate expected motion trajectories

longer

The two phonemes /b/ and /p/ occur along an acoustic continuum except that they differ in _____ ____ _____ ---the length of time between when air passes through the lips and when the vocal cords start vibrating

voice onset time (VOT)

True or False: The ability to imitate the behavior of others appears to be present early on in a well developed form.

False: The ability to imitate the behavior of others appears to be present early on in life, although in a very limited form

By 3 years, most children are producing _____ word sentences

4+

Infants' ability to discriminate between speech sounds not in their native language declines between _____ and _____ months of age

6, 12

Comprehension occurs as early as ______ months, and takes off around ____-_____ months

6, 8-10

Recall: _______ learning is the ability for humans and other animals to extract statistical regularities from the world around them to learn about the environment.

statistical

What is much of the modern evidence against object permanence based on?

the violation-of-expectancy procedure

First words are aka

"Phonetically consistent forms"

Explain how each of the following is an example of an affordance: 1. a doorknob 2. a cord

1. A doorknob affords twisting 2. A cord affords pulling

In what two ways does Habituation facilitate learning?

1. Diminishes attention to what is old 2. Allows infant to pay attention to what is new

Classical conditioning involves an 1._______ that reliably elicits a reflexive, unlearned response- an 2._______

1. unconditioned stimulus (UCS) 2. unconditioned response (UCR)

Word production begins around _____ to _____ months, and the average first word occurs at _____ months

10-15, 13

_______-month-olds seem to be able, like adults, to attribute dispositional states

12

Suggesting very early precursors of theory of mind, ______ -olds can make inferences about what a person will do on the knowledge of what the person knows

15-month

Telegraphic speech occurs between _____ months

18-24

Word combinations: _____ to ______ months

18-24

In the Saffran, Aslin, and Newport 1996 study, what were the children familiarized with?

2 minutes of continuous speech

Children can say some function words by ____ years

3

In the Saffran, Aslin, and Newport 1996 study, how many different 3-syllable nonsense "words" were used?

4

Most children can make over generalizations by age _____

4

Most of grammar is mastered by age ______

4

In the Saffran, Aslin, and Newport 1996 study, how old were the children?

8-months olds

By fifth grade, more than ____ % of utterances are relevant to conversation

90

How was the Little Albert experiment conducted? What was the result?

A child know around the age of nine months known as Little Albert was exposed to a series of stimuli including a white rat, a rabbit, a monkey, masks, and burning newspapers. The boy initially showed no fear of any of these stimuli. The next time Albert was exposed the rat, Watson made a loud noise by hitting a metal pipe with a hammer. The child began to cry after hearing the loud noise, and eventually would cry simply after seeing the rat after repeated pairing of the white rat with the loud noise. This demonstrated that emotional responses could be conditioned in humans. (It also demonstrated that stimulus generalization had occurred because Albert feared similar white objects like Watson wearing a Santa Clause beard after the conditioning.

What is Piaget's "collective monologue?"

A child speaks out loud in front of others whom he is not addressing. The outsider is always associated with the action or thought, but is not expected to hear or understand. The child does not take the point of view of the hearer into account. Example: Two children are playing in close proximity. Boy 1: I'm going outside Boy 2: I want to ride a helicopter Boy 1: A what's, a what's Boy 2: The sandbox Note: They may be playing different games and they may be commenting on them and they may be even taking turns in vocalizing, but the context of their speech is not correlated between each other.

Three Big Ideas matching: A. Word Segmentation B. Syntax Development C. Categorical Speech Perception 1. Phonemic Discrimination 2. Statistical Learning 3. Generativity of Syntax

A. 2 Word Segmentation: Statical learning B. 3 Syntax Development: Generativity of Syntax C. 1 Categorical speech perception: phonemic discrimination

True of False: Infants attempt to reproduce the behavior of other people and inanimate objects.

False: Infants attempt to reproduce the behavior of other people, but not of inanimate objects.

How is does perception of a rainbow illustrate categorical perception?

Although the rainbow presents itself to us with a continuous and full range of visible wavelengths of light, we tend to see it in terms of distinct colors such as red, yellow, blue, and violet.

