Developmental Psych Exam 3 OBrien

Jason tends to react aggressively to conflict and to be disruptive in class but is also funny, very sociable, and a good athlete. Children like Jason are designated as:

controversial

Infants' behaviors in the Strange Situation tend to be _____ across numerous cultures, including those of China, Western Europe, and various parts of Africa.

similar in all ways

Theo is a 19-year-old father of a baby boy. Theo is not married to his son's mother, but he likes to be involved in his son's life, visiting him, holding him, and trying to see him at least a few times a week. According to the text, Theo's contact with his son:

will decrease over time and may totally drop off by the time his son is 2 years old.

In preschool or elementary school, _____ becomes linked with peer rejection

withdrawal

Evelyn has begun to initiate more interactions with some children than with others, and contributes more when playing games with those children. According to the text, Evelyn is MOST likely around _____ old.

24 months

Children develop an increasing ability to inhibit their motor behavior, such as slowing down or avoiding a hot stove, from about _____ of age.

1-2 years of age

By the age of _____, when a child receives an injection, facial expressions such as anger and sadness can be differentiated from that of distress and pain.

2 months

Kimberly has begun to show signs of guilt when she does something wrong. She seems to know when she has violated a moral standard (such as refusing to give her brother his toy back when he asks for it). Kimberly is MOST likely about _____ of age

2 years

By _____ of age, infants can distinguish facial expressions of happiness, surprise, and anger.

3 months

By age _____, children are good at identifying situations that make people happy; by age _____, they are accurate at identifying situations that make people sad.

3; 4

A child in _____ is MOST likely to believe that someone caught being dishonest will be scared.

4th grade

By what age do infants show the FIRST rudimentary signs of emotional self-regulation?

5 months

Benjamin is babysitting his brother's infant daughter when the doorbell rings. Benjamin opens the door and asks the delivery person to step inside. The woman does so and smiles at his niece. The little girl hides her face in Benjamin's shoulder and then looks back at the woman with concern. Benjamin's niece is approximately _____ old.

8 months

Studies have shown that the link between attachment security and genetic make-up _________.

Can be differentially impacted by the quality of the child's environment

According to Thomas and Chess, Brian is classified as "slow-to-warm-up." Which prediction might be TRUE about Brian?

He will be somewhat difficult at first but over time with repeated experiences he will be easier.

The MOST famous of Lawrence Kohlberg's hypothetical moral dilemmas was the _____ dilemma, involving a man's wife who was dying from a special kind of cancer.

Heinz

Most children cannot label complex emotions such as pride, shame, and guilt until:

age 7.

Which statement is NOT true regarding separation anxiety in young children? It tends to peak at about 13 to 15 months of age. It encourages children to stay closer to adults who can protect them. It is a strong predictor of adolescent depression. It has been found in cultures as varied as the !Kung San hunting-and-gathering groups in Africa, Israeli kibbutzim, and the U.S. middle class.

It is a strong predictor of adolescent depression.

According to attachment theory as proposed by john Bowlby, which of the following is an example of a child in the attachment in the making phase?

Juan favors his father more than others and tends to laugh an smile more in his presence.

_____ has been criticized for not taking cultural or gender differences into account in the development of his views on moral reasoning.

Kohlberg

Jennifer is a 10-year-old child participating in a training program designed to help rejected children gain peer acceptance. The program is based on the assumption that rejected children lack important knowledge and skills that promote positive interaction with peers. Jennifer is participating in:

PATHS

Which scenario is MOST likely to occur based upon the chronological development of self-regulation?

Peter, aged 5, verbally protests to his mother and negotiates extra time when asked to clean his room.

Which measure of attachment security pays careful attention to children's reactions to their caregivers after a separation?

Strange Situation

Twin studies conducted by Lemry-Chalfant and colleagues have lead to which important conclusion regarding temperament?

Temperament is determined more by genes than environment

Summarize the findings of Mischel and his colleagues from the marshmallow test

The ability to exhibit self control early in life can predict success later in life

Which statement would support the notion that emotionality and regulation of emotion are more similar in identical than in fraternal twins?

