Diet Therapy
Which of the following statements about vitamin A's role in vision is true? a. Total blindness is caused by lack of vitamin A in the retina. b. In night blindness, the retina does not receive enough retinoic acid to regenerate the visual pigments bleached by light. c. Blindness due to vitamin A deficiency is known as keratinization. d. Night blindness is caused by a lack of vitamin A at the back of the eye.
d. Night blindness is caused by a lack of vitamin A at the back of the eye.
Which of the following statements regarding phosphorus is false? a. Dietary deficiencies of phosphorus are unlikely in the U.S. b. Phosphorus is the second most abundant mineral in the body. c. Phosphorus is part of DNA and RNA and is therefore necessary for all growth. d. None of these choices. e. Phosphorus assists in energy metabolism.
d. None of these choices.
Which of the following statements about fat-soluble vitamins is false? a. Fat-soluble vitamins require bile for their digestion and absorption. b. Fat-soluble vitamins travel through the lymphatic system within chylomicrons before entering the bloodstream. c. Excesses of fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the liver and adipose tissue. d. The risk of toxicity from fat-soluble vitamins is less than it is for water-soluble vitamins.
d. The risk of toxicity from fat-soluble vitamins is less than it is for water-soluble vitamins.
Which of the following statements regarding fat-soluble vitamin interaction is false? a. In vitamin E deficiency, vitamin A absorption and storage are impaired. b. Vitamin E protects vitamin A from oxidation. c. Vitamin E interferes with vitamin K activity d. Vitamins A, D, and E play important roles in bone growth and remodeling.
d. Vitamins A, D, and E play important roles in bone growth and remodeling.
Which of the following statements regarding vitamins is false? a. The amounts of vitamins required daily for people is much smaller than the amount of carbohydrate, fat, and protein needed. b. All of these choices are false. c. Vitamins do not yield usable energy when broken down like carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. d. Vitamins are similar to carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in that carbon molecules are linked together for their formation
d. Vitamins are similar to carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in that carbon molecules are linked together for their formation
Vitamin C can be found in many organs of the body. Which organ contains more vitamin C than any other organ in the body? a. liver b. heart c. spleen d. adrenal glands e. pancreas
d. adrenal glands
Proteins needing vitamin K's assistance have been associated with which of the following bodily roles? a. atherosclerotic plaques b. bone turnover c. blood clots d. all of these choices
d. all of these choices
The ________ is covered by layers of epithelial cells. a. skin b. linings of the eyelids c. linings of the mouth d. all of these choices e. linings of the bladder
d. all of these choices
Which of the following conditions may precipitate fluid and electrolyte imbalances resulting in a medical emergency? a. traumatic wounds b. burns c. heavy sweating d. all of these choices e. prolonged vomiting
d. all of these choices
Which of the following factors may limit vitamin D synthesis? a. tall buildings b. time of day c. sunscreen d. all of these choices e. season of the year
d. all of these choices
Which of the following people should not take high doses of vitamin C? a. those with a tendency toward gout b. those with kidney disease c. those with iron overload d. all of these choices e. people taking anticlotting medications
d. all of these choices
The body receives sulfate from the amino acids methionine and ________ . a. lysine b. tryptophan c. arginine d. cysteine e. alanine
d. cysteine
Which of the following is not a symptom of hyponatremia? a. seizures b. headache c. coma d. exhaustion e. confusion
d. exhaustion
The iron-storage protein ________ captures iron from food and stores it in the cells of the small intestine. a. myoglobin b. transferrin c. hemoglobin d. ferritin
d. ferritin
Scientists have identified oxidative stress as a causative factor in the development of all of the following diseases, except: a. cataracts b. cancer c. diabetes d. gout e. arthritis
d. gout
Which of the following is a role of sodium? a. assists with muscle relaxation. b. helps block nerve impulse transmissions c. none of these choices d. helps maintain the acid-base balance in body e. primary regulator of intracellular fluid volume
d. helps maintain the acid-base balance in body
The fluid found between each cell is called ________ fluid. a. intracellular b. extracellular c. intravascular d. interstitial
d. interstitial
Which organ is central to the regulation of blood volume and blood pressure? a. heart b. small intestine c. none of these choices d. kidneys e. bladder
