DEVIANT FINAL

A Sequential Model of Medicalization

1) Defining Behavior as Normatively Deviant 2) Proposing a Medical Definition 3) Claimsmaking: Diagnostic, Motivational & Prognostic Framing 4) Gaining Acceptance of the Medical Definition 5) Institutionalizing the Medical Definition

After reading this article you should be able to: 1. Provide an example of a heroic deviant, identify how such deviants "were treated... in their own day," how this differs from what occurred "later," and what such deviants "are at the leading front of" (p. 640) 2. Identify what is "rarely considered in the sociological literature" on deviance and what "Criminology has been even less willing to consider" (p. 640) 3. Explain how deviant behavior is generally understood and observed by sociologists, and why the authors suggest this focus "results in an incomplete understanding of what crime and deviance represent within a larger sociological context" (p. 641) 4. Explain the authors' application of the constructionist perspective of deviance to the behaviors of heroic deviants 5. Define and describe heroic deviance (p. 644) and explain how the concept is related to the typology of deviance provided by Heckert and Heckert (p. 646)

1.Heroic deviants include icons of the Civil Rights movement like Rosa Parks, Malcolm X, and Martin Luther King Jr., who were treated as outcasts by the estab- lished structures of social control in their own day, only later to be vindicated by justice and history. Other societies and historical epochs are full of similar people ranging from Gandhi to Margaret Sanger, Phoolan Devi to Sophie Scholl, Chico Mendes to Harvey Milk, and from Frank Serpico to John Brown. Often, such deviant actions are at the leading front of social change that is later celebrated as heroic. Indeed, the activist, the civil disobedient, the whistle- blower, the rebel, the heretic, or the freedom fighter can be seen as both deviant and ''heroic,'' given the social context of their actions. 2. The selfless acts of individuals who challenge unjust laws and resist oppressive norms. How law-breaking may represent a social good or source of beneficial social change. 3. The tendency to conflate examples of morally repugnant activities with morally neutral activities results in an incomplete understanding of what crime and deviance represent within a larger sociological context. 4. Particularly how the label deviant may be applied to the heroes' behaviors in their respective social context. 5. Nonconformity that increases justice, decreases suffering, or violates oppressive rules with the intent of changing normative contexts

The Scientific Turn & Social Control An Evidence-based Approach to Social Control

An attempt to explain why people engage in deviant behavior Theory > Hypothesis > Observe > Analyze

Biological Intervention as Social Control

Assumption that physical changes can change peoples behavior

Psychological Intervention as Social Control

Assumptions that there are psychological explanations to deviant behavior, control or change peoples behavior

The Socio-Political Landscape: Stratification & Social Control

Attribution Theory- The way we respond to a behavior shapes the way we respond to social control Dominant Groups- External Attributions, Social Change & Rehabilitation Subordinate Groups: Internal Attributions & Retribution Selective Enforcement- Subjective decisions on how they are going to force the law Pacification Strategies- respond to concerns of dominant groups Inequality, Social Conflict & Social Change- When there is inequality that conflict becomes the social change, as people speak out

Deviant Identities

Bases of stigma Physical abnormalities blemishes of individual character

Social Control Sanctions

deliberate effects to reproduce or prevent certain behaviors

The Normative Perspective

deviance occur when someone violates the norm of a group

Definitions of Deviance The Statistical Perspective

identifying the deviance outside of norms, average of deviance, stats of deviant behavior

The Medicalization of Deviance

in the 1700's people turned to people who were studying and analyzing the world increased power and prestige of medial profession increased interaction within technology- problems can be solved with technology

Moral Entrepreneurship

individuals and groups that force rules and regulations and efforts and actions to establish change norms

Coercive Behavior Change

is an act or a pattern of acts of assault, threats, humiliation and intimidation or other abuse that is used to harm, punish, or frighten their victim.

The Social Construction of Deviance

it is defined strictly by what a particular society defines as normal. What is deviant in one society is not necessarily deviant in another

Categorizing and Controlling Deviant Behavior: Common Processes Stigmatization

label that carries a negative way of character

Rate Busting

negatively appraised over conformity

Assimilative Behavior Change

occurs when a newcomer absorbs the cultural norms, values, beliefs, and behavior patterns of the "host" society.

