Developmental Psychology - Exam 2

The second Piagetian stage of development is the preoperational stage, which lasts from approximately ___________ years of age. a. 1 to 3 b. 2 to 7 c. 4 to 10 d. 5 to 12

b. 2 to 7

Who among the following is MOST likely to be rejected by peers on the basis of gender roles? a. A little girl in boy's clothing b. A little boy playing with a doll c. A little boy playing with a toy truck d. A little girl carrying a baseball mitt

b. A little boy playing with a doll

In which parenting style do parents show pleasure and support in response to children's constructive behavior? a. Authoritarian b. Authoritative c. Indulgent d. Neglectful

b. Authoritative

Misha has been sent to his room for hitting his baby sister. His mother will come in and talk to him about why he cannot treat his sister this way and about other, more acceptable ways for him to express his anger. Which parenting style does this exemplify? a. Authoritarian b. Authoritative c. Indulgent d. Neglectful

b. Authoritative

A parent who encourages his/her children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions is a(n): a. Authoritarian parent b. Authoritative parent c. Indulgent parent d. Neglectful parent

b. Authoritative parent

Logan is a warm and loving parent, but he also has high expectations of his kids. As he encourages independent and age-appropriate behavior from his children, Baumrind would classify him as a: a. Authoritarian parent b. Authoritative parent c. Indulgent parent d. Neglectful parent

b. Authoritative parent

Bernice was raised by two lesbian mothers, whereas Jessica was raised by a heterosexual couple. According to research, it is MOST likely that: a. Bernice is more popular than Jessica, whereas Jessica is more psychologically adjusted than Bernice b. Bernice and Jessica are the same with regard to popularity and mental health c. Bernice will have a homosexual orientation; Jessica will have a heterosexual orientation d. Both will grow up and marry men, but Bernice is more likely to get divorced

b. Bernice and Jessica are the same with regard to popularity and mental health

Whereas the public and many professionals use the term child abuse to refer to both abuse and neglect, developmentalists increasingly use the term ___________. a. Child neglect b. Child maltreatment c. Child battery d. Child assault

b. Child maltreatment

Which of the following is an important role played by emotions during infancy? a. Cognition b. Communication c. Sensation d. Suckling

b. Communication

Juan and his little sister, Anne, are each given a large cookie. Their mother breaks Anne's cookie into four pieces to help her eat it more easily. Juan immediately begins to cry and says that it is not fair for his sister to get so many cookies when he only has one. Juan is showing a lack of: a. Constancy b. Conservation c. Intuition d. Symbolic function

b. Conservation

According to psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas, a(n) ____________ child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts easily to new experiences. a. Slow-to-warm-up b. Easy c. Difficult d. Inflexible

b. Easy

Betty and Allen's child, Cara, is usually in a pleasant mood. She has a regular routine but can readily adapt to changes. According to Chess and Thomas, Cara would be classified as a(n): a. Passive child b. Easy child c. Slow-to-warm-up child d. Inhibited child

b. Easy child

While talking with his grandmother one the phone, five-year old Danny suddenly exclaims, "Oh, look at that pretty bird"! When his grandmother asks him to describe the bird, Danny says, "Out there, out there! Right there Grandma"! He finally gets frustrated and hangs up. This is an example of: a. Animism b. Egocentrism c. Intuitive thought d. Symbolic function

b. Egocentrism

_______________ especially plays a key role in children's ability to manage the demands and conflicts they face in interacting with others. It is an important component of executive function. a. Moral integrity b. Emotion regulation c. Moral development d. Independence

b. Emotion regulation

Feelings or effects that occur when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him or her, especially to his/her well-being are known as: a. Temperament b. Emotions c. Personality traits d. Feeling states

b. Emotions

When her mother asks Selena why she feels so sad, Selena says it is because her best friend lost her puppy. Selena is exhibiting: a. Guilt b. Empathy c. Correspondence d. Lack of perspective-taking