d. kidneys
Once synthesized, vitamin K is absorbed and stored in the ________ . a. gall bladder b. red blood cells c. brain d. liver e. bones
d. liver
Vitamin E is recognized for its many protective actions against chronic diseases. While toxicity is rare with vitamin E, the ________ carefully regulates body concentrations. a. stomach b. pancreas c. small intestine d. liver e. gall bladder
d. liver
Which of the following is a non-milk source of calcium? a. whole wheat bread b. spaghetti and almonds c. oysters d. oysters and almonds e. almonds f. spaghetti g. oysters and whole wheat bread
d. oysters and almonds
Along with vitamin E, ________ is a key antioxidant nutrient. a. magnesium b. niacin c. riboflavin d. vitamin C e. phosphorus
d. vitamin C
The Upper Level (UL) of sodium set for adults in the U.S. is ________ mg per day. a. 3000 b. none of these choices c. 1500 d. 1000 e. 2300
e. 2300
Iron can switch back and forth between two ionic states. As a result, it can serve the body in which of the following ways? a. Iron forms a part of the electron carriers that participate in the electron transport chain. b. Iron is required by enzymes involved in making hormones and neurotransmitters. c. Iron helps accept, carry, and then release oxygen. d. Iron can serve as a cofactor to enzymes involved in oxidation-reduction reactions. e. All of these choices.
e. All of these choices
Which of the following statements regarding folate is false? a. The need for folate rises considerably during pregnancy. b. Synthetic folate from fortified foods and supplements has a greater bioavailability than folate from foods. c. To dispose of excess folate, the liver secretes most of it into bile that is sent to the gallbladder. d. Folate activity in the body requires the help of vitamin B12. e. High intakes of folate can mask a vitamin B6 deficiency.
e. High intakes of folate can mask a vitamin B6 deficiency.
All of the following statements regarding vitamin B6 are true, except: a. Early symptoms of vitamin B6 deficiency include depression and confusion. b. Large doses of vitamin B6 may cause irreversible nerve degeneration. c. There are three forms of vitamin B6: pyridoxal, pyridoxine, and pyridoxamine. d. Fiber does not appear to interfere with vitamin B6 absorption. e. Unlike other water-soluble vitamins, vitamin B6 is stored extensively in the liver.
e. Unlike other water-soluble vitamins, vitamin B6 is stored extensively in the liver.
Vitamin A supplementation may be helpful in protecting against complications of ________ . a. measles b. HIV c. none of these choices d. malaria e. all of these choices
e. all of these choices
When searching for a supplement, find one with the USP verification logo. This logo assures that the supplement: a. will disintegrate and release ingredients in the body b. does not contain harmful levels of contaminants c. contains the declared ingredient and amounts listed on the label d. was made under safe and sanitary conditions e. all of these choices
e. all of these choices
Which of the following factors may be involved in creating a secondary folate deficiency? a. anticancer drugs b. aspirin c. antacids d. oral contraceptives e. all of these choices
e. all of these choices
Which of the following is an age-related factor contributing to bone loss? a. inefficient bone remodeling b. poor vitamin D status c. reduced calcium intakes d. impaired calcium absorption e. all of these choices
e. all of these choices
Vitamin B12 deficiency is common among which group? a. adolescents b. young adults c. infants d. middle-aged adults e. elderly
e. elderly
The acidity of the body's fluids is determined by the concentration of ________ ions. a. nitrogen b. none of these choices c. oxygen d. carbon e. hydrogen
e. hydrogen
The bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system is primarily under the control of the kidneys and ________ . a. liver b. hypothalamus c. small intestine d. heart e. lungs
e. lungs
While biotin deficiencies rarely occur, the protein avidin, which binds to biotin preventing its absorption, is found in ________ . a. orange juice b. peanuts and peanut butter c. processed meats such as hot dogs and bologna d. ground beef e. raw egg whites
e. raw egg whites
Which of the following is the best source of vitamin A per kcalorie? a. egg b. fortified milk c. watermelon d. cheddar cheese e. sweet potato
e. sweet potato
The body must excrete a minimum of about ________ cups of water each day, as urine, to carry away the waste products generated by a day's metabolic activities. a. 6 b. 2 c. 8 d. 4
b. 2
Which of the following statements regarding trace mineral interactions is true? a. A selenium deficiency halts the activation of the iodine-containing thyroid hormones. b. All of these choices. c. A slight manganese overload may aggravate an iron deficiency. d. Iron deficiency makes the body more vulnerable to lead poisoning.
