Developmental Psychology Chapter 9

In a single act of unprotected sex with an infected partner, a teenage girl has a ________ percent risk of getting HIV. A) 1 B) 10 C) 25 D) 50

1

The peak rate of pubertal change occurs at ________ years for girls and ________ years for boys. A) 13; 14½ B) 12½; 11½ C) 11½; 13½ D) 10½; 13

11½; 13½

In which of the following groups is death through homicide especially common in adolescence? A) African American males B) Latino males C) Non-Latino White American males D) Asian American males

African American males

Amanda's mother suffers from anorexia nervosa. Which of the following statements about Amanda is most likely true? A) Amanda is highly likely to have a more positive body image. B) Amanda is at risk of developing anorexia nervosa herself. C) Amanda is more likely to have healthy eating habits. D) Amanda is not at risk for anorexia nervosa because of increased awareness.

Amanda is at risk of developing anorexia nervosa herself.

________ refers to a lack of menstruation in girls who have reached puberty. A) Amenorrhea B) Anemia C) Menarche D) Anorexia

Amenorrhea

In the context of adolescent sexuality, identify a true statement about developing a sexual identity. A) All gays and lesbians quietly struggle with same-sex attractions in childhood. B) An adolescent's sexual identity involves styles of behavior and an indication of sexual orientation. C) The majority of sexual minority adolescents have incompetent and unsuccessful paths of development through adolescence. D) Adolescents with opposite-sex attractions never experience any degree of same-sex attractions.

An adolescent's sexual identity involves styles of behavior and an indication of sexual orientation.

Which famous theorist, in 1904, proposed that adolescence is a turbulent time of "stormand-stress"?

G. Stanley Hall

Which theorist proposed the "storm-and-stress" view that adolescence is a turbulent time charged with conflict and mood swings? A) Anna Freud B) Jean Piaget C) G. Stanley Hall D) Daniel Offer

G. Stanley Hall

________ learning is a form of education that promotes social responsibility and service to the community. A) Service B) Social C) Collaborative D) Cooperative

Service

Maggie is 14 years old and has not yet matured physically. According to recent research, which of the following will most likely occur by the time Maggie reaches tenth grade? A) She will be more satisfied with her figure than early-maturing girls. B) She will be less satisfied with her figure than early-maturing girls. C) She will be more likely to have an eating disorder than early-maturing girls. D) She will be more likely to drop out of school than early-maturing girls

She will be more satisfied with her figure than early-maturing girls.

With reference to cross-cultural comparisons, which of the following statements about adolescent pregnancies in the United States is true? A) In 2015, the U.S birth rate for 15- to 19-year old girls was the lowest rate ever recorded. B) The U.S. adolescent pregnancy rate is much lower than that in the Netherlands. C) Adolescents in the United States are more sexually active than adolescents in the Netherlands. D) The U.S. adolescent birth rate increased significantly from 2007 to 2009.

In 2015, the U.S birth rate for 15- to 19-year old girls was the lowest rate ever recorded.

Identify a true statement about anorexia nervosa. A) It is about 10 times more likely to occur in females than in males. B) It occurs when an individual consistently follows a binge-and-purge pattern. C) It is difficult to detect as anorexics fall within a normal weight range. D) It begins in late adolescence or early adulthood.

It is about 10 times more likely to occur in females than in males.

Identify a true statement about service learning. A) It becomes ineffective when students are given some degree of choice in the service activities in which they participate. B) It aims at making adolescents more self-centered. C) It is effective when it provides students opportunities to reflect about their participation. D) It limits the amount of time students spend volunteering.

It is effective when it provides students opportunities to reflect about their participation.

