Developmental Psychology (Ch. 4)
Baby Grayson uses his thumb and index finger to pick up and eat his Cheerios each morning. Grayson is using
the pincer grasp
Which of the following reflexes demonstrates that infants can feel touch?
the rooting reflex
An infant who weighs less than _______ pounds at birth is considered low birth weight.
5.5
Which of the following statements is correct regarding the visual acuity of infants?
An infant's visual acuity by one year of age approximates that of an adult.
Which of the following statements is true regarding myelination?
Auditory myelination isn't completed until 4 or 5 years of age
____ and ____ are the two most important predictors of an infant's survival and health.
Birth weight; length of gestation
Hannah has been experiencing false contractions for the last several weeks prior to delivery. These are known as:
Braxton-Hicks contractions
Del is right on target with the skills assessed by the Bayley Scale. Why might we want to know if he is keeping pace with other children of the same age?
Children who fall behind as assessed by the Bayley scales might be showing early signs of emotional disturbances or sensory, neurological, or environmental deficits.
Historically,
the lack of accurate knowledge about female anatomy & the birth process did more harm than good.
The majority of early infant deaths take place in:
Developing countries
Which countries tend to stimulate their infant's motor skills more than other countries?
Developing countries
The ____ _____ gives an illusion of depth and is used to assess depth perception in infants.
visual cliff
When can sound first be perceived?
During the last two months of pregnancy
Now at 9 months, Atlas can approximate crawling up the stairs alone. Which developmental theory argues that babies can learn these kinds of motor skills only when the nervous system is developed enough?
Dynamic systems
On the video clip, 6 mth old Del struggles to maintain his balance while manipulating objects. To develop better balance, Del will need to improve his:
Gross Motor Skills
In the clip, we see Amalia exhibiting a range of abilities, from walking to throwing a ball to bouncing. Collectively, these types of abilities are known as _______.
Gross motor skills
Why didn't Rachel walk into any walls?
Her depth perception was helping her
You just came from a talk by Dr. Nelson & want to work on your baby's development based on Dr. Nelson's advice. Which of the following will you do?
Interact with your baby more often.
Now that Esme is 14 months old, she can do all of the following EXCEPT:
Jump
Your friends just had a baby and have equipped the baby's room with every new educational toy they could find in an effort to give him a good head start. They ask you what you think. What would you tell them?
Keep only the toys that you will play with the most in parent-child interactions.
_________ is the process of giving birth.
Labor
Which of the following concepts describes the specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex?
Lateralization
The layer of fat cells that encases many axons is called the:
Myelin sheath
What term is used to describe the first 4 weeks of life, where the fetus is supported entirely by the mother, to an independent existence.
Neonatal
Newborn babies are also called.
Neonates
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding infants' taste?
Newborns prefer sweet tastes
When 6 month old Atlas grabs for the measuring spoons but can only grab with his entire hand he is demonstrating the:
Palmer grasp
Which of the following aligns with Dr. Nelson's thoughts on deprivation?
Parents who are concerned are often doing what they need to do
When Atlas at 10 months can use his fingers to pick up a cheerio, he is showing that he has gained the:
Pincer grasp
In this clip we see 3-month-old Atlas flailing his arms at his mobile and his parent's keys. This lack of ability to coordinate his movements is what Piaget would refer to as:
Primary circular reaction
______ is the process where cells acquire specialized structures and functions.
differentiation
How long should an infant consume ONLY breast milk or formula (i.e.-no other food) for nutrients & energy?
The first six months of life
__________ behaviors are built-in reactions to stimuli that govern the newborn's movements in an involuntary & automatic way.
Reflex
_______ babies weight less than 90% of babies of the same gestational age.
Small-for-date
From the moment of birth, what type of smells do newborns prefer?
Smells such as strawberry and vanilla
Now that Esme is 11 months old, she can do all of the following EXCEPT:
Stand alone easily
Now that Esme is 12 months old, she can finally:
Stand alone without support
In this clip we see 10-month-old Esme able to do all of the following EXCEPT:
Stand without support
______ refer(s) to increasingly complex combinations of motor skills, which permit a wider and more precise range of movement, along with greater control of the environment.
Systems of action
You are working with the mother of a child Rachel's age who has not developed strong walking skills. You notice that her mother picks this child up a lot and carries her. How would dynamic systems theory explain this?
The baby's environment is restricting her development of this skill.
Which of the following activities is NOT a gross motor skill?
Tying shoes
Seven-month old Del has achieved several motor milestones, including rolling over & sitting up w/out support. In addition to using his visual, skeletal, & muscular system, what else does Del use to help him accomplish these tasks?