b. All of these choices.
________ -tocopherol is the only tocopherol with vitamin E activity in the human body. a. Beta b. Alpha c. Gamma d. Delta
b. Alpha
Which of the following enhances nonheme iron absorption from foods? a. calcium b. MFP and vitamin C c. MFP d. vitamin C e. transferrin and calcium f. transferring and vitamin C g. transferrin
b. MFP and vitamin C
The DRI Committee set an Adequate Intake (AI) for total water which includes all of the following, except: a. water in foods b. alcoholic beverages c. drinking water d. water from caffeinated sodas
b. alcoholic beverages
Which fat-soluble vitamin is associated with bone health? a. Vitamin D b. all of these choices c. Vitamin K d. Vitamin A
b. all of these choices
Which of the following is a factor that impacts vitamin bioavailability? a. the amount of time a vitamin spends traveling through the GI tract b. all of these choices c. method of food preparation d. other foods consumed at the same time e. previous nutrition status
b. all of these choices
Which of the following stresses is known to increase vitamin C needs of the body? a. burns b. all of these choices c. infections d. chronic use of oral contraceptives e. cigarette smoking
b. all of these choices
Bacteria in the GI tract provide about ________ of a person's need for vitamin K. a. one-third b. half c. one-quarter d. three-quarters
b. half
Whenever blood calcium falls too low or rises too high, three organ systems respond: the bones, kidneys, and ________ . a. liver b. intestines c. heart d. thyroid e. brain
b. intestines
Most vitamin A is stored in which organ? a. stomach b. liver c. kidneys d. pancreas e. heart
b. liver
Surplus iron is stored in the protein ferritin in all of the following, except: a. spleen b. muscle c. liver d. bone marrow
b. muscle
Which of the following foods provides the greatest amount of vitamin C? a. brussel sprouts b. red bell pepper c. orange d. strawberries e. kiwi
b. red bell pepper
Which of the following electrolytes is not primarily found inside cells? a. magnesium b. sodium c. potassium d. sulfate e. phosphate
b. sodium
Which of the following is not a role of magnesium in the body? a. supports the normal functioning of the immune system b. stimulates blood clotting c. inhibits muscle contractions d. helps regulate blood pressure
b. stimulates blood clotting
Which of the following is a vitamin-like compound that can be made by the body from the amino acid methionine? a. choline b. vitamin P c. inositol d. para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) e. carnitine
b. vitamin P
Above ________ north latitude (and south latitude in the southern hemisphere), vitamin D synthesis essentially ceases for the four months of winter. a. 30° b. 25° c. 40° d. 50°
c. 40°
Dietary supplements are regulated by which governing body? a. NIH b. USDA c. FDA d. CDC
c. FDA
________ is the oxygen-carrying protein of the red blood cells and accounts for 80% of the body's iron. a. Ferreglobin b. Ironglobin c. Hemoglobin d. Myoglobin
c. Hemoglobin
Newborn infants are given a single dose of vitamin ________ at birth by intramuscular injection because they are born with a sterile intestinal tract. a. A b. D c. K d. E
c. K
Which of the following statements regarding trace minerals is false? a. Trace mineral contents of foods depend on soil and water composition and on how foods are processed. b. By law, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has no authority to limit the amounts of trace minerals in supplements. c. Most trace minerals are only toxic at intakes above ten times the estimated requirements. d. Interactions among the trace minerals are common and often well coordinated to meet the body's needs. Hide Feedback Correct
c. Most trace minerals are only toxic at intakes above ten times the estimated requirements.