There is a strong genetic component.

_____ highlighted the role of cooperation between peers in peer interactions.

Vygotsky

A major in-depth study funded by the National Institute of Child Health and Development (NICHD) found that the characteristics of the family were _____ predictor in outcome compared with the nature of the childcare.

a more important

A parent, smiling and laughing, is moving a small stuffed toy back and forth in front of a 7-week-old infant. The MOST likely reaction the parent will receive from the infant is:

a social smile

Fourteen-year-old Aisha spends at least two hours per night talking to her best friend, Kylie, on the phone. They often go over the details of the day, what everyone at school said and wore, and so on. They also talk extensively about their dreams for the future, beliefs about the world, and analyze each other's personalities. This seems reflective of:

adolescent egocentrism.

Dr. Lyndon is measuring activation of the left frontal lobe of the cortex as measured with an electroencephalogram (EEG) in children. She is likely to find that this activation will NOT represent _____ in children.

anxiety

The nonsupportive parenting style of the Tamang in rural Nepal is:

associated with low social competence when used for U.S. children.

Critical to an infant's growth in the development of a positive emotional connections to a primary caregiver, such as a parent. This enduring emotional bond is known as _____.

attachment

Ekaterina, who is now 2-years-old, is walking and talking and has developed an enduring emotional bond with her mother. This bond is referred to as _____.

attachment

Seven-month-old Karrie is easily comforted by her mother and smiles, laughs, or babbles more frequently in the presence of her mother. According to Bowlby, Karrie is in the _____ phase.

attachment-in-the-making

Children are more likely to view punishment as being justified and indicating serious misbehavior when it comes from a(n):

authoritative parent

Since the work of Thomas and Chess, researchers studying temperament no longer group children into categories such as easy, difficult, or slow to warm up, which reflects what is known as a _____ approach to understanding development. Rather, researchers now characterize every child along the same set of dimensions of temperament—a _____ approach to understanding development.

between-person; within-person

According to behaviorists, infants' link food to mothers through the process of _____, in which food is the unconditioned stimulus that causes the infant to experience pleasure and mothers are the conditioned stimulus linked with the food.

classical conditioning

An infant is started by a loud noise and begins to cry. Her mother calms her by playing with her and speaking soothingly to her. This interaction is an example of ______.

co-regulation

Three-month-old Chanda was startled by a door slamming, and her mother immediately picked her up and rocked her and she soon stopped crying. This is an example of:

co-regulation

When Tommy is teased by his peers, he takes a moment to rethink the situation and downplay the teasing by telling himself those peers aren't worth getting upset over. What does this example illustrate?

cognitive strategies to control negative emotion

The notion of "goodness of fit" involves the degree to which an individual's temperament is:

compatible with the demands and expectations of his or her social environment.

John Bowlby replaced the psychoanalytic notion of a "needy, dependent infant" with the idea of a(n) _____ who uses his or her primary caregiver as a secure base.

competence-motivated infant

As children's cognitive abilities increase, their self concepts shift from focusing on ____ characteristics to _____ qualities.

concrete; abstract

Troubled friends can exert a detrimental influence on child and adolescent behavior because of:

deviancy training.

By age 3, children believe that decisions that violate ________ judgments are the most wrong.

moral

A circumstance in which the same temperament characteristic that puts some children at high risk for negative outcomes when exposed to a harsh home environment also causes them to blossom when their home environment is positive is called:

differential susceptibility.

Seth had a highly impulsive temperament but was raised in a loving, kind, patient environment and his impulsivity declined throughout childhood. This is an example of:

differential susceptibility.