Vestibular organs in his inner ear
Which of the following statements is consistent with Gibsons' ecological view of perceptual development in infancy?
We directly perceive information that exists in the world around us
The leading cause of infant deaths in the United States is:
birth defects
Starting with the prenatal period, a process called ______ _______ occurs and continues after birth, helping to create an efficient nervous system.
cell death
The brain and spinal cord are part of the:
central nervous system
__________ delivery is used to surgically remove a baby through an incision in the mother's abdomen.
cesarean
Esther Thelen considered motor development a _____ process of interaction between baby and environment.
continuous
Scientists have identified genes directly linked with specific aspects of:
personalities
During the ____ stage of birth, the mother bears down hard to push the baby out of her body; this stage typically lasts 45 minutes to an hour.
second
A midwife is with the mother _____.
throughout her pregnancy, labor, & birth.
APGAR
-Appearance -Grimace -Respiration -Puse -Activity -Rated 0,1,2 (for a maximum of 10) -At 1 & 5 minutes after birth
In this clip, Dr. Milgrome, discusses SIDS. Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics SIDS babies share?
-Babies b/w 1 & 5 months of age -Babies that might have a cold -Smoker in the house Answer: Full-term babies
A long-term outcome for a low-birth-weight baby might be:
-Diabetes -Cardiovascular disease
Select all of the following that describes the brain's growth:
-Different parts of the brain grow more rapidly -Growth starts with spurts -Growth occurs in fits
Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)
-For infants up to 2 mths old -Reflexes -Central nervous system instability -Motor organization -Attention & interactive abilities -Score is based on infant's best performance
Risks, Treatments, & Outcomes of Postmaturity Infants:
-Greater size of fetus at delivery -Risk of brain damage or death
Risks, Treatments, & Outcomes of Low-Birth-Weight Infants:
-Mother under 17 or over 40 -Use of alcohol or drugs -Having no children or more than 4 -Kangaroo care -Cognitive deficits in memory & processing speed -Impaired motor development
Risks, Treatments, & Outcomes of Stillborn Infants:
-Twins & multiples -Use of associated reproductive technologies -Small for gestational age
What are reasons why a Cesarean delivery might be preferable to a vaginal delivery?
-When the fetus seems to be in trouble -When the mother is bleeding vaginally -When the fetus is in the breech or transverse position -When the mother has had a previous Cesarean delivery -When the infant's head is too big to pass through the mother's pelvis
Baby Kiley was delivered by vaginal birth. The biggest benefits to her well-being with the natural birth is/are:
-a surge of hormones that clears her lungs -blood that is sent to her heart and brain -mobilization of stored fuel to nourish her cells
Customs surrounding childbirth reflect the ___ of a culture.
-beliefs -values -resources
Alyssa has just given birth to a pre-term infant. Alyssa's baby is at risk for:
-cerebral palsy -infant death -respiratory distress
Monozygotic twins not only look alike but are also at risk for the medical disorder of:
-low body mass index -peptic ulcers -strokes
A major complication of birth is identified in infants that are:
-premature -small for date -low birth weight
In 17th-century France, a woman had a _____ chance of dying in childbirth (or shortly after giving birth).
1 in 10
A newborn's visual acuity is estimated to be:
20/400
The newborn's brain is about ____ % of its adult weight.
25
The minimum gestation length that defines a full-term infant birth is:
266 days
The birth process occurs in _____ stages.
3
Dr. Milgrome states that putting babies back on their back to sleep has cut the rate of SIDS in the United States and Eastern Europe by:
50%
Nick can roll over deliberately and can sit without support. Nick is most likely how old?
6 months old.
At which age did Rachel show an ability to balance on her hands and knees in the video?
7 months
In the US, the average baby is 20" long and weighs about
7.5 lbs
In 2007, ___% of infants and toddlers received most of the recommended vaccines.
90
In the United States, what percentage of babies are born in hospitals?
99
Now that Del is 12 mths old, he can stand alone, walk, and run. The modern view of motor development suggests Del achieved these milestones because of ___________.
A combination of growth, experience, and support from caregivers
A widely-used method to assess the health of newborns, the ______ scale is administered at one and five minutes after birth.
APGAR
At one and five minutes following birth, an infants vital signs are assessed using what scale?
APGAR scale
Baby Meghan was born at 30 weeks gestation & has shown impaired mental development. This may be due to inadequate development of:
DHA
Now at 10 months we see Atlas crawl up the steps by himself. This demonstrates:
Gross motor skills
Now that Atlas is 5 months old he is able to grab desired toys and use both hands to push up but his movements are still shaky. This demonstrates the he has made gains in ____ but is still short of acquisition of ____
Gross motor skills; fine motor skills
As Rachel holds her head up to look around, the rest of her body seems to move with her head movement. Why does this happen?
