Developmental Psychology - Chapter 5 (Connect)
On the well-known Snellen chart that is used for eye examinations, a newborn's visual acuity is estimated to be:
20/240.
By _______________ of age, infants have similar color preferences to adults; for example, they prefer saturated colors over pale ones.
4 months
Hearing can start to decline by the age of:
40.
When they go to the playground, Gaia climbs to the top and lays daringly down across the bars. She is most likely what age?
5
What kind of study did Megan Gunnar and colleagues (1987) conduct that concluded newborns were capable of feeling pain?
A study of circumcision of infant males.
Which of the following behaviors/movements are precursors to walking?
Alternating kicking movements Stabilizing balance
Which of the following statements is correct regarding the visual acuity of infants?
An infant's visual acuity by 6 months of age is 20/40.
Which of the following is required for an infant to develop a skill such as sitting, crawling, or walking?
Behavioral flexibility.
Both Bella and Kenny are 12 months old. What can we expect regarding their motor skill development?
Bella and Kenny may not follow the same sequence of motor skill accomplishments.
Which of the following are true regarding the development of gross motor skills in middle and late childhood?
Boys usually outperform girls in gross motor skills during this period . Children who fail to develop basic motor skills face long-term negative effects.
What condition involves a thickening of the lens of the eye, which causes vision to become cloudy, opaque, and distorted?
Cataracts.
When can sound first be perceived?
During the last two months of pregnancy.
Which theory of motor development suggests that perceptions are necessary for infants to fine-tune their movements and that motor skills represent solutions to the infants' goals?
Dynamic systems theory
Which of the following statements is true regarding elementary school children and gross motor development?
Elementary school children feel a sense of accomplishment with running, jumping, or bicycling.
Which of the following are factors in perceptual completion?
Experience Self-directed exploration with eye movements Learning
True or false: By the time babies are 3 months old, they will have developed shape constancy for all objects.
False (Three-month-old infants do not have shape constancy for irregularly shaped objects such as tilted planes.)
True or false: Researchers have found that visual decline in late adulthood is linked to cognitive decline and an increase in social contacts.
False (Visual decline in late adulthood is linked to cognitive decline. However, it is also linked to having fewer social contacts.)
Which of the following can be inferred as an outcome of the research by DeCasper and Spence (1986) in which mothers read The Cat in the Hat to their fetuses and then to the children post-birth?
Fetuses can hear. Fetuses can learn.
Which of the following medical conditions damages the optic nerve because of the pressure created by a buildup of fluid in the eye?
Glaucoma
(Habituation/Dishabituation) is when an infant can decrease responding to a stimulus after repeated exposure; whereas (habituation/dishabituation) is the recovery of a stimulus.
Habituation; dishabituation
Which of the following statements are true of glaucoma?
If untreated, it can destroy a person's vision. It can be treated with eyedrops.
How might learning to walk promote language development in children?
It allows them to initiate interaction with parents and other adults.
In a recent study, which of the following aspects of pregnancy and delivery showed the strongest link to an infant reaching motor skills earlier?
Larger size at birth.
What are some of the changes in hearing that take place during infancy?
Localization Pitch Loudness
___________________________ is a disease that involves deterioration of the focal center of the visual field.
Macular degeneration
Which of the following statements is true regarding fine motor skills in infancy?
Newborns already have many components of what will become finely coordinated finger movements. (Note: At this age infants still tend to use touch for their reaching activities.)
What is the common understanding regarding infants and the sensation of touch?
Newborns are capable of feeling touch.
In terms of the motor development milestones, which of the following can we expect to be true?
Not all infants follow the standard sequence of motor accomplishments.
Carter is an infant who loves to eat raisins. He is able to pick the raisin up between his thumb and forefinger. What type of grasp is this called?
Pincer grip.
What ability must an infant have as a foundation for gross motor skill development?
Postural control.
Which of the following declines in vision begin to happen in middle age?
Presbyopia Need for more light to work or read Reduced blood supply to eyes
Newly crawling infants will do what with the navigation of a steep slope?
Proceed and probably fall.
Which of the following activities is NOT considered a fine motor skill?
Riding a tricycle.
At 3 years of age a child enjoys motor movements such as ___________________________________.
Running Hopping Jumping
Which of the following are two types of perceptual constancy?
Size constancy Shape constancy
Fourteen-month-old Sophie began walking at the age of 11 months. She was categorized as an "experienced" walker in a recent research study. The babies in the study have to walk down a risky slope. From what we know about "experienced" walkers, what can we expect of Sophie's performance?
Sophie will pause and evaluate the slope before starting down it.
Which of the following is LEAST involved in sensation?
Stomach.
What recommendation do most infant experts give regarding structured exercise classes for babies?
Structured exercise classes are not recommended.
Which of the following is a common treatment for cataracts?
Surgical removal.
For an infant who is mobile, which of the following might cause delay in motor development?