________ proposed that around 7 years of age, children enter the concrete operational stage of cognitive development. A) Jean Piaget B) Lawrence Kohlberg C) Albert Bandura D) Erik Erikson

Jean Piaget

Identify a true statement about sexual maturation and weight changes that occur during puberty. A) Growth of facial hair is the first male pubertal characteristic to develop. B) Appearance of hair in the armpits is the first physical change in girls. C) By the end of adolescence, most girls will be taller than boys. D) Marked weight gains coincide with the onset of puberty.

Marked weight gains coincide with the onset of puberty

Which of the following statements about the timing and variations in puberty is true? A) Two boys of the same chronological age will generally complete the pubertal sequence at the same time. B) Menarche is considered within the normal range for girls if it appears between the ages of 9 and 15. C) Genes have little to do with when and how puberty develops. D) Weight of an individual is unrelated to pubertal onset.

Menarche is considered within the normal range for girls if it appears between the ages of 9 and 15.

George wants to ensure that his sons become competent decision makers. Which of the following is a strategy you would suggest for improving their decision making? A) Provide more opportunities for them to engage in role playing and peer group problem solving. B) Encourage the presence of peers in risk-taking situations. C) Supply contexts where substances and other temptations are readily available, testing their willingness to make risky decisions. D) Keep them in a sequestered environment where they will not have to face decision making in real-world contexts.

Provide more opportunities for them to engage in role playing and peer group problem solving.

A cross-cultural comparison of 21 countries done by Sedgh and others (2015) showed that ________ had the lowest adolescent pregnancy rate among 15- to 19-year-olds. A) the United States B) Switzerland C) Japan D) the United Kingdom

Switzerland

Gregory is undergoing pubertal changes. He has started using addictive drugs and has started taking an increasing number of risks. Which of the following neurotransmitters is most likely responsible for these developments? A) glycine B) histamine C) dopamine D) serotonin

dopamine

In the context of pubertal changes, preoccupation with body image is especially acute during A) early adolescence. B) late adolescence. C) young adulthood. D) late adulthood.

early adolescence.

Based on the age of onset, when is anorexia nervosa most likely to begin? A) childhood B) late adulthood C) emerging adulthood D) early to middle adolescent years

early to middle adolescent years

Anorexia nervosa is a(n) A) eating disorder that involves a binge-and-purge sequence on a regular basis. B) anxiety disorder whose chief symptom is an unrealistic fear of food. C) drug-induced reaction that produces tremors and vomiting. D) eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation.

eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation.

According to David Elkind, personal fable and imaginary audience are parts of adolescent A) co-rumination. B) expression. C) egocentrism. D) solipsism.

egocentrism.

For most people, puberty A) is the same as adolescence. B) ends long before adolescence does. C) occurs in a single, sudden event. D) has an easily identifiable beginning and ending.

ends long before adolescence does.

Which of the following hormones is associated with breast, uterine, and skeletal development in girls? A) adrenaline B) estradiol C) somatostatin D) testosterone

estradiol

Penny has been diagnosed with bulimia nervosa. It is most likely that she A) has a positive body image. B) also suffers from anorexia. C) is severely underweight. D) falls within a normal weight range.

falls within a normal weight range.

According to Jean Piaget, around age 11, the fourth stage of cognitive development, the ________ stage, begins. A) concrete operational B) formal operational C) postoperational D) passive operational

formal operational

During the beginning of the ________ stage, when assimilation dominates, an adolescent's thoughts are full of idealism and possibilities. A) formal operational B) preconventional reasoning C) concrete operational D) conventional reasoning

formal operational

In Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the ________ stage is proposed to be the fourth and final stage. A) concrete operational B) passive operational C) preconventional reasoning D) formal operational

formal operational

The abstract quality of thinking during the ________ stage is evident in an adolescent's verbal problem-solving ability. A) passive operational B) concrete operational C) formal operational D) conventional reasoning

formal operational

Which of the following is one of the main characteristics of people suffering from anorexia nervosa? A) precocious puberty in girls B) amenorrhea in girls who have reached puberty C) body weight that falls in the 98th percentile of the BMI scale D) binge eating followed by purging

amenorrhea in girls who have reached puberty

Juanita, a Latino girl, is entering adolescence, and her mother wants to keep her from risky sexual behavior. According to research, her mother should A) engage in a lower level of parental monitoring. B) avoid emphasizing the need for academic excellence. C) foster a close and supportive relationship with Juanita. D) keep Juanita away from adolescent males until she reaches an appropriate age.

foster a close and supportive relationship with Juanita.