b. Empathy

______________ is responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the other's feelings. a. Guilt b. Empathy c. Correspondence d. Modeling

b. Empathy

Which of the following BEST exemplifies the difference between how mothers and fathers interact with their children? a. Mothers smile more at their children b. Fathers are more physical with their children c. Mothers express more emotions with their children d. Fathers are less affectionate with their children

b. Fathers are more physical with their children

Six-year-old Shirley, a witness to a robbery, was asked to testify at the trial. The defense argued that her testimony would be invalid because: a. At her age, she has no long-term memories b. Her memories are highly susceptible to suggestion c. She is more likely to embellish her memories d. Children cannot recall details of events sequentially

b. Her memories are highly susceptible to suggestion

Which of the following statements about high-SES parents in the United States and most Western cultures is true? a. Higher-SES parents are more likely to use physical punishment in disciplining their children b. Higher-SES parents are less likely to use physical punishment c. Higher-SES parents are more concerned that their children conform to society's expectations d. Higher-SES parents are more directive and less conversational with their children

b. Higher-SES parents are less likely to use physical punishment

Which parenting style is undemanding and uncontrolling, while also being accepting and responsive? a. Authoritarian b. Indulgent c. Authoritative d. Neglectful

b. Indulgent

Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky considered play be be valuable because: a. It allows children to release tension b. It advances the child's cognitive development c. It helps children satisfy their need for mastery over their environment d. It allows children to interact with their peers

b. It advances the child's cognitive development

Pointing to a tree, young Leo says, "Bird flied away". Leo's interesting but incorrect use of the "-ed" word ending shows that he is trying to learn the ____________ rules of language. a. Phonological b. Morphological c. Pragmatic d. Syntactic

b. Morphological

The Strange Situation is an observational measure of infant attachment developed by Mary Ainsworth. It requires the infant to: a. Crawl through a dark tunnel with his/her mother and a stranger waiting on the other side b. Move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with his/her mother and a stranger c. Experience loud noises in a room with only a stranger present d. Choose between his/her mother and his/her father in a Strange Situation

b. Move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with his/her mother and a stranger

One of the major changes in brain development between the ages of 3 and 15 involves an increase in the speed and efficiency of information traveling through the nervous system. This change is brought about by _____________. a. Centration b. Myelination c. Tropism d. Neurogenesis

b. Myelination

_________ is a process in which nerve cells are covered and insulated with a layer of fat cells. a. Centration b. Myelination c. Tropism d. Neurogenesis

b. Myelination

Which of the following is a factor in increasing the physical activity of preschool children? a. Family members watching sports on TV together b. Parents' perception that it is safe for their children to play outside c. Participating in sedentary outdoor play d. Incorporation of an "observe and learn" activity curriculum

b. Parents' perception that it is safe for their children to play outside

Which of the following would Erik Erikson be MOST likely to recommend about soothing a crying infant? a. Do not soothe the baby, because he/she will be spoiled b. Pick up the baby and soothe him/her so that a healthy sense of trust develops c. Allow the infant to cry because this will encourage the development of a self-sufficient child d. Soothe the baby about every other time, so that he/she does not become dependent on external comforters

b. Pick up the baby and soothe him/her so that a healthy sense of trust develops

In 1965, the federal government began an effort to break the cycle of poverty and poor education for young children in the United States through: a. Maria Montessori Program b. Emancipation Undertaking c. Reggio Emilia Project d. Project Head Start

d. Project Head Start

According to Freud, the moral element of the personality is called the ____________. a. Id b. Superid c. Ego d. Superego

d. Superego

__________ attention is focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or other aspect of the environment. a. Salient b. Relevant c. Executive d. Sustained

d. Sustained

"Easy, "difficult", and "slow-to-warm-up" are three basic types of __________ identified by psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas. a. Trust b. Emotion c. Attachment d. Temperament

d. Temperament

Zone of proximal development (ZPD) is Vygotsky's term for: a. A young adult's cognitive development achieved through interaction with children b. The variety of work that a child can do with ease at a particular stage of cognitive development c. How the environment and a child's genetically programmed learning ability interact during a critical period d. The range of tasks too difficult for a child to master alone but that can be learned with help from adults

d. The range of tasks too difficult for a child to master alone but that can be learned with help from adults