All of the following statements regarding niacin are true, except: a. The RDA for niacin is stated in niacin equivalents. b. Large doses of niacin from supplements or drugs can produce a variety of adverse effects including "niacin flush". c. Niacin is unique among the B vitamins in that the body can make it from the amino acid lysine. d. Niacin deficiency produces the symptoms of diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and eventually death. e. The name niacin describes two chemical structures: nicotinic acid and nicotinamide.
c. Niacin is unique among the B vitamins in that the body can make it from the amino acid lysine.
Which of the following statements regarding thiamin is incorrect? a. Alcohol impairs thiamin absorption and enhances thiamin excretion in the urine. b. Prolonged cooking can destroy thiamin. c. Prolonged thiamin deficiency can result in the disease pellagra. d. Nerve activity and muscle activity depend heavily on thiamin. e. No adverse effects have been associated with excesses of thiamin and no UL has been determined.
c. Prolonged thiamin deficiency can result in the disease pellagra.
Which of the following statements regarding vitamin A's role in reproduction and growth is false? a. Vitamin A participates in the dismantling of bones as they remodel to grow. b. Children lacking vitamin A fail to grow. c. Retinal participates in sperm development. d. Vitamin A supports normal fetal development during pregnancy.
c. Retinal participates in sperm development.
Which of the following statements regarding riboflavin is incorrect? a. Cooking does not destroy riboflavin. b. Milk and milk products make the greatest contributions of riboflavin to the diet. c. Ultraviolet light and irradiation enhance riboflavin's bioavailability in foods. d. Riboflavin deficiency, called ariboflavinosis, causes inflammation of the membranes of the mouth, skin, eyes, and GI tract. e. Riboflavin serves as a coenzyme in many reactions including energy metabolism.
c. Ultraviolet light and irradiation enhance riboflavin's bioavailability in foods.
All of the following statements regarding vitamin B12 are true, except: a. Most vitamin B12 deficiencies reflect inadequate absorption of the vitamin, not poor intake. b. Vitamin B12 maintains the sheath that surrounds and protects nerve fibers. c. Unlike other water-soluble vitamins, vitamin B12 is absorbed in the large intestine. d. No adverse effects have been reported for excess vitamin B12, and no UL has been set. e. The vitamin B12 deficiency caused by atrophic gastritis and a lack of intrinsic factor is known as pernicious anemia.
c. Unlike other water-soluble vitamins, vitamin B12 is absorbed in the large intestine.