Which of the following is a concern related to U.S. high school education? A) high expectations for success B) high standards for learning C) fostering of passivity in students D) too much variety in the pathways students can take

fostering of passivity in students

Which of the following characterizes a person suffering from anorexia nervosa? A) a relentless pursuit of weight gain through binge eating B) a positive image of the body shape C) an intense fear of gaining weight that does not decrease with weight loss D) a high level of self-efficacy

an intense fear of gaining weight that does not decrease with weight loss

Katie weighs less than 85 percent of what is considered normal for her age and height. Yet, she sees herself as too fat and starves to become thinner. Katie most likely suffers from A) anorexia nervosa. B) bulimia nervosa. C) binge eating disorder. D) body dysmorphic disorder.

anorexia nervosa.

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) A) are rarely transmitted through oral sex. B) can be prevented by contraceptive pills or implants. C) rarely occur in U.S. adolescents. D) are contracted primarily through sexual contact.

are contracted primarily through sexual contact.

A number of leading experts on adolescent sexuality conclude that abstinence-only programs A) are less effective at reducing the risk of adolescent pregnancy than sex-education programs. B) prevent adolescent pregnancies better than sex-education programs emphasizing contraceptive knowledge. C) are more effective at reducing the risk of sexually transmitted infections than sex-education programs. D) provide useful knowledge about safe sex to sexually active adolescents.

are less effective at reducing the risk of adolescent pregnancy than sex-education programs.

In the context of reducing adolescent pregnancy, several recent research reviews (Denford & others, 2017; Jaramillo & others, 2017; Santelli & others, 2017) have concluded that abstinenceonly programs A) are more likely to reduce the risk of adolescent pregnancy than sex education. B) are unable to delay the initiation of sexual intercourse. C) reduce human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) behaviors. D) result in an increase in the incidence of sexual intercourse.

are unable to delay the initiation of sexual intercourse.

Unlike anorexics, individuals who have been diagnosed with bulimia nervosa typically A) have a positive body image. B) go on an eating binge and then purge. C) find it easier to restrict food intake. D) lack a fear of becoming overweight.

go on an eating binge and then purge.

According to a study conducted by Glei (1999), in a single act of unprotected sex with an infected partner, a teenage girl has the greatest chance of acquiring A) genital warts. B) genital herpes. C) gonorrhea. D) chlamydia.

gonorrhea.

Which of the following is typically the last male pubertal characteristic to occur? A) the first ejaculation B) voice changes C) increased penis and testicle size D) growth of facial hair

growth of facial hair

Martha is suffering from bulimia nervosa, whereas Jane has been diagnosed with anorexia nervosa. The difference between them is that Martha A) will eventually recover from the disorder. B) is likely to be highly perfectionistic. C) has an eating disorder. D) has her weight within a normal range.

has her weight within a normal range.

According to various research studies, early-maturing girls are more likely to ________ than late-maturing girls. A) have younger friends B) be taller and thinner C) graduate from high school D) have an eating disorder

have an eating disorder

Bill wants to know how he can prevent his adolescent son from becoming a drug addict. You would suggest that Bill A) have family dinners most nights of the week. B) discourage his son from making more friends at school. C) engage in less parental monitoring and control. D) cease to emphasize educational success.

have family dinners most nights of the week.