Children exposed to tobacco smoke in the home are more likely to develop _____________ than are children in homes where no one smokes. a. Tuberculosis b. Emphysema and hacking cough c. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease d. Wheezing and asthma

d. Wheezing and asthma

According to Erik Erikson, the psychosocial stage that characterizes early childhood is: a. Initiative versus guilt b. Autonomy versus shame and doubt c. Industry versus inferiority d. Trust versus mistrust

a. Initiative versus guilt

In short-term memory, individuals retain information for up to _________ if there is no rehearsal of the information. a. 30 seconds b. 15 minutes c. 5 hours d. 2 days

a. 30 seconds

Which of the following is true of children in divorced families? a. A majority of children in divorced families do not have significant adjustment problems b. Divorces inevitably impair children's ability to adapt to difficulties in their lives c. Competent children cannot be raised in single-parent families d. Children in divorced families are no more likely than children in nondivorced families to have academic problems

a. A majority of children in divorced families do not have significant adjustment problems

"My computer doesn't like me--it keeps eating my pictures", says 3-year old Kimberly. This is an example of: a. Animsim b. Intuitive thinking c. Conservation d. Egocentrism

a. Animism

Which parenting style is demanding and controlling, while also being rejected and unresponsive? a. Authoritarian b. Indulgent c. Authoritative d. Neglectful

a. Authoritarian

Working-class and low-income families are more likely to practice a(n) _______________ parenting style. a. Authoritarian b. Egalitarian c. Permissive indulgent d. Permissive ignoring

a. Authoritarian

A parent who uses a restrictive, punitive style to control the behavior of their children is a(n): a. Authoritarian parent b. Authoritative parent c. Indulgent parent d. Neglectful parent

a. Authoritarian parent

Lucy frequently spanks her child, enforces rigid household rules, and exhibits rage toward her child when those rules are broken. Lucy is most likely a(n) ______________. a. Authoritarian parent b. Authoritative parent c. Indulgent parent d. Neglectful parent

a. Authoritarian parent

When asked to describe his parenting style, Juan stated, "In my house, my word is the law". Juan is probably a(n): a. Authoritarian parent b. Authoritative parent c. Indulgent parent d. Neglectful parent

a. Authoritarian parent

Which of the following statements regarding parental smoking is true? a. Children are at risk for health problems when they live in homes in which a parent smokes b. Most children and adolescents in the United States are exposed to tobacco smoke in the home c. Children exposed to tobacco smoke in the home are no more likely to develop asthma than children in nonsmoking homes d. Parental smoking is the leading cause for death in young children in the United States

a. Children are at risk for health problems when they live in homes in which a parent smokes

Girls are more likely to engage in "_____________", in which they talk and act in a more reciprocal manner. a. Collaborative discourse b. Rough-and-tumble play c. Ego displays d. Dominating play

a. Collaborative discourse

In general, conservation involves the ability to understand that changes in physical arrangement: a. Do not change an object's basic properties b. Affect an object's inherent features c. Determine the total volume needed for a given task d. Must be considered before the characteristics of an object can be determined

a. Do not change an object's basic properties

Piaget's preoperational stage is so named because he believed that children at this age: a. Do not yet perform reversible mental actions b. Cannot yet form stable concepts c. Are unable to reason d. Cannot operate electronic devices like TVs

a. Do not yet perform reversible mental actions

The children of ___________ parents are better at soothing themselves when they get upset, more effective in regulating their negative effect, focus their attention better, and have fewer behavior problems than the children of emotion-dismissing parents. a. Emotion-coaching b. Emotion-facilitator c. Emotion-encouraging d. Emotion-independent

a. Emotion-coaching

The primary social theories of gender include all of the following EXCEPT: a. Evolutionary psychology view b. Social role theory c. Psychoanalytic theory d. Social cognitive theory