Positive Deviance

over conformity that is responded to in a conformity fashion and is positively valued

Interactional

own communication abilities ability to clearly express the kind of help they need and explore other alternatives rely on individuals social relations and institutions in community

Surveillance

people watching over, people who know they are being watched, might not act deviant

Normalization

process of which behaviors are deviant become to be accepted

Medicalization

processes of medicine

Deviant Behavior and Social Advocacy Deviant Behavior as Social Advocacy

refers to active, intentional efforts for social change

Changing Behavior

refers to events that suddenly emerge. These events do not conform to rules or laws but instead are shaped based on the issue at hand

Rationalization

refers to the replacement of traditions, values, and emotions as motivators for behavior in society with rational, calculated ones.

Negative Deviance

refers to under conformity or nonconformity that is negatively evaluated

Demonization

some groups behavior as evil

The Absolutist Perspective

specific behavior that is always deviant

Routinization

the clear, rule-governed procedures used repeatedly for decision making

Socialization

through interacting with people, the deviant behavior can be controlled

Key Elements in the Normalization of Deviance Socialization

through the interaction of groups of people individuals find their deviant behavior normal from the groups they become apart of

Adaptational

to accept one self and breakaway from deviant behavior to readopt society's norms and values and be accepted in society

Deviance Admiration

under conformity or nonconformity that is favorably assessed may not be acceptable to normatively society but is to a certain group

Criminalization

violation of the law

Intervention

well organized program, set of practices to change behavior

Deviance: The Functionalist Perspective

• Central Assumptions: "Deviance... o ...Affirms Social Norms o ...Promotes Solidarity o ...Increases Conformity o ...Enables Social Adaptation & Change

Common Forms of Stigma Management Passing

Covering up, presenting oneself as non deviant concealing stigma and characteristics

Culture of Social Control in the Contemporary U.S. The Disciplinary Society The Prison State The Medicalization of Society'

D- constituently regulated to rules, laws of society P- Massive incarceration, we incarcerate individuals M- we have become a medicalized society, we are diagnosed and turn to medicine to fix behaviors

A Conflict Approach

Defining Civil Disobedience and Disorder as negative Deviance Controlling the means and ignoring the desired ends

Civil Disobedience Civil Disorder

Deliberate or intentional refusal to obey by a law, rules, regulation Disturbance of a community, society can't go on

Social Learning Theory (Ronald Akers 1998)

Differential Association- ppl who they associate with Definitions- desire behaviors Differential Reinforcement- acceptable behaviors, positive reinforcement from peers Imitation- more likely to imitate positive reinforcement

Forms of Stigma Discredited (known) Discreditable (unknown)

Discredited- Communicated, directly observable Discreditable-Concealed, hidden

Avowing

Embrace and accept deviant identity, convinces others that is not negative

Establishing Enforcement

Enforcement Agencies- Organizations that make laws or have been given power to investigate breaches of law (police) Enforcement Officials- Government employee who have responsibility for the prevention, investigation, apprehension, or detention of individuals suspected or convicted of offenses against the criminal laws

Deviant Subcultures

Explanations for Deviant Subcultural Membership: Membership and the Ability to: • Develop Achieved Identities • Obtain a Valued Status • Achieve Culturally Defined Goals • Respond to Cultural Contradictions • Manage Stigmatized Identities • Challenge the Status Quo

Labeling Theory (Howard Becker 1963)

How society acts upon the individual or deviant people Primary Deviance- Engaged in deviant behavior but not consider themselves deviant Labeling- Called out or labeled deviant Stigma- Associate a negative attribute against one's character Secondary Deviance- Accepts the deviant behavior

Contextualizing Norms Injunctive Norms Descriptive Norms

I- Perceptions of which behaviors are accepted/rejected by society D- People's perceptions of how people actually behave in given situations, regardless of whether the behavior is approved or disapproved of by others

Problematizing Deviant Behavior & Enacting Social Change Elements of Social Problems

Identify problems as social problems The Objective Element- measure, identify, observe it/homelessness, eating disorders The Subjective Element- Belief that a particular social condition is harmful to society or to a segment of society and that the condition should and can be changed

The Socio-Political Landscape: Multiculturalism & Cultural Conflict Cultural Trends in the 21st Century

Immigration- Mass migrations create multiculturalism societies Multiculturalism societies- Multi cultures blending together Secularization- Process of which religion declines in social significant Religious Fundamentalism- Religious norms in society Rationalization- Scientific explanations of facts that are true Individualism- People have the right to control their own lives/ shift faith away from religion Cohort Change- Changes from one religion to the next Conservatism- Strong commitment to long standing values, norms, traditions