Which of the following is false about syntax development? A. Imitation is sufficient B. Grammar must be learned instead of imitation C. Chomsky argued innate knowledge is required for language D. Both adults and infants possess categorical perception of speech sounds E. Imitation is not sufficient

Answer: A

Which of the following is false? A. 6-8 weeks: Babbling (ba ba) B. Average first word is at 13 months C. Newborns typically can only make vegetative sounds D. Word comprehenions is possible as early as 6 months E. 6-8 Weeks: Cooing (oo, aa)

Answer: A Explanation: 6-8 Weeks: Cooing (oo, aa) 6-7 months: Babbling (ba ba)

Nativism is bolstered by each of the following except: A.Critical Period B. Imitation C. Species-specificity D. Specific language impairment E. Dedicated brain areas

Answer: B

Which of the following is false? A. Word combinations: 18-24 months B. Most children are producing 4+ word sentences by age 3 C. Most grammar is mastered by age 3 D. Most children are able to ask 4+ word sentence questions by age 3 E. Telegraphic speech is common between 18-24 months

Answer: C Most grammar is mastered by age 4

Which of the following is false? A. When 18-month-olds see a person apparently try, but fail to pull the ends off a dumbell, they imitate pulling the ends off B. Infants have been observed to imitate the action a person intended to do, not what they actually did C. In choosing a model to imitate, infants appear to pay attention to the reason for the person's behavior D. Infants will imitate pulling the ends off when a machine tries but fails E. Infants attempt to reproduce the behavior of other people, but not of inanimate objects

Answer: D

_______ and colleagues have used Violation of Expectancy to establish that infants as young as 3 and a half months of age look longer at an _______ event than a ______ event

Baillargeon,"impossible," possible

__________: The extraction from the constantly changing stimulation in the environment of those elements that are invariant or stable

Differentiation

In Pavlov's experiment, what was the CS, UCS, UCR, and CR?

CS = The bell UCS = Food UCR = Salvation CR = Salvation After enough times, the CS leads to the CR without the UCS in between needed

What is some evidence for Chomsky's view?

Children and adults can make up sentences and words they have never heard. Thus, imitation cannot be sufficient.

What is Skinner's theory of children learning language by imitation?

Children imitate speech sounds and words spoken by caregivers and, provided this imitation is rewarded, learning will take place

A model for studying the nature o the language-learning capacity

Chomsky's LAD

______: A form of learning that consists of associating an initially neutral stimulus with a stimulus that always evokes a reflexive response

Classical Conditioning

True or False: Infants can imitate actions they have seen an adult perform on tv by 12 months of age

False: Infants can imitate actions they have seen an adult perform on tv by 15 months of age

Other theorists emphasize general learning mechanisms that gradually strengthen infants' mental representations of the world; ________-_____ ______ _____

Domain-General Learning Mechanisms

Some theorists emphasize specialized learning mechanisms that enable infants to acquire knowledge rapidly and efficiently in some domains; ________-_____ ______ ______

Domain-Specific Learning Mechanisms

True or False: Infants as young as 9 to 12 months of age imitate some of the novel actions they have witnessed

False, infants as young as 6 to 9 months do this

True or false: Six-month-olds from English speaking families cannot discriminate between syllables in Hindi and Nthlakapmx, but 10 to 12 month-olds do readily

False. Explanation: Six-month-olds from English speaking families readily discriminate between syllables in Hindi and Nthlakapmx, but 10 to 12 month-olds do not

_______:An infinite number of sentences is generated by a finite set of grammatical rules

Generativity

_________: A decrease in responsiveness to repeated stimulation reveals that learning has occurred

Habituation

What was Chomsky's view on Skinner's imitation?

He thought imitation wasn't sufficient

Problem of _______: Infinite number of grammars compatible with a sample of sentences

Induction

What is the violation-of-expectancy procedure?

Infants are shown an event that should evoke surprise or interest if it violates something that the infant knows or assumes to be true

In the Saffran, Aslin, and Newport 1996 study, the head-turn/preference procedure was used to gauge infants' preferences for stimuli. Type 1 stimuli included "words" from the stream. Type 2 stimuli included "nonwords" made up of syllables from the stream with zero transitional probabilities. What was the result of this?

Infants listened significantly longer to type 2 (non-words), showing a novelty preference

Who conducted the Little Albert experiment?

John B. Watson and graduate student Rosalie Rayner

______ is a system of principles that children are born with that helps them learn language, and accounts for the order in which children learn structures, and the mistakes they make as they learn.

LAD

Chomsky's LAD: Information from the environment --> ________ --> Language acquisition

Language-learning mechanism

______ development: -Units of meaning -Both free and bound morphemes

Morpheme

Do modern theorists still consider Piaget's description of the development of object permanence to be true?

No.

Recall: What is object permanence? Who came up with it?

Object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be observed. Piaget.

Newborns sticking out their tongues after watching an adult model repeatedly perform this action is an example of ______ Learning

Observational

How long does it take 8-month-old infants to pick out a word from a stream of speech?