________ is a hormone associated in boys with genital development, increased height, and deepening of the voice. A) Testosterone B) Estrogen C) Estradiol D) Progestin

Testosterone

Which of the following is a school-related reason for leaving school? A) poor economic condition B) pregnancy C) being expelled D) marriage

being expelled

Dalia tends to go on eating binges and then purges by self-inducing vomiting or using a laxative. Which of the following conditions does Dalia suffer from? A) hypochondria B) anemia C) anorexia nervosa D) bulimia nervosa

bulimia nervosa

Jordan is very afraid of gaining weight, but she cannot control her eating habits. She has been making up for her eating binges by vomiting immediately after a meal or by purging with laxatives. This pattern of behavior has been occurring thrice a week for the past four months. Jordan is most likely suffering from A) anorexia nervosa. B) bulimia nervosa. C) binge eating disorder. D) rumination disorder.

bulimia nervosa.

Identify the similarity between those diagnosed with anorexia nervosa and those suffering from bulimia nervosa. A) They are unconcerned about their weight. B) They are severely underweight. C) They have a distorted body image. D) They maintain a healthy, well-balanced diet.

They have a distorted body image.

According to a study conducted by Glei (1999), in a single act of unprotected sex with an infected partner, a teenage girl is least likely to contract A) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). B) genital herpes. C) genital warts. D) human papillomavirus (HPV).

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

In the formal operational stage, adolescents begin to think more as a scientist thinks, devising plans to solve problems and systematically testing solutions. This type of problem solving requires ________. A) trial-and-error reasoning B) hypothetical-deductive reasoning C) concrete operational reasoning D) preconventional reasoning

hypothetical-deductive reasoning

The ________ is adolescents' belief that others are as interested in them as they themselves are, as well as attention-getting behavior—attempts to be noticed, visible, and "on stage." A) personal fable B) stage fear C) imaginary audience D) collective myth

imaginary audience

Which of the following describes the findings of a U.S. survey of adolescent sleep patterns conducted by the National Sleep Foundation (2006)? A) The majority of adolescents sleep an average of 9 hours and 25 minutes on school nights. B) Those adolescents who got inadequate sleep of 8 hours or less during school nights were more likely to drink caffeinated beverages than their counterparts who got optimal sleep of 9 or more hours. C) Adolescents engage in four electronic activities or sometimes simultaneously use multiple devices after 9 p.m. D) Adolescents who got inadequate sleep were no more likely to be in a depressed mood than those who got adequate sleep.

Those adolescents who got inadequate sleep of 8 hours or less during school nights were more likely to drink caffeinated beverages than their counterparts who got optimal sleep of 9 or more hours.

Which of the following is one of the main characteristics of people suffering from anorexia nervosa? A) higher than average body weight B) higher than average height C) a distorted image of their body shape D) a constant need to consume food

a distorted image of their body shape

Which of the following terms refers to a heightened self-consciousness of adolescents? A) mirror complex B) service learning C) hypothetical-deductive reasoning D) adolescent egocentrism

adolescent egocentrism

Research has shown that infants born to adolescent mothers are more likely to have A) high birth weight. B) Down syndrome. C) childhood illnesses. D) type II diabetes.

childhood illnesses.

Which of the following is an example of a long-acting reversible contraception (LARC)? A) birth control pills B) condoms C) contraceptive implants D) progesterone injections

contraceptive implants

Anorexic people use food as a means of A) control. B) reward. C) punishment. D) gaining popularity.

control.

The ________, where fibers connect the brain's left and right hemispheres, thickens in adolescence, and this improves adolescents' ability to process information. A) amygdala B) corpus callosum C) parietal lobe D) temporal lobe

corpus callosum

The average U.S. high school dropout rates mask some very high dropout rates A) in high-income areas of the suburbs. B) among adolescents in the 13- to 15-year age group. C) among Asian American adolescents. D) in low-income areas of inner cities.

in low-income areas of inner cities.