Of the B-vitamins listed below, which one does not form part of a coenzyme? a. riboflavin b. thiamin c. all form part of a coenzyme d. niacin e. folate
c. all form part of a coenzyme
Folate may provide some protection from which of the following health conditions? a. cleft lip and palate b. cancer c. all of these choices d. neural tube defects e. heart disease
c. all of these choices
Water is lost each day through: a. urine, sweat, and feces b. sweat c. all of these choices d. urine and sweat e. urine f. feces g. vapor
c. all of these choices
Which of the following is the role of water in the body? a. maintains the structure of large molecules such as proteins and glycogen b. carries nutrients and waste products throughout the body c. all of these choices d. acts as a lubricant and cushion around joints and inside the eyes e. maintains blood volume
c. all of these choices
Which of the following is a precursor for vitamin A? a. retinoic acid b. retinal c. beta-carotene d. retinol
c. beta-carotene
Of the following symptoms, which one is not associated with potassium deficiency? a. glucose intolerance b. irregular heartbeats c. decrease in blood pressure d. increase in bone turnover e. muscle weakness
c. decrease in blood pressure
Which of the following is not a risk factor for osteoporosis? a. cigarette smoking b. sedentary lifestyle c. high BMI d. female gender e. older age
c. high BMI
This part of the brain controls activities such as maintenance of water balance, regulation of body temperature, and control of appetite. a. thalamus b. pituitary gland c. hypothalamus d. medulla e. cerebellum
c. hypothalamus
Two hydroxylation reactions must occur before vitamin D becomes fully active. Which organ(s) is/are responsible for the hydroxylation reactions? a. stomach and pancreas b. stomach c. kidneys and liver d. liver e. liver and pancreas f. kidneys g. pancreas
c. kidneys and liver
Which water-soluble vitamin deficiency results in pellagra? a. thiamin b. riboflavin c. niacin d. vitamin B12 e. vitamin C
c. niacin
Deficiencies of single B vitamins seldom show up in isolation. However, it has occurred with which of the following B vitamins? a. niacin b. pantothenic acid c. niacin and thiamin only d. thiamin e. biotin and pantothenic acid only f. biotin
c. niacin and thiamin only
Vitamin D's special role in bone health is to assist in the absorption of calcium and ________ . a. magnesium b. copper c. phosphorus d. boron e. sulfur
c. phosphorus
Which of the following is not an environmental factor responsible for generating free radicals? a. air pollution b. ultraviolet radiation c. rain d. tobacco smoke
c. rain
Which form of vitamin A is the major transport and storage form of the vitamin? a. beta carotene b. retinal c. retinol d. retinoic acid
c. retinol
Which of the following conversions of vitamin A compounds is reversible? a. retinal to retinoic acid b. retinyl esters to retinol c. retinol to retinal d. beta-carotene to retinal e. none of these choices
c. retinol to retinal
In ________ , the bones fail to calcify normally, causing growth retardation and skeletal abnormalities in children. a. osteomalacia b. rachitic rosary c. rickets d. osteoporosis
c. rickets
Most people achieve peak bone mass by their late ________ . a. 20s b. teens c. 40s d. 30s
a. 20s
About ________ percent of the U.S. population is either vitamin D deficient or their status is marginal. a. 35 b. 10 c. 75 d. 50 e. 25
a. 35
Which of the following statements regarding water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins is incorrect? a. Both water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed from the small intestine and directly enter the bloodstream. b. Both water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins have the potential to reach toxic levels when consumed from supplements. c. Water-soluble vitamins need to be consumed more frequently than fat-soluble vitamins. d. Water-soluble vitamins travel freely in the bloodstream while fat-soluble vitamins may require transport proteins.
a. Both water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed from the small intestine and directly enter the bloodstream.
Which of the following statement regarding fat-soluble vitamins is false? a. Fat-soluble vitamins travel freely in the body. b. Fat-soluble vitamins are likely to reach toxic levels when consumed from supplements. c. Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the cells associated with fat. d. Fat-soluble vitamins first travel through the lymph and then the blood.
a. Fat-soluble vitamins travel freely in the body.