How did Thomas and Chess classify babies who were slow to adjust to new experiences, tended to react negatively to new experiences, and were irregular in their daily routines?

difficult

The notion that humans have evolved to experience a basic set of emotions through adaptation to their surroundings is central to which theory?

discrete emotions theory

Which of the following is not one of the 5 key dimensions of temperament, according to research by Mary Rothbart? -disgust-smiling-attention span-fear

disgust

Marietta is learning about the different styles of attachment in children and observes a day-care center to see if she can distinguish the different types. A few of the children are showing inconsistent reactions to their caregiver's departure. At first, they appear to have no problem with being left behind, but then one of the children becomes upset and begins hitting his mother. Another is cautiously staring at some of the other children but not moving. These children are displaying behaviors MOST commonly associated with a(n) _____ style of attachment.

disorganized/disoriented

Three attachment types were initially identified in research by Mary Ainsworth. Which attachment type was later added to categorize those that did not fit well into Ainsworth;s initial three categories?

disorganized/disoriented

Research suggests that children with _____ type of attachment style have no consistent way of coping.

disorganized/distressed

________ refer(s) to the social and cultural norms related to emotion expression.

display rules

According to Thomas and Chess's classification of temperament, babies that adjust readily to new situations, quickly establish daily routines such as sleeping and eating, and generally are cheerful in mood and easy to calm are _____ babies.

easy

Children begin to refine their conceptions of self in _____, in part because they increasingly compare themselves with others in terms of their characteristics, behaviors, and possessions.

elementary school

What is the term for parents both discussing emotions with their children and helping them learn ways of coping with their emotions and expressing them appropriately?

emotion coaching

A decreased reliance on self comforting behaviors, an increased ability to inhibit motor behavior, and an improved ability to distract oneself when distressed are all the result of developments in _____.

emotion regulation

________ refer(s) to an individual's ability to understand his or her own emotions, as well as the emotions of others.

emotional intelligence

The fact that a variety of factors can each lead to a given mental disorder is known as ________.

equifinality

The cultural value of _____, which emphasizes interdependence, mutual support, and loyalty among family members, can often be seen in Mexican American culture.

familism

A particularly important finding in the NICHD (National Institute of Child Health and Development) study was that how children fare in a nonmaternal care situation is much more strongly related to characteristics of the _____ than it is to the characteristics of _____.

family; childcare

For sexual minority youth, the process of first recognition is noted by _____

feelings of alienation resulting from the realization that they are different from others

According to James Marcia's theory of identity development, which stage is noted by the exploration of identity status?

moratorium

The increased use of self-regulation during the first year of life at least partly due to the increasing maturation of the _____ of the brain.

frontal lobe

With regard to the expression of socially appropriate emotions, cross-cultural research has revealed that _____ are attuned to the need to inhibit or express emotions to protect others.

girls more so than boys

The degree to which an individual's temperament is compatible with the demands and expectations of his or her social environment is called _____.

goodness of fit

Two 6 year old boys, Cal and Sam, accompany their class to the library. Sam grabs a book from the shelf and sits quietly to read. Cal is unable to sit still or quietly and ends up disrupting other children. The different reactions that these boys have to this situation are the result of _____.

goodness of fit

Baby Marissa's mother gives her overly tired baby a new toy she just bought while out shopping. The baby reacts negatively, crying and throwing the toy to the floor. Marissa's mother believes Marissa does not like the toy. Given the nuanced nature of emotion during this age, Marissa would NOT be experiencing _____ when presented with the toy.

guilt

Bill is more likely to feel _____ if his parents help him understand the consequences of his actions and teach him to repair any harm done.

guilt

Cross-cultural studies of emotion have found that North American children are more likely to experience _____ if the parents focus on the child's behavior and not the child.

guilt

According to the text, emotionality and regulation of emotion:

have a basis in heredity.

When 4-year old Joseph is told a story of a boy who gets lost in a store because he was not listening to his mother, he recognizes that the boy is experiencing fear. According to the text, if Joseph were only shown a picture of a boy lost in the store, without the accompanying story, he would MOST likely:

have more than one interpretation of the boy's emotional state.

Which factor often predicts insecure attachments?

highly stressed parents

Which component is NOT thought of by developmentalists as being typical of emotion? subjective feelings neural responses historical factors physiological factors such as heart rate

historical factors

The Tamang in rural Nepal are Buddhists who place great emphasis on keeping one's mind-heart calm and clear of emotion. Thus, Tamang parents often:

ignore or scold children older than 2 who express anger.