a. Evolutionary psychology view

By the end of early childhood, girls have more ________ tissue than boys. a. Fatty b. Muscle c. Epithelial d. Nervous

a. Fatty

Nakita is 6 months old, and she has a tendency to cry when strangers come near her. Sheh is displaying one of a baby's earliest emotions, ____________. a. Fear b. Embarrassment c. Jealousy d. Pride

a. Fear

Fred and Wayne are 4-year-olds and friends. When they are together, they often wrestle, run, race, and push, and shove each other. Although their level of activity often aggravates their parents, we know that these activities will: a. Help the boys develop gross motor skills b. Stop when their brains become better myelinated c. Be temporary as they will not be friends for long d. Help the boys overcome narcolepsy

a. Help the boys develop gross motor skills

Jerome Kagan's classification of temperament focuses on: a. Inhibition to the unfamiliar b. Positive or negative mood state c. Effortful control d. (Hyper) activity level

a. Inhibition to the unfamiliar

According to Jerome Kagan, temperament: a. Is the result of inherited physiological characteristics; however, temperament can be modified to some degree by the environment b. Is the result of inherited physiological characteristics and cannot be modified by the environment c. Is minimally influenced by inherited physiological characteristics but is primarily the result of environmental input d. Results completely from environmental factors such as parenting styles

a. Is the result of inherited physiological characteristics; however temperament can be modified to some degree by the environment

Which of the following is a characteristic of reciprocal socialization? a. It is bidirectional b. It is asynchronous c. It is nontransactional d. It is harmful to infants

a. It is bidirectional

Gross motor skills are to fine motor skills as _________ is to ___________. a. Jumping; writing b. Running; swimming c. Laughing; shouting d. Hopping; walking

a. Jumping; writing

What types of behaviors in caregivers create a sense of shame and doubt in children? a. Overprotectiveness and criticism b. Neglectfulness and indifference c. Enmeshment and fear d. Patience and tolerance

a. Overprotectiveness and criticism

According to Erikson, ______________ are keys to establishing a basic trust in infants. a. Physical comfort and sensitive care b. Feeding and physical comfort c. Contact comfort and feeding d. Oral satisfaction and physical comfort

a. Physical comfort and sensitive care

According to Piaget, in the _________ stage, the young child's cognitive world is dominated by egocentrism and magical beliefs. a. Preoperational b. Sensorimotor c. Concrete operational d. Formal operational

a. Preoperational

Sets of expectations that prescribe how females and males should think, act, and feel are know as gender: a. Roles b. Identities c. Expectancies d. Rules

a. Roles

Television continues to have a strong influence on children's development, but children's use of other media and information/communication devices has led to the use of the term ________________, which includes how much time individuals spend watching television programs and DVDs, using computers, playing video games, and using mobile media such as iPhones. a. Screen time b. Media time c. Leisure time d. Social media

a. Screen time

In the Strange Situation, Quentin cries mildly when his caregiver departs. However, he is happy upon reunion, and then, continues to explore once the caregiver has returned. He would be classified as __________. a. Securely attached b. Insecure disorganized c. Insecure resistant d. Insecure avoidant

a. Securely attached

What is the term used to describe "reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation? a. Social referencing b. Deferred imitation c. Infinite generativity d. Reciprocal socialization

a. Social referencing

Jerome Kagan stresses that ____________ is more important in a child's social competence than the attachment theorists, such as Bowlby and Ainsworth, are willing to acknowledge. a. The child's genetic aspect of temperament b. The quality of parenting c. Security of attachment to a primary caregiver d. Diversity of social contexts in which the child participates

a. The child's genetic aspect of temperament

In moving from Piaget to Vygotsky, the conceptual shift is one from: a. The individual to collaboration b. Collaboration to sociocultural activity c. Construction to discovery d. Socializing to operational thought