Perspectives of Justice State-Level Control

Justice- Morally right and fair treatment Retribution- Punishment for punishment sake/pay for deviant behavior- eye for an eye Deterrence- supports punishments, punishments should serve as a social control, consequences for others to see Incapacitation- Actions or responses that prevent the individual from committing future crimes because he is removed from society and locked up or restrained somehow Rehabilitation- Attempt to reform an individuals behavior, motivation, interaction, promote to enable them to commit deviant behavior

Cultural Trends & The Social Construction of Deviance Moral Entrepreneurship The Normalization of Deviance

M- Competing over what is accepted N- these competing religions are effecting deviance

Marginalized Groups & Social Control Subjective Definitions of Deviance Selective Enforcement

M- Groups that are disadvantaged in society/beliefs an norms are diminished S- Depends on the context of deviance/controlled by the dominant culture S- Choose who is controlled by social control, specific attempts to exercise laws, rules on individuals(Marginalized Groups)

Social Forces and Social Control Culture

Mechanical Solidarity- Bound together by culture, shared beliefs, values, norms, customs, languages Socialization- One generation to the next are passed on Multiculturalism- People from different backgrounds, cultures, coming together, living together, and working together Cultural Conflict- Fight for power and jobs Social Power- Groups fight for power Individualism- Modern society looks towards the individual to make chooses/play by the rules, be the best you can be Punitive Control- focus on punishment, penalized for behavior, people are accountable for their behavior

The Technological Landscape

New Behaviors- Changing likelihood New Means- Factors that change Emergent Technologies of Control- Use scientific knowledge to control deviant behavior New Tools for Moral Entrepreneurship

A Typology of Deviance: A Normative & Relativist Approach (Heckert & Heckert: D2L-4)

Normative or objectivists- focus on the violation of norms(behavior the violates normative rules) Relativist or subjective- focus on the dynamics of the reaction of the social audience/ deviance is in the eye of the holder

The Normalization of Deviance

Process of which behaviors are deviant become to be accepted

The 'Culture of Control' & Social Constructions of Deviance: A Cultural Toolkit for the 21st Century A Rule-making Framework A Criminal-Legal Framework A Medical Framework A Sociological Framework

R- Formally establishing rules, polices, to define deviance C- Changing the laws themselves to define whats deviant M- Biological or psychological informality that defines deviant behavior S- Social explanations for deviance

Transitions

School enrollment Employment Marriage Parenthood

Science

Scientific Developments- Provided foundations for a means of controlling a means of behavior Technologies of Control- Solutions to deviant behavior, drug testing The Medicalization of Deviance- the behavior is defined as culturally, socially deviant Diagnoses as Social Control- labeled or defined as deviant, solutions to overcome deviant behavior

Seeking Similar Others

Seeking out others who engage in the same deviant behavior or are accepting of it

Culture and Social Control Cultural Types Locus of Self-Control

Shame Culture- feelings of humiliation that result in an individuals awareness of the disappointment, dissatisfaction that other people based on our behavior Externalized Control- based on the outside of our culture, judgments of others Guilt Culture- Personal feelings of dissatisfaction of oneself when individual's behavior is deviant by ones own value Internalized Control- an individuals broken or deviated their own expectations, values, beliefs

Social Power & Inequality Definitions of Deviance & Social Control Institutional Power Dominant Culture

Social Power- Power or ability to define what is deviant and power to say how social control is going to be carried out Institutional Power- Power exercised by social institutions that have the legitimate right to excersie social control Dominant Culture- Exists in multicultural environments and refers to the culture where beliefs, values, norms, structure society

Theoretical Perspectives on Civil Disobedience and Disorder A Functionalist Approach

Societal Adaptation and Change If there is enough people violating those rules, civil disorder, society has to adapt to those changes

Life Course Perspectives of Deviance Key Themes: Trajectories

Subcultural involvement and the development of adult responsibilities, interests, bodies and identities. While recognizing the significance of individually distinct life trajectories

The Socio-political Landscape Stratification & Social Power

The Commercialization of Social Control & The 'Culture of Control'- To make money or profit Stratification & Social Power- Access to control the situation, and define deviant behavior, how we will respond to it Multiculturalism & Cultural Conflict- Fighting for social power and status

Problematizing Social Control & Enacting Social Change: Current Areas of Emphasis in the U.S.