The thinking that leads young people to believe that everyone is watching them is known as the _____ audience.

imaginary

Paul and Troy have been playmates since they were very young. As they move through their toddler and preschool years, their fathers notice that the boys' cooperation and coordination in pretend play together has:

increased substantially.

John Bowlby proposed that the attachment process between infant and caregiver is rooted in evolution and:

increases the infant's chance of survival.

Samantha is learning about the different styles of attachment in children and observes a day-care center to see if she can distinguish the different types. She sees one or two children who are dropped off and begin to play right away. They do not seem to mind that their mothers have left them for the day. In fact, one little boy seems to ignore his mother as she waves goodbye. He may be displaying which style?

insecure-avoidant

Ricardo is learning about the different styles of attachment in children and he observes a day-care center to see if he can distinguish the different types. He notices two children who are dropped off and begin to cry and are clearly upset by the separation. One child is clinging to his mother's coat as she tries to reassure him. He also noticed that when their mothers returned they seemed to rebuff her efforts to comfort them. These children are displaying behaviors MOST commonly associated with a(n) _____ style of attachment.

insecure-resistant/ambivalent

While visiting the neighbors, Omar clings to his mother and refuses to leave her lap, rather than play with the toys on the floor. Omar is exhibiting behaviors MOST associated with _____ attachment behavior.

insecure-resistant/ambivalent

What are the two components of mental health?

internal well being and external relationships

The _____ of attachment is a mental representation of the self, of attachment figures, and of relationships and is based on the young child's perception of the extent to which his or her caregiver can be depended on to satisfy the child's needs and provide a sense of security.

internal working model

The mental representation of the self, of attachment figures, and of relationships and is based on the young child's perception of the extent to which his or her caregiver can be depended on to satisfy the child's needs and provide a sense of security is called the:

internal working model of attachment.

Thirty-five-year-old Gary, who was abused as a child, has a difficult time making friends and forming romantic relationships because he believes people cannot be trusted cannot seem to develop healthy level of self-esteem. Gary has not developed a healthy:

internal working model of attachment.

Susan Harter argues that a child's sense of self concept ___

is a social construct influenced in large part by the evaluation of others

Two-month-old Raquel cries when she is hungry and has learned that her mother will come to feed her. Raquel has:

learned that she can affect her environment.

In EEG studies, researchers have found that activation of the _____ has been associated with approach behavior, positive affect, and exploration; activation of the _____ has been linked to withdrawal, fear, and anxiety.

left frontal lobe; right frontal lobe

A father who responds quickly to the needs of his child and shows emotional warmth by smiling, laughing, and communicating positively to his child is demonstrating _____.

parental sensitivity

Jeannie has low expectations for maturity from her children, and she rarely disciplines them, but she loves them and listens well to them. Jeannie would be characterized by Diana Baumrind as having a(n) _____ parenting style.

permissive

Charles has been invited to two different parties after school on Friday. He decides to attend the party that his best friend is hosting, rather than the party thrown by a more popular classmate. Charles has made a _______ decision.

personal

Self concept in adolescence is characterized by a reemergence of a form of egocentrism, exemplified by the individual overly differentiation his or her feelings from those of others. This type of egocentrism is called the __

personal fable

Tom is walking down the street and suddenly encounters a dog that is crouched and growling. Tom begins to perspire his breathing quickens, and his heart race increases. This reaction is an example of which component of emotion?

physiological factors

Priscilla wants to obtain rewards and avoid punishments. Lawrence Kohlberg would consider this to be the goal of _____ moral reasoning.

pre conventional

According to Lawrence Kohlberg, children move from the _____ level of moral reasoning as a result of concrete thought and peer experiences.

preconventional to the conventional

According to Lawrence Kohlberg, the _____ level emphasizes rewards and punishments, whereas the _____ level emphasizes moral principles.

preconventional; postconventional

Three-year-old Xavier joins his friend Charlie, who is playing make-believe war with toy soldiers. Xavier, on instruction from fellow 3-year-old Charlie, sets up the walls and barriers required to "fight" the war; then he pretends to be on the other side and fights Xavier's solders, exclaiming, "I got you!" Xavier and Charlie are engaged in _____ play.

pretend

A father is feeding peas to his toddler for the first time, when the child picks up her spoon and attempts to feed herself. The peas fall to the floor, and the father exclaims, "Good for you, sweetie, you can feed yourself!" The father is encouraging the toddler to feel the new emotion of:

pride

Five-year-old Edward approaches a new student in his school and invites him to join in a game he is playing with other children. Edward is displaying:

prosocial behavior.