Ms. Chang is trying to prepare her health class students for the onset of puberty. What should she tell the boys that they are likely to experience first? A) the first ejaculation B) voice changes C) increased penis and testicle size D) growth of facial hair

increased penis and testicle size

Jackie, a 15-year-old girl, has been diagnosed with anorexia nervosa. It is most likely that Jackie A) sets very low standards for herself. B) is not very concerned about how others perceive her. C) is competitive and high-achieving. D) is an African American from a low-income family.

is competitive and high-achieving.

Fourteen-year-old Kent recently received his blood test results. The test results indicate an eighteenfold increase in testosterone levels and a twofold increase in estradiol levels over the past few years. It appears that Kent A) is experiencing normal changes during puberty. B) will be put on hormone therapy to correct the significant imbalances in hormonal levels. C) has abnormal levels of male sex hormones. D) has abnormal levels of female sex hormones.

is experiencing normal changes during puberty.

In contrast to Piaget's views, the development of formal operational thinking A) does not occur during adolescence. B) is promoted by education in the logic of science and mathematics. C) is unaffected by the influence of culture and education. D) is commonly seen among all American adults.

is promoted by education in the logic of science and mathematics.

Bulimia nervosa typically begins in A) late adulthood. B) childhood. C) late adolescence or early adulthood. D) early to mid-adolescence.

late adolescence or early adulthood.

A girl's first menstruation is called ________. A) gonadarche B) spermarche C) menarche D) adrenarche

menarche

In the Berkeley Longitudinal Study some years ago, early-maturing boys perceived themselves ________ than did their late-maturing counterparts. When the late-maturing boys were in their thirties, however, they had developed a ________ than the early-maturing boys had. A) as an anomaly; stronger feeling of inadequacy B) more positively; stronger sense of identity C) as misfits; more negative self-image D) more negatively; deeper sense of regret

more positively; stronger sense of identity

The majority of unintentional injuries in adolescence involve A) motor vehicle accidents. B) firearms. C) homicide. D) sports-related injuries.

motor vehicle accidents.

According to a national survey, ________ boys exercised the most, ________ girls the least. A) Latino; Latina B) African American; non-Latino White C) Latino; African American and Asian D) non-Latino White; African American and Latino

non-Latino White; African American and Latino

Several research studies were conducted by Mary Carskadon and her colleagues on the sleep patterns of U.S. adolescents. They concluded from the studies that A) when given the opportunity, adolescents will sleep an average of 7 hours a night. B) older adolescents tend to be sleepier during the day than younger adolescents. C) early school starting times are conducive to the sleep patterns of older adolescents but not to those of younger adolescents. D) adolescents being sleepy during the day was a result of academic work and social pressures.

older adolescents tend to be sleepier during the day than younger adolescents.

"I know I can handle the car at high speeds much better than others can," says 18-year-old Jake. This reflects the tendency of adolescents to engage in the ________ aspect of adolescent egocentrism. A) personal fable B) collective myth C) imaginary audience D) perspective taking

personal fable

Leila, a 14-year-old girl, feels that nobody understands her, especially her parents and teachers. Leila's feelings reflect the ________ aspect of an adolescent's egocentrism. A) personal fable B) imaginary audience C) self-fulfilling prophecy D) collective myth

personal fable

The ________ is the part of adolescent egocentrism involving a sense of uniqueness and invincibility. A) personal fable B) self-fulfilling prophecy C) imaginary audience D) collective myth

personal fable

Identify a strategy that can help prevent students from dropping out of school. A) enrolling the students only in a community-based education and reducing parental monitoring B) providing early intervention for reading problems, tutoring, counseling, and mentoring C) facilitating and emphasizing peer learning D) using rotation model for the students in high school

providing early intervention for reading problems, tutoring, counseling, and mentoring

Puberty refers to a period of A) declining abstract thought and emotional maturation during late adolescence involving neural and synaptic development in the brain. B) declining gross motor development during late childhood due to the maturation of the temporal and parietal lobes. C) rapid psychological and emotional maturation that lasts through adolescence and is a product of enhanced cognitive development. D) rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes that occur primarily during early adolescence.

rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes that occur primarily during early adolescence.