The Disciplinary Society- live our lives from one disciplinary society to another The Prison State- criminals put in prisons The Medicalization of Society- medicalize society, behaviors, and actions

(Re)Defining Deviance in the 21st Century Deviance in the 21st Century: Some Areas of Interest The Social Problems Marketplace & Moral Entrepreneurship

The Social Problems Marketplace & Moral Entrepreneurship Inherited Concerns- legitimacy, history Emergent Concerns- new concerns, new deviance

The Socio-Political Landscape: Stratification & Social Power

The Social Threat Hypothesis (Re)Defining Deviance Exercising Social Control Producing Latent Outcomes

Rulemaking

The process undertaken by an administrative agency when formally adopting a new regulation or amending an old one.

Developmental

The study of the lifelong, often age-related, processes of change in the physical, cognitive, moral, emotional, and social domains of functioning

Social Control Theory (Travis Hirschi 1969)

Theory of delinquency that links deviance with the absence of bonds to society's main institutions Attachment- People attached to and strong attachments to institutions, schools, friends, family norms obey by society's norms and rules Commitment- More ppl that put the strong effort into committing acceptable behavior, norms, of making money legally, goals, and less likely to be deviant Involvement- The more involved in conventional life the less deviant you will be, b/c less time to participate in deviant behavior Belief- Our behavior is controlled by our attachments and commitments and involvements in society that less likely to engage in deviant behavior

Turning Points

Traumatic event Formal social sanctions Intervention

Normalizing

What they do is perfectly fine and acceptable and seek similar others

Strain Theory (Robert K. Merton 1938)

When people accept cultural goals but don't have the means to achieve them MODES OF ADAPTION Conformity-Accept the means of society Innovation- Accept the goals, but reject the means/stealing, gambling, prostitution Ritualism- Accept legitimate means, reject goals Retreatism- rejects goals, legitimacy Rebellion- Occurs when new means occur to achieve new goals

Claimsmaking

accept the norm, argue, convince the people of that moral order

Broken Windows Theory (Wilson & Kelling 1982)

Behaviors that are seen by others and then perceived as acceptable/ suggest collective efficacy doesn't exist

The Economy

Bureaucratic Control- Characterized by formalizing spaces, procedures, rules, policies, that enforce these "The Disciplinary Society"- Society where individuals are bounded with rules,regulations, policies, and how the individual chooses these actions to be deviant or less deviant The Commercialization of Social Control- Profit driven for social control shaped my medicalization and normalizing by saying a normal behavior is a disorder but really just want money

Deviance: The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective

Central Assumptions: Deviance is Relative (subjectively defined) is learned is a Result of Social Interaction

Deviance: The Conflict Perspective

Central Assumptions: Deviance is Defined by Powerful Groups in Society to Protect & Promote the Interests of Powerful Groups

The Social Problems Process

Claimsmaking The Diagnostic Frame (Grounds)- Identify the nature of the problem,stats, info The Motivational Frame (Warrants)- Explain why action needs to be taken The Prognostic Frame (Conclusions)- When social movements state a clear solution and a means of implementation Policymaking- some identifying deviant behavior, successful in committing others to spend time on it Social Problems Work- involves interpolating the policy, to eliminate the behavior

After reading this article you should be able to: 1. Describe changes in child abuse reporting laws that began in the 1960s 2. Identify the change in reported child abuse cases from 1963 to 1993, and explain what this change led "Many people [to] ask" (p. 40) 3. Explain why the authors suggests high rates of unsubstantiated reports are harmful 4. Identify what the "desire to 'do something' about child abuse" has been "fanned by" (p. 43)

1. All states have passed laws that require designated professionals to report specified types of child maltreatment 2. There were about 3 million reports of children suspected of being abused or neglected. Twenty fold increase since 1963. People ask whether this vast increase in reporting signals a rise in the incidence of child maltreatment. 3. Children in real danger are getting lost in the press of inappropriate cases. Child protective agencies are less able to respond promptly and effectively when children are in serious danger. 4.By repeated and often sensational media coverage, has led to an understandable but counterproductive overreaction on the part of professionals and citizens who report suspected child abuse.