a. The individual to collaboration

Which of the following is true about Head Start programs? a. They provide pre-school services for low-income families b. They focus on children of a particular ethnic origin c. They have negative effect on young children's language development d. They are funded by the private corporate sector

a. They provide pre-school services for low-income families

When adults are working with young children, they often provide a lot of hints, assistance, instructions, and other support to help the children succeed. As the children demonstrate they can do more for themselves, the adults begin to withdraw these supports. This shows the adults' involvement in the children's: a. Zone of proximal development b. Development of conservational abilities c. Enhancement of intuitive reasoning d. Process of centration

a. Zone of proximal development

When one-month-old Mai is sleeping, it often looks like she is smiling. This is an example of a ____________ smile. a. Private b. Reflexive c. Natural d. Social

b. Reflexive

A police officer visits Timothy and Evelyn's class to discuss safety rules. To attract the children's attention, the officer brings colorful balloons and lots of jars of bubbles for the children to blow. Later, Timothy tells his parents all about the safety rules the officer discussed. Timothy obviously paid attention to what was _____________. a. Salient b. Relevant c. Habituated d Superfluous

b. Relevant

A mother hands her baby a rattle, saying, "Here you are." she then gently takes the rattle away, smiling and saying, "Thank you". She does this repeatedly, letting the baby keep the rattle for several seconds each time and encouraging the baby to offer the rattle. Eventually, the baby takes the rattle, holds it for a few seconds, and then holds it out to her mother and smiles. This is an example of: a. Sociability b. Scaffolding c. Emotionality d. Biology

b. Scaffolding

A __________ is a cognitive structure, a network of associations that guide an individual's perceptions a. Format b. Schema c. Subset d. System

b. Schema

Developmental psychologists would describe Jennifer as an "emotion-dismissing" parent to her son. Which of the following types of behavior is Jennifer MOST likely to engage in? a. She praises her son when he performs a task well b. She ignores her child when he cries c. She engages in more scaffolding with her son d. She acknowledges her child's emotions

b. She ignores her child when he cries

Vygotsky believed that children construct knowledge through: a. Self-discovery b. Social interaction c. Reorganization of existing knowledge d. Transforming previous knowledge

b. Social interaction

In the second year of life, infants tend to "check" with their mother before they act; they look at her to see if she is happy, angry, or fearful. This is an example of ____________. a. Infinite generativity b. Social referencing c. Deferred imitation d. Reciprocal socialization

b. Social referencing

Three-month-old Zoey looks up at her mother and smiles. Researchers call this type of smiling: a. Trust smiling b. Social smiling c. Reflexive smiling d. Attachment smiling

b. Social smiling

______________ involves individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding. a. Attachment b. Temperament c. Perception d. Social referencing

b. Temperament

Children between the ages of 3 and 12 usually prefer to play in groups that are made up of: a. Mixed ages b. The same sex as theirs c. Both boys and girls d. Children from their own socioeconomic status

b. The same sex as theirs

Experts on infant socioemotional development, such as Jerome Kagan, conclude that ___________ makes it unlikely that emotions which require thought can be experienced in the first year. a. Lack of innate emotions in the infant brain b. The structural immaturity of the infant brain c. Incomplete myelination in the first two months d. Lack of reciprocity of emotional expressions

b. The structural immaturity of the infant brain

Which of the following is an effective way of handling a child's misbehavior, according to most child psychologists? a. Mild spanking, calculated not to hurt the child b. Time out, in which the child is removed from a setting that offers positive reinforcement c. Shouting at the child just enough to get the point across d. Instilling rigid household rules and meting out severe corporal punishment if those rules are broken

b. Time out, in which the child is removed from a setting that offers positive reinforcement