Her head is proportionally larger than the rest of her body.
Based on your knowledge of physical development in infancy, why might Geoffrey has trouble raising his head?
His head is proportionately larger than the rest of his body.
7-month old Amalia can stand with the support of her mother, suggesting her development is proceeding on track. When assessing babies' development, we often compare their performance on motor milestones to that of the "average baby." These comparisons are known as __________.
Norms
Caretakers must vigilantly watch infants towards the end of the first year when they often develop _________ at the same time.
The pincer grasp and crawling
Rachel's parents are concerned about her safety and want you to evaluate their home. Based on the progression you have seen in the video, what is the next thing you warn them they will need to prepare for?
You warn them that Rachel will begin climbing stairs.
Nurse midwives feel that birth is ______.
a normal aspect of the lifespan.
The birthing process may take place through several different methods. The most commonly used & preferred is:
a vaginal delivery
An antiseptic, temperature-controlled crib is called:
an isolette
If a newborn infant has not begun to breathe within 5 minutes after birth, it may acquire permanent brain damage from lack of oxygen. This situation is called:
anoxia
The decrease in risks surrounding pregnancy & childbirth in industrialized nations is due to:
antibiotics, labor-inducing drugs, & safe anesthesia
In the video, Cindy maneuvered around toys on the floor. Which form of perception provided her with the skills to do this?
depth
Children grow ______ during the first 3 years.
fastest
Jennifer has chosen natural childbirth (or prepared childbirth) to avoid the:
fears of childbirth
Prior to the twentieth century, in Europe & the United States, birth was a:
female social ritual
The longest stage of labor is the:
first stage
One reason that a higher proportion of low-birth-weight babies are born to African American women is that they may:
have higher levels of stress
In this video, Michael is in REM sleep. What is one way you can tell this?
his eye movements
The best way to avoid risks to an infant not yet born after forty-two weeks of gestation is to:
induce labor and perform a cesarean section
A trait that is polygenic or influenced by the addictive effects of large numbers of genes working together creates:
intelligence
A care method involving skin-to-skin contact b/w an infant & mother is called _____ care.
kangaroo
At birth, Davion weighed 4lbs. Davion is considered a ______-_____-______ infant.
low-birth weight
Infants should be introduced to foods other than breast milk or formula (such as cereal) at ____ months of age.
no earlier than 4
A recent study suggests that a group of people suffer from a depletion of approximately 30 genes, which results in them being:
obese
The rise in estrogen levels that stimulates the uterus to contract and the cervix to become more flexible is identified as:
parturition
Carter eats dry Cheerios for a snack. In order to pick up the cereal and put it in his mouth, Carter will use the ____ grasp.
pincer
Baby Cole was born at forty-three weeks gestation. His birth would be considered:
postmature
Growth in height and weight during the first few months of life is ____ and ____ by the age of 3.
rapid; decreases
Emma's contractions are stronger & closer together than they were and her infant's head is now moving through her cervix & into her vaginal canal. This indicates that is in the ____ stage of childbirth.
second
Baby Neve was born only one week from his due date, but he weighs less than 90% of babies of the same gestational age. Neve would be classified as:
small-for-date
An infant's physiological and behavioral status is often referred to as _____ of _____.
state; arousal
The sudden death of an infant after the 20th week of gestation is a:
stillbirth
The regions of the world with the highest infant mortality rates are:
sub-Saharan Africa & Asia
A coating that helps keep an infant's air sacs from collapsing is called:
surfactant
An aspect of personality corresponding to a person's characteristic way of approaching and reacting to situations is called:
temperament
The improved infant mortality rates of industrialized nations, compared to those in developing countries, is a result of:
trained nurses and a trained midwife assisting in delivery.
Which of the following skills is Rachel using to raise and move her head around?
gross motor
The ability to gather information by handling objects rather than looking at them is _____ perception.
haptic
At this stage, over which part of her body does Rachel have the most control?
head movement
Which sense did the mother use to get Cindy to walk closer to her?
hearing
As Rachel tries to use her muscles in response to her father's actions, what skill are the muscles developing?
locomotion
The 3 stages of birth are not of equal lengths. The first stage is the
longest.
The ____ reflex is present when the infant is startled or fearful of falling.
moro
The _____ reflex occurs in response to a sudden, intense noise or movement.
moro
Conner received an Apgar of 6. This means he
needs help to establish breathing.