After reading this article you should be able to: 1. Identify some of the environmental factors suggested by the CDC to affect (un)healthy consumer practices 2. Identify how the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) defines child neglect and explain how this definition has been applied to child obesity in various states 3. Explain what happens "as children get older," what the "courts [have] failed to consider" in the cases discussed in the article, and what, in result, "courts have conclusively decided" (p. 118) 4. Describe the "contrasting scenario" provided on pp. 120-121 and explain what the author seeks to demonstrate by providing this scenario2

1. Availability of sugary drinks and less healthy food options at school, advertising of less healthy foods, variation in licensure regulations among care centers, lack of daily physical activity in all schools, safe and appealing place to play or be active, limited access to healthy affordable foods, television and media sources 2. Any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker, which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation, or an act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm. 3. Our schools deserve notable attention and are partly to blame, considering children costume anywhere from a third to more than their total daily calories at school 4. A fourteen year old daughter suffers from anorexia nervosa and the father tries to get her to eat more but refuses. The father isn't family with the condition and is unaware of any treatments for it. The father should look into whats wrong with his daughter and get her help so she doesn't die or have health problems.

After reading this article you should be able to: 1. Explain the author's differentiation between cyber-crime and cyber-misbehavior, and provide some examples of 'cyber-misbehavior' 2. Explain what the author means when he suggests "it may be more accurate to describe the 'maturing' and 'transmutation' rather than transformation of misbehavior" through the Internet (p. 449) 3. Explain the author's findings regarding the following: Disconnectedness Risk Ease of misbehaving Perceived consequences Moral code 4. Identify what, in conclusion, the author reports finding "a striking congruence between" (p. 462), and what the "study points to the need to temper and curtail" (p. 463)

1. Ciber crime- In particular the role of the Internet in perpetuating and transforming existent crimes such as fraud, pedophilia, identity theft, money laundering, sexual harassment, and hate speech These "computer-focused crimes" include the spreading of virus- ware and other malicious code, hacking, Web site defacement and denial of service, the misappropriation of virtual money, online violence, and harassment Cyber-misbehavior- We are therefore con- cerned with behaviors that are quasi legal and do not constitute serious criminal acts but nevertheless constitute nonconformance to a given set of norms that are accepted by a sig- nificant number of people in society. There are a number of studies that have examined such misbehavior in offline, "real-life" contexts. For example, Fullerton and Punj (1997) high- lighted consumer misbehavior as "behavioral acts which violate the generally accepted norms of conduct in consumption situations" (p. 1239) and encompass activities ranging from jumping queues to verbal abuse of shop staff. Similarly, Vardi and Weiner (1996) defined organizational misbehavior in the workplace as "any intentional action that violates core organisational and/or societal norms" (p. 151), citing intrapersonal misbehaviors such as substance abuse while working or production misbehavior such as absenteeism. Although a coherent literature on the occurrence of such misbehavior in online contexts has not been established, a number of different terms and concepts have occurred throughout academic writing on new media that relate to such dishonest, disruptive, or deviant online activities and actions as opposed to more serious instances of cyber-crime. 2. Thus, the point has been made by some commentators that the Internet is perhaps more likely to extenuate existing behaviors rather than prompt novel behaviors— with online miscreants more often than not merely succumbing to "electronic opportunism" to engage in misbehavior 3. Disconnectedness- that the Internet was felt to give them, most notably the sense of anonymity when online. These responses focused on the "security of being hidden behind a computer screen" Risk- Internet was seen as a risk-free environment, carrying no risk of punition for one's actions. Some respondents celebrated the lack of surveillance or monitoring of their online actions: "There is no form of policing", not responsible for ones actions Ease of misbehaving- Seen to stem from a number of features inherent to the Internet. Most notably, the abundance of material available online was argued to facilitate people's deviant behavior, especially information for university assignments and digitized music and film. As some respondents reasoned simply, "There's more stuff on there" and, it followed, "much more chances" to misappropriate material. Respondents' online misbehavior was therefore often reported to be based on prag-matic but prosaic issues of convenience. Perceived consequences- range of positive consequences of engaging in Internet-based misbehavior were raised, from the monetary savings to be made, "It's a 460 Social Science Computer Review lot cheaper than having to buy music" (Female, 19, very competent), to the enjoyable nature of misbehaving and the thrill of feeling "like you're getting away with it!!" (Female, 18, fairly competent). The benefits to self of online misbehavior were therefore powerful motivating factors for these individuals. As one respondent reasoned virtuously, he would misbehave online only "if I felt I had to, or for personal gain" (Male, 19, very competent). Within this set of responses, a perceived lack of consequences to others was also raised as reason to engage (or at least to not avoid engaging) in some instances of online misbe- havior, especially the downloading of copyrighted material where "large organisations don't need the money" (Male, 23, fairly competent) and "you feel as though you are not really harming anybody" (Male, 18, fairly competent). These responses conveyed a sense of diminished sense of culpability for their actions, with respondents describing their actions as mild transgressions: "What you are doing doesn't seem that bad in the grand scheme of things" (Female, 18, very competent), "there are such worse crimes being done over the Internet that should be being traced!" (Female, 18, very competent). There was therefore a feeling among some respondents that acts such as downloading copyrighted material or plagiarizing information were mass activities that carried negligible conse- quences to others and therefore did not constitute personal deviance. As one respondent reasoned, "As more and more people are using the Internet illegally [i.e., Limewire, etc.], I feel that the consequences of my actions are almost insignificant. So I feel no pressure in doing whatever everybody else is doing using the Internet for" Moral code- From the offline world, which involved a degree of what would be considered "deviant" behavior in an offline context 4. Respondents' self-reported levels of the misbehaviors covered in the survey followed notably similar patterns. This suggests that online mis- behavior closely replicates and reinforces existing misbehavior rather than necessarily con- stituting a transformed or new set of actions. Thus, the Internet may certainly be providing our respondents with more opportunities for misbehavior and deviance, but it appears to be primarily giving individuals the opportunity to misbehave in ways in which they already do offline The more alarmist aspects of the present debates over online deviance and cyber-crime cur- rently found in public and professional arenas. Thus, there are a number of vested interests that have a responsibility to appropriately react to the realities of everyday Internet use— including corporations, IT firms, governments, and even technologists.

