Diabetes

A client with diabetes is receiving an oral anti diabetic agent that acts to help the tissues use available insulin more efficiently. Which of the following agents would the nurse expect to administer?

Metformin

A client with a tentative diagnosis of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNS) has a history of type 2 diabetes that is being controlled with an oral diabetic agent, tolazamide. Which laboratory test is the most important for confirming this disorder?

Serum osmolarity

The pancreas continues to release a small amount of basal insulin overnight, while a person is sleeping. The nurse knows that if the body needs more sugar:

The pancreatic hormone glucagon will stimulate the liver to release stored glucose.

The nurse is discussing macrovascular complications of diabetes with a client. The nurse would address what topic during this dialogue?

The fact that clients with diabetes have an elevated risk of myocardial infarction

A 15-year-old child is brought to the emergency department with symptoms of hyperglycemia. Based on the fact that the child's pancreatic beta cells are being destroyed, the client would be diagnosed with what type of diabetes?

Type 1 diabetes

A diabetic educator is discussing "sick day rules" with a newly diagnosed type 1 diabetic. The educator is aware that the client will require further teaching when the client states what?

"I will not take my insulin on the days when I am sick, but I will certainly check my blood sugar every 2 hours."

A client with type 1 diabetes has a highly elevated glycosylated hemoglobin (Hb) test result. In discussing the result with the client, the nurse is most accurate in stating:

"It tells us about your sugar control for the last 3 months."

A nurse is preparing a continuous insulin infusion for a child with diabetic ketoacidosis and a blood glucose level of 800 mg/dl. Which solution is the most appropriate at the beginning of therapy?

100 units of regular insulin in normal saline solution

A nurse is teaching a client with diabetes mellitus about self-management of his condition. The nurse should instruct the client to administer 1 unit of insulin for every:

15 g of carbohydrates.

A nurse is caring for a client with type 1 diabetes who exhibits confusion, light-headedness, and aberrant behavior. The client is conscious. The nurse should first administer:

15 to 20 g of a fast-acting carbohydrate such as orange juice.

A client presents to the clinic reporting symptoms that suggest diabetes. What criteria would support checking blood levels for the diagnosis of diabetes?

Fasting plasma glucose greater than or equal to 126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L)

A client with diabetes mellitus develops sinusitis and otitis media accompanied by a temperature of 100.8° F (38.2° C). What effect do these findings have on his need for insulin?

They increase the need for insulin.

What is the duration of regular insulin?

4 to 6 hours

A client with type 1 diabetes presents with a decreased level of consciousness and a fingerstick glucose level of 39 mg/dl. His family reports that he has been skipping meals in an effort to lose weight. Which nursing intervention is most appropriate?

Administering 1 ampule of 50% dextrose solution, per physician's order

A child is brought into the emergency department with vomiting, drowsiness, and blowing respirations. The father reports that the symptoms have been progressing throughout the day. The nurse suspects diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Which action should the nurse take first in the management of DKA?

Begin fluid replacements.

A client is admitted with hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNS). Which laboratory finding should the nurse expect in this client?

Blood glucose level 1,100 mg/dl

Which clinical manifestation of type 2 diabetes occurs if glucose levels are very high?

Blurred vision

A nurse educates a group of clients with diabetes mellitus on the prevention of diabetic nephropathy. Which of the following suggestions would be most important?

Control blood glucose levels.

An obese Hispanic client, age 65, is diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Which statement about diabetes mellitus is true?

Diabetes mellitus is more common in Hispanics and Blacks than in Whites.

Which of the following is a characteristic of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)? Select all that apply.

Elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine Rapid onset More common in type 1 diabetes

An older adult client with type 2 diabetes is brought to the emergency department by his daughter. The client is found to have a blood glucose level of 600 mg/dL (33.3 mmol/L). The client's daughter reports that the client recently had a gastrointestinal virus and has been confused for the last 3 hours. The diagnosis of hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome (HHS) is made. What nursing action would be a priority?

Fluid and electrolyte replacement

Which assessment finding is most important in determining nursing care for a client with diabetes mellitus?

Fruity breath

Which of the following insulins are used for basal dosage?

Glargine (Lantus)

Which is the best nursing explanation for the symptom of polyuria in a client with diabetes mellitus?

High sugar pulls fluid into the bloodstream, which results in more urine production.

When the nurse is caring for a patient with type 1 diabetes, what clinical manifestation would be a priority to closely monitor?

Hypoglycemia

Which combination of adverse effects should a nurse monitor for when administering IV insulin to a client with diabetic ketoacidosis?

Hypokalemia and hypoglycemia

The nurse is preparing to administer intermediate-acting insulin to a patient with diabetes. Which insulin will the nurse administer?

NPH

A nurse is providing education to a client who is newly diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. What are classic symptoms associated with diabetes?

increased thirst, hunger, and urination

NPH is an example of which type of insulin?

intermediate acting

A client has been brought to the emergency department by paramedics after being found unconscious. The client's Medic Alert bracelet indicates that the client has type 1 diabetes and the client's blood glucose is 22 mg/dL (1.2 mmol/L). The nurse should anticipate what intervention?

IV administration of 50% dextrose in water

The nurse is educating the client with diabetes on setting up a sick plan to manage blood glucose control during times of minor illness such as influenza. Which is the most important teaching item to include?

Increase frequency of glucose self-monitoring.

The client who is managing diabetes through diet and insulin control asks the nurse why exercise is important. Which is the best response by the nurse to support adding exercise to the daily routine?

Increases ability for glucose to get into the cell and lowers blood sugar

The nurse is preparing a presentation for a group of adults at a local community center about diabetes. Which of the following would the nurse include as associated with type 2 diabetes?

Insulin production insufficient

A nurse expects to find which signs and symptoms in a client experiencing hypoglycemia?

Nervousness, diaphoresis, and confusion

The nurse is administering an insulin drip to a patient in ketoacidosis. What insulin does the nurse know is the only one that can be used intravenously?

Regular

What is the only insulin that can be given intravenously?

Regular

Laboratory studies indicate a client's blood glucose level is 185 mg/dl. Two hours have passed since the client ate breakfast. Which test would yield the most conclusive diagnostic information about the client's glucose use?

Serum glycosylated hemoglobin (Hb A1c)

A client with type 2 diabetes normally achieves adequate glycemic control through diet and exercise. Upon being admitted to the hospital for a cholecystectomy, however, the client has required insulin injections on two occasions. The nurse would identify what likely cause for this short-term change in treatment?

Stress has likely caused an increase in the client's blood sugar levels.

A client with type 1 diabetes has told the nurse that his most recent urine test for ketones was positive. What is the nurse's most plausible conclusion based on this assessment finding?

The client's insulin levels are inadequate.

A nurse is providing dietary instructions to a client with hypoglycemia. To control hypoglycemic episodes, the nurse should recommend:

consuming a low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet and avoiding fasting.