A study by Paus and others (2007) found that the prefrontal cortex thickened and more brain connections formed when adolescents A) struggled for early independence. B) matured early. C) conformed to the ideal body image. D) resisted peer pressure.

resisted peer pressure.

Adolescent use of alcohol has recently shown a(n) A) insignificant change. B) sizeable decline. C) mild increase. D) significant increase.

sizeable decline.

The Carnegie Council evaluated U.S. middle schools and recommended that A) smaller "communities" or "houses" should be developed to lessen the impersonal nature of large middle schools. B) schools should increase the use of technology, computers, and skills that will be needed in the 21st century. C) schools should add more grade levels to encompass a wider age range to reflect differences in adolescent development. D) middle schools should be integrated with high schools so that younger adolescents can take advantage of having older adolescents as role models.

smaller "communities" or "houses" should be developed to lessen the impersonal nature of large middle schools.

Donna is concerned about her adolescent daughter's tendency to flare-up at the mildest provocations. Donna says that her daughter refuses to see reason sometimes and is unable to exercise much self-control. As a specialist in the development of adolescents, you would tell Donna that her daughter's behavior could partly be explained by the biological reason that A) the prefrontal cortex—involved in reasoning and self-control—has developed fully by early adolescence. B) the corpus callosum, where fibers connect the brain's left and right hemispheres, thickens in adolescence. C) by the end of adolescence, individuals have fewer, less selective, and less effective neuronal connections than they did as children. D) the amygdala—the seat of emotions such as anger—matures earlier than the prefrontal cortex in adolescents.

the amygdala—the seat of emotions such as anger—matures earlier than the prefrontal cortex in adolescents.

Fifteen-year-old Juanita wants to skip school because she is having a bad hair day and is convinced that everybody will notice and think badly of her. Which aspect of adolescent egocentrism is Juanita experiencing? A) the personal fable B) the imaginary audience C) the fight-or-flight response D) the top-dog phenomenon

the imaginary audience

When Diana transitioned from elementary school to middle school, she moved from being one of the oldest, biggest, and most powerful students in the elementary school to being one of the youngest, smallest, and least powerful students in the middle school. This phenomenon is known as the A) blindsight phenomenon. B) top-dog phenomenon. C) domino effect. D) glass-ceiling effect.

top-dog phenomenon.

Since the 1950s, the adolescent suicide rate has A) stayed the same. B) decreased. C) doubled. D) tripled

tripled.

Thirteen-year-old Grace's blood tests indicate that her levels of testosterone are about twice as high as they were a few years ago and that her estradiol levels are about eight times higher than earlier. This indicates that Grace is most likely to A) undergo normal pubertal changes. B) be depressed and show extreme behavior. C) develop abnormal male physical characteristics. D) develop abnormal female physical characteristics.

undergo normal pubertal changes.

Almost half of all deaths from 15 to 24 years of age are due to ________, with the majority of them involving ________. A) a chronic disease; cancer B) suicide; alcohol C) homicide; gang activity D) unintentional injuries; motor vehicle accidents

unintentional injuries; motor vehicle accidents

Identify a characteristic of persons suffering from anorexia nervosa. A) weight below 85 percent of what is considered normal for their age and height B) an intense fear of losing weight that does not decrease with weight gain C) unconcerned about how others perceive them D) consistently follow a binge-and-purge pattern

weight below 85 percent of what is considered normal for their age and height

Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa affect A) men and women equally. B) men more than women. C) women more than men. D) women more than older men but less than younger men.

women more than men.