After reading this article you should be able to: 1.Describe "the prison-industrial complex" and explain how this complex relates to immigrant detention 2. Describe "the new penology" and explain its proposed effect on immigration policy and immigration law enforcement 3. Explain what the authors mean when they suggest that the criminalization of immigration is a pacification strategy1

1. Increasing power and influence of this often for-profit system has developed while the rates of violent crimes have decreased. In response to the need to create more "consumers," the phenomenon of over-incarceration has expanded to include undocumented immigrants and other non-residents currently residing within U.S. borders (Furman, Ackerman, Loya, Jones & Negi, 2012; Simon, 1998). Similarly, the criminalizing of this nation's immigrants has played a prominent role in how the immigrant "problem" has been created and handled (Furman, Negi, & Cisneros-Howard, 2008). These factors have lead to the problematization of undocumented immigration. As part of this problematization, various in-power groups have created erroneous links between immigration and crime 2. Defined as the management, surveillance and control of specific groups of people (Feeley & Simon, 1992). In this regard, it is not the goal of the system to punish or rehabilitate, rather, it is about identifying and managing recalcitrant groups. The result of this shift is the use of statistical averages and aggregations to determine fixed sentences. Many sentencing schemes are now based on guidelines that use offense severity and prior criminal history to decide sentencing ranges Describe three major transformations that accompanied the shift from old penology to new penology: the language of clinical diagnosis has been replaced by the language of probability and risk; the goal of reducing recidivism is abandoned for an increasingly efficient system of control; and the strategy of targeting individuals has been replaced by a focus on aggregate populations of offenders. The techniques used by practitioners have changed to accommodate these new objectives. 3. It is through the extension of the security discourse to the "problem" of immigration that the criminalization of immigration becomes a powerful strategy of pacification. By positioning the immigrant as a dangerous other, citizens can shift their focus from structural causes of the countries economic crisis to problem of undocumented immigrants. The problematizing discourse positions the undocumented immigrant, perhaps the least powerful person in society, as a near omniscient other capable of damaging the very fabric of the American way of being.