Three-day old infants can tell ____ speech sounds from those they heard before.
new
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome is sudden death of an infant under the age of ___ year.
one
During the third stage of birth, the ________, umbilical cord, and other membranes are detached and expelled.
placenta
Malleability of the brain is also known as:
plasticity
Which term best describes infants born 3 weeks or more before the pregnancy has reached its full-term?
preterm
The cycles of wakefulness, sleep, and activity are an infant's _________ of ____________.
state; arousal
When a fetus doesn't survive after the 20th week of gestation, it is called a _______.
stillbirth
The procedure in which infants are placed on the edge of a glass-covered dropoff and their mothers coax them to crawl onto the glass is called:
the visual cliff
What status has Rachel achieved in this video?
toddler
Parturition begins about ____ week(s) before delivery.
two
The fetus gets oxygen through the ____ cord
umbilical
Low-birth weight babies are at risk for which of the following in childhood?
-Asthma -Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder -Learning Disabilities
During the formative period, which of the following are especially dangerous to the developing brain?
-Environmental toxins -Drugs -Maternal Stress -Malnutrition
Which of the four main lobes in the brain are associated with language processing?
-Frontal lobes -Temporal lobes
The Developmental Screening Test measures which of the following?
-Gross motor skills -Language development -Fine motor skills -Personality development
Which of the following groups of mothers would be least likely to breast feed their infants?
-Mothers under the age of 25 -African American mothers -Mothers without a high school education
Which of the following are the two ways that neurons change during the first years of life?
-Myelination for visual pathways occurs rapidly -Connectivity among neurons increases
The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) is a measure that is used to assess a
-Newborn's reflexes -Newborn's neurological Development -Newborn in the first month of life
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding neuron change during the first years of life?
-Synaptic connections b/w axons & dendrites increase -Myelination begins prenatally -Connections among dendrites increase Answer: Myelination ends toward the end of the first year
Which of the following gross motor skills is NOT typically mastered in the second year of life?
-Walking backward without losing balance -Running stiffly for a short distance -Kicking a ball without falling Answer: Jumping across distance
Protective factors include:
-affectionate ties to family -individual attributes -rewards at school or work
Select all of the body systems that a mother and baby share before birth:
-blood circulation -nourishment -respiration
The natural childbirth method attempts to reduce the mother's pain:
-by decreasing her fears -with relaxation techniques -through education
Physical growth & development follow two principals:
-proximodistal -cephalocaudal
Which of the following do pediatric experts recommend for solid food intake?
-start solid food gradually around 7 months -introduce solid foods like cereals
Select all of the following that are states of arousal in an infant:
-wakefulness -crying -sleep
Place the major milestones in motor development in the correct order.
1. Prone, life head 2. Prone, chest up, use arms for support 3. Roll over 4. Support some weight with legs 5. Sit without support 6. Stand with support 7. Pull self to stand 8. Walk using furniture for support 9. Stand alone easily 10. Walk alone easily
The type of motor skills that involve finger dexterity are called _________ motor skills.
Fine
Motor development in the second and third year of life can best be conceptualized as _______.
Increased coordination of basic movements and skills.
_______ _______ rates have decreased continuously since the 20th Century.
Infant mortality
Anoxia occurs when a baby does not ______ within five minutes of birth.
breathe
Lennon turned 3 several months ago. If he is like most typically developing children, Lennon can
copy a circle fairly well.
As can be seen on the video clips, over time Del's behaviors become more complex. With respect to his assessment on the Bayley Scales _________.
The test items Del is expected to pass also become more complex.
Eight-month-old Atlas is being assisted in crawling up the stairs with help from an adult. Vygotsky argued this was the best way to learn, as instruction is taking place in:
The zone of proximal development.
The purpose of the rooting reflex is to:
direct the infant to turn its head toward something to suck
Geoffrey's mother noted that she was trying to get him to grasp something. At his age in this video, what can he do?
Use the grasping reflex
A caregiver who provides continuous physical, emotional, and educational support for the mother before, during, and after childbirth is known as a:
doula
In this video, Rachel is guiding her support as she walks around. Which of the following theories explains why she did not run into any walls as she walked?
ecological theory of perception
Myelination enables signals within the brain to travel _______.
faster
________are the soft spots on a baby's head.
fontanels
As Rachel continues to develop beyond her attempts to roll over at the age of 10 weeks, which of the following will help her roll over more?
greater development of arms and legs
The Bayley Scales are used to monitor infant & early childhood development. Which of the following is not an area assessed by the Bayley Scales?
Weight
According to dynamic systems theory, motor development is
affected by the baby's motivation, energy level, and strength.
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that infants be breastfed, though not exclusively, for _______ months.
at least 12