The mean age at the beginning of the growth spurt in girls is ________. A) 6 B) 14 C) 12 D) 9

9

Which of the following is a dissimilarity between those diagnosed with anorexia nervosa and those suffering from bulimia nervosa? A) Anorexics have difficulty controlling their emotions, but bulimics do not. B) Anorexics fall within a normal weight range, but bulimics are underweight. C) Anorexics have a positive body image, but bulimics do not. D) Anorexics control their weight by restricting food intake, but most bulimics cannot.

Anorexics control their weight by restricting food intake, but most bulimics cannot.

Which of the following is a more accurate vision of adolescence? A) For most individuals, adolescence is a time of evaluation, decision making, commitment, and carving out a place in the world. B) For most individuals, adolescence is a time of rebellion, crisis, pathology, and deviance. C) Most adolescents have a brush with juvenile delinquency. D) Few adolescents contribute positively to their communities and make a successful transition through adolescence.

For most individuals, adolescence is a time of evaluation, decision making, commitment, and carving out a place in the world.

________ are the second leading cause of death in adolescence. A) Motor vehicle accidents B) Suicides C) Homicides D) Chronic diseases

Homicides

________ are powerful chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands and carried through the body by the bloodstream. A) Carbohydrates B) Phospholipids C) Neurotransmitters D) Hormones

Hormones

Which of the following statements is true of the timing of adolescent sexual behavior in the United States? A) Oral sex is a common occurrence among American adolescents. B) African Americans are likely to engage in sexual behaviors later than other ethnic groups. C) Asian Americans are likely to engage in sexual behaviors earlier than other ethnic groups. D) The majority of Americans report having their first sexual intercourse before the age of 10.

Oral sex is a common occurrence among American adolescents.

Which of the following statements is true of pubertal growth spurt? A) The growth spurt occurs approximately 2 years earlier for girls than for boys. B) The mean age at the beginning of the growth spurt in girls is 11. C) The peak rate of pubertal change occurs at 11½ years for boys. D) During their growth spurt, girls increase in height about 4 inches per year.

The growth spurt occurs approximately 2 years earlier for girls than for boys.

Which of the following is most likely to be true of adolescent mothers? A) They interact more effectively with infants than do adult mothers. B) Their daughters are at a decreased risk for teenage childbearing. C) They were not good students before they became pregnant. D) Latina and African American adolescent girls who have a child are less likely to have a second child than are non-Latina White adolescent girls.

They were not good students before they became pregnant.

Recent research revealed that ________ parenting was linked to lower adolescent alcohol consumption and cigarette use. A) authoritarian B) authoritative C) neglectful D) indulgent

authoritative

Lloyd Johnston and his colleagues at the Institute of Social Research at the University of Michigan monitored the drug use of America's high school seniors in a wide range of public and private high schools. They found that the percentage of illicit drug use A) declined in the late 1990s. B) was highest during the early 1990s. C) has been at the same level since 1990. D) increased significantly between 2000 and 2005.

declined in the late 1990s.

In the United States, the average age of menarche has ________ since the mid-nineteenth century. A) increased marginally B) declined significantly C) increased significantly D) not changed

declined significantly

In the last half of the twentieth century and the first several years of the twenty-first century, U.S. high school dropout rates A) increased. B) declined. C) remained unchanged. D) plateaued.

declined.

Most anorexic individuals are young adult females from A) middle- and upper-income families. B) poor and working-class families. C) Asian American and African American families. D) families with low achievement demands.

middle- and upper-income families.

Mary Carskadon and her colleagues' research on adolescent sleep patterns found that A) when given the opportunity, adolescents will sleep an average of 9 hours and 25 minutes a night. B) adolescents' biological clocks undergo a shift as they get older so that older adolescents start to feel sleepy an hour earlier than younger adolescents. C) younger adolescents tend to be sleepier during the day than older adolescents. D) increased sleepiness in adolescents during the day was primarily due to academic work or social pressures.

when given the opportunity, adolescents will sleep an average of 9 hours and 25 minutes a night.