Three-year-old Derek tells his father that he does not like it when he has to go to work. After his father explains why he goes to work, Derek listens and accepts his explanation. According to Bowlby, Derek is in the _____ phase.

reciprocal relationship phase.

Nine-month-old Keisha shows reacts with separation distress if her mother or father leave her presence. This indicates that she:

recognizes that she and her parents are separate entities.

Alex is a 5-year-old boy. We would expect him to be able to identify situations likely to evoke which emotion?

sadness

_____ attachment refers to a relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver.

secure

In both Harlow's work with rhesus monkeys and Ainsworth's Strange Situation paradigm, researchers observed the baby monkey or child continually return to the mother after exploring an unfamiliar space or situation. This behavior is an example of _____.

secure attachment

How do self conscious emotions differ from the set of basic emotions discussed in this chapter?

self conscious emotions develop after the child has acquired a sense of himself separate from others

Researchers conducting Tronick's famous Still-Face Paradigm found that during the distressing still face episodes, infants spent very little time looking at their mothers. This response is an example of which of the following behaviors? -anxiety disorder -self distraction -self comforting -co-rumination

self distraction

Twenty-month-old Molly's mother put a dab of rouge on her forehead without Molly's knowledge. When she had Molly look in the mirror, Molly immediately rubbed the rouge. This indicates that Molly has developed:

self recognition

Two year old Lani walks by a mirror and notices chocolate around her mouth. She uses the bottom of her shirt to carefully wipe it off. Lani is displaying _____.

self recognition

___________ involves a person's overall subjective evaluation of oneself and the feelings associated with that evaluation.

self-esteem

A particular allele variant of SLC6A4 is believed to make children especially reactive to their rearing environment. SLC6A4 is a _______ transporter gene.

serotonin

Marcus is very shy and does not have good communication or social skills. He finds he feels more socially competent when he communicates with peers online. Marcus' use of online communications is supported by the _____ hypothesis.

social compensation

Ten-year-old Piera is able to control both her behaviors and emotions even facing conflict. She is well liked by her classmates and teachers. Piera likely has a high level of:

social competence

Twelve-year-old Jason has a difficult time controlling both his emotions and behavior. He has a tendency to yell at other children when he does not get his way, so consequently, he is scolded by his teachers and few children will play with him. Jason likely has a low level of:

social competence.

Deirdre refers to her male teachers as is "Sir," and her female teachers as "Ma'am." Deirdre is using a type of _____ judgment.

social conventional

The types of judgments that pertain to customs or regulations intended to secure social coordination and social organization are called _____ judgments.

social conventional

When an infant looks to another person for information about how to react, he or she is engaging in:

social referencing.

A person dressed in a pirate costume approaches 2-year-old Robyn to give her candy. Robyn begins to cry loudly and clings to her mother. Robyn is exhibiting:

stranger wariness.

Ten-year-old Sophia is nervous about an upcoming geography test, so she studies much harder and longer than usual. Sophia is experiencing:

stress

Julie is obsessed with how others will react to her behavior and appearance. It takes her several hours to dress in the morning as she considers what everyone will think of her. Julie's behavior reflects the power of:

the imaginary audience

Based on your understanding of the chapter, how would a 12 month old respond to a novel stimulus in a given situation if his or her parent expressed positive emotion?

the infant is likely to move closer to the novel stimulus

In addition to conflict between parents, a second major factor that affects children's adjustment to divorce is:

the stress experienced by the custodial parent and children in the new family arrangement.

Men who delay parenting until approximately age 30 or older tend to be:

verbally stimulating with their infants.