Swaddling.
Which vision change is more closely associated with infancy than childhood?
The ability to use binocular cues to perceive depth. (Note: This occurs by about 3 to 4 months of age.)
Which of the following reflexes demonstrates that infants can feel touch?
The rooting, or sucking, reflex (Note: The Moro reflex can occur from a loud sound or a sensation of falling. It need not involve a tactile stimulus.)
The sucking reflex serves which of the following purposes?
The sucking reflex enables newborns to get nourishment before they associate a nipple with food. The sucking reflex serves as a self-soothing or self-regulating mechanism.
According to dynamic systems theory, what is required before infants can begin to develop their motor skills and perform actions?
They must perceive something in the environment that motivates them to act.
Which of the following are possible signs of vision problems in children?
Tilting the head to look at something Shutting or covering one eye Rubbing the eyes Blinking and squinting excessively
True or false: Although most adolescents' hearing is excellent, listening to loud sounds through headphones for sustained periods of time is always a concern, given it creates the risk of developing hearing problems.
True
True or false: The pain threshold in newborns occurs at a lower level of stimulation than for adults.
True
True or False: Experience is necessary for color vision to develop normally.
True (Maturation is important in vision, but one study found that experience is necessary for normal color vision to develop.)
Which of the following activities is NOT a gross motor skill?
Tying shoes.
A researcher who studies whether an infant can distinguish one stimulus from another by measuring the length of time the infant attends to different stimuli is using which of the following methods?
Visual preference method
By 18 to 24 months, which of these abilities do most toddlers have?
Walking backward Jumping in place Walking quickly and running stiffly
Which of the following statements is consistent with Gibsons' ecological view of perceptual development in infancy?
We directly perceive information that exists in the world around us. (Note: Perception is an active process, not a passive one.)
Perception and ________________ are coupled with each other. This is demonstrated through the movement of one's head, hands, arms, and eyes.
action
An infant's movement cannot be repeated in the same way over time and in different situations because their bodies, the environments in which they behave, and the tasks they face change. This requires
adaptive behavior.
The visual cliff was used to measure:
depth perception.
The purpose of the rooting reflex is to:
direct the infant to turn its head toward something to suck.
The current view of perceptual-motor coupling in infants is the:
dynamic systems view.
The __________________ view connects perceptual capabilities to information available in the world of the perceiver.
ecological
Any activity that requires finger dexterity would be referred to as a:
fine motor skill.
At birth, infants have:
hardly any control over fine motor skills.
The integration of information from two or more sensory modalities is called:
intermodal perception.
When watching a hockey game, spectators can hear the sound of the stick hitting the puck and see the puck slide across the ice. This ability is known as:
intermodal perception.
Gross motor skills:
involve large-muscle activities.
Infants can determine the general area from which sound is coming. This is called:
localization.
The ability to hear ________________ sounds is most likely to remain static in middle adulthood.
low-pitch
Adolescent hearing loss has been related to:
lower academic performance.
In a recent study, all of the following were linked to the earlier development of motor skills in infants EXCEPT
maternal smoking.
People with macular degeneration
may be able to see on the periphery but not what is directly in front of them.
In the field of perceptual development, those who believe that the ability to perceive the world in a competent organized way is inborn or innate are referred to as:
nativists.
Today it is clear that perceptual development is influenced by:
nature, nurture, and a developing sensitivity to information.
Infants at the age of 2 months begin to develop the ability to perceive that partially _________________ objects are whole.
occluded
When infants grip with the whole hand, it is known as the __________________ grasp.
palmer
Sean is an infant who is capable of understanding that his mother is still his mother whether he sees her right in front of him, from across the room, or as she waves from the car window. This capability is called:
perceptual constancy. (perceptual understanding is a form of perceptual constancy, which is the most specific correct answer.)
Before babies can hold onto furniture and "walk" around the room by grasping onto objects, they must have:
postural control.
The loss of ability to focus on close objects that often occurs in middle age is called:
presbyopia.
Older adults experience which of the following visual changes as they age?
problems with color vision diseases of the eye declines in visual acuity
When an infant learns to walk, it
promotes change in other aspects of their development.
Infants who are massaged and stretched and given opportunities for exercise often
reach developmental milestones earlier.
The reaction that occurs when information interacts with the eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, or skin is referred to as:
sensation.
The recognition that an object remains the same shape even though its orientation to us changes is called:
shape constancy.
The realization that your mother has the same appearance and does not shrink as you watch her walk away from you (even though she appears to get smaller) means that you understand _________ constancy.
size
The recognition that an object remains the same dimensions even though the retinal image of the object changes as you move toward or away from the object is a specific type of perceptual constancy known as _________ constancy.
size
A key skill in learning to walk involves:
stabilizing balance on one leg.
The laboratory procedure constructed by Gibson and Walk (1960) to determine whether or not an infant could perceive depth is called:
the visual cliff.