Calcium absorption becomes more efficient during: a. all of these choices b. pregnancy c. childhood d. adolescence (teen years) e. times of inadequate intake
a. all of these choices
Which of the following is a major role of vitamin A? a. all of these choices b. supporting reproduction and growth c. participating in cell differentiation d. participating in protein synthesis e. promoting vision
a. all of these choices
Hard water has high concentrations of ________ . a. calcium and magnesium b. calcium and sodium c. sodium d. potassium e. calcium f. sodium and potassium g. magnesium
a. calcium and magnesium
Which of the following is not a role of vitamin C? a. cofactor in bile formation b. assists with making hormones c. participates in conversion of amino acids to neurotransmitters d. antioxidant against free radicals
a. cofactor in bile formation
Vitamin B12 is closely related to this B-vitamin; depending on the other for activation. a. folate b. pantothenic acid c. niacin d. biotin e. vitamin B6
a. folate
Which of the following is the best source of thiamin per kcalorie? a. lean pork chop b. soy milk c. watermelon d. whole wheat bread e. fortified corn flakes
a. lean pork chop
Which of the following B-vitamins is part of the chemical structure of coenzyme A, has no UL, and a deficiency is believed to have caused the "burning feet" syndrome that affected prisoners of war in Asia during World War II? a. pantothenic acid b. niacin c. biotin d. vitamin B6 e. folate
a. pantothenic acid
Which of the following is not a sign of vitamin C deficiency? a. thinning of skin due to collagen deficiency b. teeth become loose c. psychological issues including depression d. muscle degeneration e. wounds fail to heal
a. thinning of skin due to collagen deficiency
The body needs more ________ each day than any other nutrient. a. water b. minerals c. carbohydrate d. vitamins e. fat f. protein
a. water
Of the following listed vitamins, which one is not a water-soluble vitamin? a. thiamin b. biotin c. vitamin A d. vitamin C e. folate
c. vitamin A
If a person were to stop eating vitamin A-containing foods, deficiency symptoms would not begin to appear until after stores were depleted; approximately ________ for a healthy adult. a. 1-2 days b. 1-2 months c. 1-2 weeks d. 1-2 years
d. 1-2 years
Which of the following statements is true? a. None of these choices b. If fluid is lost by vomiting or diarrhea, potassium is lost indiscriminately. c. If the adrenal glands develop a tumor and oversecrete aldosterone, the kidneys may excrete too much sodium. d. A person with uncontrolled diabetes may lose glucose and large amounts of water with it.
d. A person with uncontrolled diabetes may lose glucose and large amounts of water with it.
Which of the following is the role of calcium in the body? a. Calcium helps to maintain normal blood pressure. b. Calcium salts form crystals, called hydroxyapatite, on a matrix of collagen, as bones begin to form. c. Calcium may help with the maintaining of a healthy body weight. d. All of these choices. e. Calcium activates proteins which participate in the regulation of muscle contractions.
d. All of these choices.
________ is the most abundant mineral in the body. a. Potassium b. Sodium c. Phosphorus d. Calcium e. Sulfate
d. Calcium
Which statement regarding chloride is false? a. Chloride recommendations are equivalent to those of sodium. b. Chloride moves passively across membranes through channels. c. The only known cause of high blood chloride concentrations is due to dehydration from water deficiency. d. Chloride is the major anion of the extracellular fluids, where it occurs mostly in association with sulfate.
d. Chloride is the major anion of the extracellular fluids, where it occurs mostly in association with sulfate.
Which of the following statements regarding bone development and disintegration is false? a. Cortical bone composes the shafts of the long bones. b. Type I osteoporosis involves losses of trabecular bone. c. Losses of trabecular bone start becoming significant for men and women in their 30s. d. Cortical bone readily gives up minerals whenever blood calcium needs replenishing.
d. Cortical bone readily gives up minerals whenever blood calcium needs replenishing.
Vitamin ________ is the fat-soluble vitamin the body can synthesize. a. A b. E c. K d. D
d. D
Which of the following statements is false regarding excessive intakes of vitamin A? a. Overconsumption of beta-carotene supplements causes it to function as a prooxidant and destroy vitamin A. b. Excessive intakes of vitamin A during pregnancy increase the risk of birth defects. c. Excessive intakes of vitamin A over the years may contribute to osteoporosis. d. Massive doses of vitamin A have beneficial effects on acne and are recommended for some adolescents.
d. Massive doses of vitamin A have beneficial effects on acne and are recommended for some adolescents.
Which of the following statements regarding vitamins and minerals is false? a. The presence or absence of one vitamin can affect another's absorption; the same is true of minerals. b. Some minerals, such as calcium, are like fat-soluble vitamins in that they need carriers to be absorbed and transported through the body. c. Vitamins are organic while minerals are inorganic. d. Minerals and vitamins can be destroyed by heat, air, acid, or mixing.
d. Minerals and vitamins can be destroyed by heat, air, acid, or mixing