Only 2 minutes

_______ development: -Basic sounds of language -Must both perceive and produce

Phoneme

_______: Involves picking up information from the environment, forming associations among stimuli that occur in a statistically predictable pattern

Statistical Learning

In the Saffran, Aslin, and Newport 1996 study, the head-turn/preference procedure was used to gauge infants' preferences for stimuli. Type 3 "nonwords" were made by joining the final syllable of a word to the first 2 syllables of another word; things that co-occured one third of the time. Did the babies prefer type 1 or type 3 words? What is the conclusion from this?

The babies again listened longer to type 3 non-words. Thus, babies can discriminate "words" from "non-words" based only on transitional probabilities after just 2 minutes of exposure.

Infants watched a film that adults interpret as a ball "trying and failing" to get up a hill as it is being "helped" by and triangle and being "blocked" by a square. What did infants' looking behavior indicate they expected?

The infants looking behavior indicated that they expected the ball to approach the helpful triangle while avoiding the hindering square

Consider the following experiment: 1 and 4 month-olds were habituated to a tape of artificial speech sounds. One group was habituated to /ba/ (VOT=20), then exposed to /pa/. They dishabituated to /pa/ (VOT=40). Another group was habituated to /pa/ (VOT=60), and not exposed to /ba/. This group continued habituation to /pa/ (VOT = 80). What do these findings suggest?

They suggest that like adults, infants perceive speech categorically.

True or False: Infants actively search for order and regularity in the world around them

True

True or False: From quite early on, infants are sensitive to the regularity with which one stimulus follows another

True

True or False: Infants appear to pay attention to the reason for the person's behavior when they choose to imitate a model

True

True or False: Newborns will stick out their tongues after watching an adult model repeatedly perform this action

True

True or false: An infant can be conditioned to turn his head toward the sound source whenever he hears a change from one sound to another by rewarding the infant when he turns his head correctly. This fact demonstrates categorical perception of speech by infants.

True

True or false: Research conducted over the past two decades has established that infants' cognitive abilities are much more impressive than previously believed

True

True or false: A great deal of evidence now indicates that young infants are in fact able to mentally represent and think about the existence of invisible objects and events

True

True or false: Segmentation of words from fluent speech can be accomplished by eight-month-old infants based solely on the statistical relationships between neighboring speech sounds.

True

He do we tend to perceive our world according to the categorical perception phenomena?

We tend to perceive our world in terms of the categories that we have formed

A particularly important part of perceptual learning is the infant's discovery of _______, the possibilities for action offered by objects and situations

affordances

Both adults and infants possess _______ perception of speech sounds

categorical

______ _______: the perception of speech sounds as belonging to discrete categories

categorical perception

Gradually, the originally reflexive response - the learned or _______ -becomes paired with the initially neutral stimulus

conditioned response (CR)

Learning or conditioning can occur if an initially neutral stimulus, the _______, repeatedly occurs just before the unconditioned stimulus

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Twelve-month-olds seem to be able, like adults, to attribute _______ states

dispositional states

Classical conditioning plays a role in infants' everyday learning about the relations between ______ events that have relevance for them

environmental

By _____ grade, more than 90 % of utterances are relevant to conversation

fifth

By the end of their _____ year, infants have learned a great deal about how people's behavior is related to their goals and intentions

first

Knowledge of gravity begins in the _____ year

first

Operant conditioning is also known as _______

instrumental conditioning

________: a word or a part of a word that has a meaning and that contains no smaller part that has a meaning

morpheme

Infants who see a human arm repeatedly reach for an object in the same location assume that the action is directed toward the _____, not the _____. They looked longer when the hand went to the ____ object in the _____ place, than when it reached for the _____ object it had reached to before.

object, place. new, old, old,

Infants also gradually come to understand under what conditions one _______ can support another. This gradually refined understanding of support relations is presumed to result from ________.

object. Experience

_______: involves learning the relation between one's own behavior and the consequences that result

operant conditioning

________: the smallest unit of speech that can be used to make one word different from another word

phoneme

Most instrumental conditioning research with infants involves _______ ______, in which a reward reliably follows a behavior and increases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated. There is a ________ ______ between the infant's behavior and the reward.

positive reinforcement . Contingency relation

______ development: using language to communicate effectively

pragmatic

When habituation occurs, the infant has a memory _______ of the repeated, now-familiar stimulus

representation

______ development: meaning of language

semantic

When adults listen to a tape of artificial speech sounds that gradually change from one sound to another, they suddenly .... _____. Explain graph.

switch from perceiveing one sound to perceiving the other.

_____ development: structure and rules of language

syntax

______ speech: missing function words; missing grammatical morphemes

telegraphic

Children can produce multi clause sentences such as "I want to go outside" by ____ years

three