In which of the following situation will 9-month-old Lucy show the LEAST stranger anxiety? a. When she meets an unsmiling stranger at her home b. When she meets another 9-month-old baby at her home c. When she meets a passive stranger in an unfamiliar place d. When she meets an aggressive stranger in an unfamiliar place

b. When she meets another 9-month-old baby at her home

In their longitudinal investigation, Chess and Thomas found that ________ percent of the children they studied could be classified as easy. a. 25 b. 30 c. 40 d. 55

c. 40

What does a child get from peers that he/she typically cannot get from siblings? a. A same-sex friend b. A chance to share intimate feelings c. An idea of how the child compares with other children the same age d. A view of what the world looks like from another person's perspective

c. An idea of how the child compares with other children the same age

Which parenting style is demanding and controlling, while also being accepting and responsive? a. Authoritarian b. Indulgent c. Authoritative d. Neglectful

c. Authoritative

Erik Erikson describes the second stage of personality development as the stage of ___________ versus shame and doubt. a. Curiosity b. Dependence c. Autonomy d. Fear

c. Autonomy

In Piaget's theory, failing the conservation-of-liquid task demonstrates: a. That the child is at the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development b. That the child is unable to think fluidly c. Centration d. Rational thought

c. Centration

What is the significant finding of Harlow's experiments on monkeys reared by surrogate mothers? a. Contact comfort is not the crucial element in the attachment process b. Feeding is the crucial element in the attachment process c. Contact comfort is the crucial element in the attachment process d. Feeding and contact comfort are equally important in the attachment process

c. Contact comfort is the crucial element in the attachment process

Separation protest is characterized by: a. Rejoicing when the caregiver returns b. Crying when the caregiver shouts c. Crying when the caregiver leaves d. Indifference to the whereabouts of the caregiver

c. Crying when the caregiver leaves

According to psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas, a(n) ____________ child reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and slow to accept change. a. Slow-to-warm-up b. Easy c. Difficult d.. Flexible

c. Difficult

The inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's perspective is known as ___________. a. Animism b. Empathy c. Egocentrism d. Symbolism

c. Egocentrism

__________ parents interact with their children in a less rejecting manner, use more scaffolding and praise, and are more nurturant than are emotion-dismissing parents. a. Emotion-dismissing b. Emotion-facilitator c. Emotion-coaching d. Emotion-encouraging

c. Emotion-coaching

Barbara monitors her children's emotions, views their negative emotions as opportunities for teaching, and assists her children in labeling their emotions. She is an: a. Emotion-facilitator parent b. Emotion-supportive parent c. Emotion-coaching parent d. Emotion-encouraging parent

c. Emotion-coaching parent

Marjorie chooses to deny, ignore, or change the negative emotions of her children. She is an: a. Emotion-coaching parent b. Emotion-criticizing parent c. Emotion-dismissing parent d. Emotion-blind parent

c. Emotion-dismissing parent

Researchers have found that in children from 3 to 6 years of age, the most rapid growth takes place in the __________ lobe areas of the brain. a. Temporal b. Parietal c. Frontal d. Occipital

c. Frontal

_________ refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with. a. Social referencing b. Secure attachment c. Goodness of fit d. Reciprocal socialization

c. Goodness of fit

When 4- and 5-year olds scramble over jungle gyms and race their friends, they are demonstrating their: a. Cognitive skills b. Fine harboring skills c. Gross motor skills d. Reflective skills

c. Gross motor skills

According to many developmental psychologists, soothing a crying infant should: a. Dissuade the infant from engaging reciprocal socialization b. Cause the infant to become insecurely attached to the caregiver c. Help the infant develop a secure attachment to the caregiver d. Encourage the infant to engage in scaffolding

c. Help the infant develop a secure attachment to the caregiver

According to Baumrind, a parent who is highly involved with his/her children but places few demands or controls on them is displaying a _____________ parenting style. a. Authoritarian b. Authoritative c. Indulgent d. Neglectful

c. Indulgent

Josh's mother makes his favorite food--burgers, fries, and pizza--every night for dinner. His mother lets Josh play as much as he wants to, study only when he feels like it, and imposes no fixed bedtime. Josh's mom is most likely a(n): a. Authoritarian parent b. Authoritative parent c. Indulgent parent d. Neglectful parent