After reading this selection from Pfohl's textbook you should be able to: 1. Explain what the author means when he suggests "The story of deviance and social control is a battle story" (p. 3): 2. Be sure to identify what the "Winners obtain," and what the "Losers are trapped within" and "subjected to" (p 3) 3. Explain the author's observations and line of questioning with regard to the following types of deviance: Gang-related deviance (p. 4) Drug use (p. 5) 4. Summarize the author's primary claim in the concluding paragraph

1. It is a story of the battle to control the ways people think, feel, and behave. 2. Winners obtain the privilege of organizing social life as they see fit. Losers are trapped within the vision of others, and subjected to an array of current social control practices. 3. Gang related deviance has been the focal point for media stories and for social control policies. Unlike gangs of elite deviants, inner city youths have little or no real access to dominant institutions in which contemporary power is concentrated. Drug use- The controlled substances like coke and heroin are harmful but even legal drugs are even more dangerous. 4. Labeled Deviants are viewed as such because they threaten the control of people who have enough power to shape the way society imagines the boundary between good and bad, normal and pathological, acceptable and deviant.

After reading this article you should be able to: 1. Explain why the therapeutic and criminal approaches to substance use are suggested to be "seemingly contradictory" (p. 170) 2. Identify what drug courts "leverage," what they seek to "achieve... and alter" (p. 171), and the procedures they rely on to achieve these goals 3. Explain how "Drug court activities expand the boundaries of dominant criminal justice practice" (p. 172) 4. Explain what drug court advocates mean when they refer to their work as "enlightened coercion" 5. Identify what drug courts seek to accomplish, "Rather than punishing a specific criminal act that has happened in the past" (as with traditional courts) (p. 174) 6. Explain what the authors mean when they observe that drug courts rely on "judicial, rather than medical, oversight of drug offenders" (p. 178)

1. One calling for treatment and the other punishment 2. Through a combination of judicial supervision, treatment, drug testing, incentives, sanctions and case management 3. Defining drug use as a criminal and medical and behavioral problem amenable to court monitored therapeutic interventions and traditional criminal justice sanctions 4. they draw on what proponents call the psychopharmacological science or the neuroscience of addiction 5. Focused on curing a specific condition, that of addiction and affecting future action 6. There work is focused on punishment model but also helps the criminal with rehab and it combines punishment and health

After reading this article you should be able to: 1.Describe what the authors suggest "could be the single most important factor in distinguishing between who is and who is not deviant" (p. 255) 2. Explain what "Researchers recognize religiosity as" and what the authors then note "It is possible" to assume (p. 257) 3. Identify cultural consequences of modernization and rationalization, paying particular attention to their effects on religiosity 4. Explain the relationship between science and tolerance proposed by Hawdon (2005) 5. Explain why it is assumed that "those who subscribe to individualism should... be more tolerant of deviance" (p. 260) 6. Identify the two main hypotheses and identify the data used to test these hypotheses 7. Identify whether the hypotheses were supported by the authors' analyses 8. Explain why the authors suggest their findings "may have implications for the understanding of deviance culturally and historically" (p. 267)

1. That attitudes toward deviant behavior could be the single most important factor in distinguishing between who is and who is not deviant. 2. As a ''protective factor'' that constrains deviant behavior. It is possible that other cultural traditions also exert or reduce controls over individuals' behaviors and attitudes. 3. The processes of modernization and rationalization radically alter the worldviews, normative systems, social structures, and institutions of the societies that experience them. One notable change is the increasing dominance of science as a means of explaining the world. As ''truth'' becomes increas- ingly based on secular, rationalized reason (Habermas 1984b; Weber [1922] 1964), the universal religions that once monopolized human understanding retreat to private conviction 4. Science promotes tolerance because, as it replaces religion as the central means of under- standing the world, competing validity claims emerge with no universally accepted normative guidelines to judge their ''truth''. Moreover, science teaches us to be critical of social traditions as rationalism replaces once unquestioned understandings of the world. ''According to science, we should not simply accept tradition as 'true.' Instead, we must critically examine it 5.More likely to be nonconforming and embrace the differences that make them unique from others. Assuming their glorification of dif- ference extends to people other than themselves 6. (1) the more an individual adopts a scientific worldview, the more tolerant of deviance the individual will be, and (2) the more one adopts the ideology of individualism, the more tolerant of deviance the individual will be. 7. This study led to the hypotheses that the adoption of a secular worldview and valuing indi- vidualism increase an individual's tolerance of deviance. 8. We know that rates of deviance vary across both time and space