c. Indulgent parent

Which of the following is true of the characteristics of sibling relationships as described by Judy Dunn? a. There is no observable variation in sibling relationships b. Most siblings report not really knowing each other very well c. There is considerable variation in sibling relationships d. Most children have predominantly negative feelings toward their siblings

c. There is considerable variation in sibling relationships

Infants show ___________ when they are in familiar settings. a. More stranger anxiety b. No separation protest c. Less stranger anxiety d. More separation protest

c. Less stranger anxiety

The theory of ____________ refers to awareness of one's own mental processes and the mental processes of others. a. Self-awareness b. Recognition c. Mind d. Consciousness

c. Mind

The ability to discern another's inner psychological state is known as: a. Correspondence b. Congruence c. Perspective taking d. Nurturance

c. Perspective taking

Which of the following plays a key role in planning and organizing new actions and maintaining attention to tasks? a. Amygdala b. Hippocampus c. Prefrontal cortex d. Cerebellum

c. Prefrontal cortex

In the ______________ stage, children begin to represent the world with words, images and drawings. a. Concrete operational b. Sensorimotor c. Preoperational d. Formal operational

c. Preoperational

Using rehearsal, we can keep information in short-term memory for a much longer period. In this context, rehearsal means: a. Preparing for a memory-span test b. Doing mental exercises daily to keep the mind sharp c. Repeating information after it has been represented d. Taking regular memory-span tests

c. Repeating information after it has been represented

Which of the following refers to teachers' adjustment of their level of support and guidance to the level of skill of the student? a. Accommodation b. Regulation c. Scaffolding d. Assimilation

c. Scaffolding

Diego is in the Strange Situation with his caregiver, he explores the room and examines the toys that have been placed in it. He uses the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the room. He would be classified as __________. a. Insecure resistant b. Insecure avoidant c. Securely attached d. Insecure disorganized

c. Securely attached

Mariposa is in the Strange Situation; she moves freely away from her mother but keeps track of where she is through periodic glances. She would most likely be classified as _____________. a. Insecurely attached b. Extremely inhibited c. Securely attached d. Difficult

c. Securely attached

During early childhood, on average, girls are _________ than boys. a. Much lighter b. More fair c. Slightly smaller d. Considerably taller

c. Slightly smaller

Sakura isn't a particularly active child, and he tends to be wary of new situations and people. Although he doesn't cry, he dislikes dealing with novel situations. According to Thomas & Chess, he would be classified as: a. Easy child b. Difficult child c. Slow-to-warm-up child d. Slow child

c. Slow-to-warm-up child

Quimby, age 15, looks to her mother to see if she should be afraid of the stranger who has come to her home. Quimby relaxes when she sees her mother smiling and speaking to the stranger in a calm voice. Quimby is engaging in: a. Social checking b. Social scoping c. Social referencing d. Social validation

c. Social referencing

The development of ________ helps infants interpret ambiguous situations more accurately, as when they encounter a stranger. a. Infinite generativity b. Deferred imitation c. Social referencing d. Reciprocal socialization

c. Social referencing

According the Freud, infants become attached to the person or object: a. That is perceived to a non-stranger b. That provides physical comfort c. That provides oral satisfaction d. That provides a sense of trust

c. That provides oral satisfaction

A toddler is likely to learn something in the zone of proximal development (ZPD) if: a. The toddler has mastered all the skills necessary b. Parents or teachers do not interfere c. The task is more difficult than the child can do alone d. The toddler uses no help from a parent or teacher

c. The task is more difficult than the child can do alone

Who among the following 5-year olds is MOST likely to be the tallest? a. Timothy, White boy, urban, middle-socioeconomic-status, and later-born b. Tina, White girl, urban, middle-socioeconomic-status, and first born c. Tyrone, African American boy, urban, middle-socioeconomic-status, and firstborn d. Tucker, African American boy, rural, lower-socioeconomic-status, and later-born

c. Tyrone, African American boy, urban, middle-socioeconomic-status, and firstborn

Which of the following are nerve fibers that carry signals away from the cell body? a. Neurotransmitters b. Synapses c. Dendrites d. Axons

d. Axons

Toby is 3 years old. His parents are concerned because he is always running and jumping around. He cannot seem to sit still. Even when watching his favorite movie on TV, he fidgets and wiggles. It is especially frustrating to his parents when Toby does not sit still through dinner. Which of the following should Toby's parents do? a. Have him tested for attention deficit disorder b. Start him on a behavior modification system c. Provide structured, cognitively challenging activities for Toby to develop his attention span d. Be assured that his behavior is normal for his age

d. Be assured that his behavior is normal for his age

Especially in infancy, emotions play important roles in: a. Independence b. Reciprocal socialization c. Sensation d. Behavioral organization

d. Behavioral organization

Tom and Katie have recently split up, but for the benefit of their child they attempt to provide one another support in jointly raising their child. This is an example of: a. Joint parenting b. Cooperative parenting c. Collaborative parenting d. Coparenting

d. Coparenting

A number of researchers have shown that a(n) _________________, which includes diminished parenting skills, occurs in the year following the divorce. a. Centration b. Restabilization c. Equilibrium d. Disequilibrium

d. Disequilibrium

Which of the following statements about emotions is FALSE? a. Emotions are the first language with which parents and infants communicate b. Social relationships provide the setting for the development of a rich variety of emotions c. Biological evolution has endowed human beings to be emotional d. Embeddedness in relationships prevents diversity in emotional experiences

d. Embeddedness in relationships prevents diversity in emotional experiences

What have been found to be the two most important contributors to height differences among children worldwide? a. Nationality and culture b. Education and exercise c. Prenatal care and emotional challenges d. Ethnic origin and nutrition

d. Ethnic origin and nutrition

Feelings of anxiety and guilt are central to the account of moral development provided by _________ theory. a. vygotsky's sociocultural cognitive b. Piaget's cognitive development c. Erikson's psychosocial d. Freud's psychoanalytic

d. Freud's psychoanalytic

Jeremy is a securely attached infant; Jason is classified as an insecure infant. Which of the following statements about later functioning for these children is TRUE? a. There will be no differences in their social functioning by age 8 b. Jeremy is more likely than Jason to have learning difficulty in elementary school c. Jeremy is likely to be more shy and withdrawn than Jason d. Jeremy is more likely than Jason to have high self-confidence

d. Jeremy is more likely than Jason to have high self-confidence

According to Baumrind, a parent who is very uninvolved in a child's life, showing neither responsiveness nor control, is displaying a ___________ parenting style. a. Authoritarian b. Authoritative c. Indulgent d. Neglectful

d. Neglectful

Which parenting style is undemanding and uncontrolling, but is also rejecting, and unresponsive? a. Authoritarian b. Indulgent c. Authoritative d. Neglectful

d. Neglectful

Which of the following statements is NOT true of crying? a. It is the most important mechanism newborns have for communicating with their world b. The first cry verifies that the baby's lungs have filled with air c. It provides information about the health of the newborn's central nervous system d. Newborns respond with positive facial expressions when they hear other newborns cry

d. Newborns respond with positive facial expressions when they hear other newborns cry

When experimenters ask children to judge whether two complex pictures are the same, preschool children tend to use a haphazard comparison strategy, not examining all of the details before making a judgement, exhibiting a lack of: a. Conservation b. Attention to the salient c. Centration d. Planfulness

d. Planfulness

Patricia, 6, loves to decorate books by drawing pictures and putting in words to describe them. Her ideas are balanced now. She has started to analyze and understand things. However, she is egocentric and holds what her parents describe as "magical beliefs". Patricia is in Piaget's _________ stage of development. a. Sensorimotor b. Concrete operational c. Formal operational d. Preoperational

d. Preoperational

Vygotsky argued that __________ represents an early transition toward becoming more socially communicative. a. Mindstream b. Inner speech c. Lisping d. Private speech

d. Private speech