After reading this chapter you should be able to: 1. Explain what the author means when he notes that schools engage in bodily regulation 2. Summarize the primary observations in the following sections: "Acting Like a Young Lady: Race and Perceptions of Femininity" (pp. 176-178) "Symbolizing Opposition: Rae, Masculinity, and Style" (pp. 178-181) "Self-Discipline and Benign Resistance" (pp. 181-183) "Impacts of Disciplinary Control" (pp. 183-185) 3. Explain what the author means when he suggests that "Adult-student conflict over school standards of dress and behavior... may reflect a mixture of misunderstandings, as well as a dynamic of control and resistance" (p. 172)

1. They have dress codes, hidden curriculum, monitor kids bodily movements, in ways schools produce students who not only learn specific subject matter but also learn how to embody raced, class, and gendered realities. 2. So to teach young black ladies how to sit, speak appropriately. Teachers saw masculine behavior in young black girls and let them do that and it ended up being inequality in the classroom. Bodily display had a major influence on how educators viewed and treated latino boys. Some students felt they were being treated unfair. If students interpret the school as strict and uncaring, they could use clothing and behavior in ways that purposely oppose authority.

After reading this article you should be able to: 1. Explain what the authors mean when they suggest that U.S. psychologists' views on same-sex attraction have "tended to reflect whatever prevailing legal and cultural view of same-sex sexuality is circulating at the time" and what is perpetuated as a result (p. 221) 2.(1) Summarize each of the following master narratives of same-sex attraction, (2) identify how each 'script' was influenced by the cultural and historical context in which it emerged, and (3) identify how the psychological community treated people with same-sex attraction as a result: o The 'sickness' script o The 'species' script o The 'subject' script

1. They seek to theories the relationship between psychology and politics, with the hope that the analysis will inspire greater reflexivity among scientists, as well better appreciation for the role of historical time in the study of mind, behavior and human development. It is perpetuated a status quo of inequality for some groups relative to others. 2. Sickness Script- Came from a medical model in Europe and the US psychologist relied on a sickness narrative for interperatiion, that homosexuality was a mental illness. They criminalized and stigmatized homosexuality. Species Script- One that identified homosexuality as a normative form of human diversity and a representation of the spectrum of sexual desire. The narrative of same-sex desire began to shift from one of character or psy- chopathology to a minority identity. This discursive shift was consistent with the aims of the gay and lesbian civil rights movement, which fought for equal rights and protections on the basis of a minority identity, irrespective of the stance towards assimilation that frequently divided organisations in the movement. Psychology cut itself off from capturing the full range of sexual desire and, thus, the very empirical reality of desire as it is lived and embodied Subject Script- This shift towards concerns with power, discourse and identity inspired the 'queer theory' movement that emerged in the humanities in the 1990s.First, queer theory 'denaturalizes' concepts of gender and sexuality identity by assuming that the very idea of fixed, timeless, natural gender and sexual categories represent a modernist myth. Second, queer theory assumes that the forms, meanings and social formations associated with sexual behaviour are culturally and historically contingent. Third, 'identity and subject positions are fluid, dynamic, and multiply determined' (p. 252), which calls into question the ontological basis of the categories 'gay' and 'lesbian'. Fourth, the idea of gender and sexual identity binaries is linked to a particular (and peculiar) 'Western epistemology and discourse'; these binaries 'structure processes of self-construction and social and politi- cal engagement' (p. 253). Fifth, cultural and scientific discourse and social movements that attempt to legitimise gay and lesbian identities (e.g. through procurement of civil rights on the basis of constituting a 'protected class') 'reinscribe normative taxonomic structures that can only operate through the articulation of an excluded other' (p. 253). Finally, 'queer . . . signifies an open, multiperspectival, and fluid . . . conceptual space from which to contest . . . a heteronormative and heterosexist social order' (p. 253).For the few researchers within the discipline who have been open to hearing these voices, and hence gaining access to subjectivity as it is lived and embodied in personal narrative construction, a new set of ideas about sexual identity has been generated. The anomalous nature of much of these data suggests movement towards a new paradigm of understanding sexual orientation and identity

The State

Grant the state to regulate our lives/social contract The Criminalization of Deviance- Behavior was criminal behavior Legitimized Formal Control- give the state or other to imprison us/legitimize us to control our behavior Panopticism- organizing a prison in which prisoner are in a circle and being watched/self gov't or self control on the conception of being observed and surveyed Direct Control- Occurs when we control our own behavior of being punished

Covering (by others)

Passing made possible by others