DIG 4800

Psychographics

The study and classification of people in relation to their attitudes, aspirations, and other psych criteria and combines with demographics. Includes hobbies, spending habits, personality traits, etc.. Used for marketing and research and the data is collected by focus groups, social media analytics and surveys

Predictive Analytics

The use of many different forms of data collection such as machine learning, modeling, and/or data mining for the use of analyzing current and previous events to help make a prediction about future events 6 steps: Define project, Deployment, Data Evaluation, Data Collection, Data Analysis and Data Modeling

How did Dominic Cummings and the Leave campaign use big data in the Brexit vote?

They created a psychographic profile of facebook users who don't vote and targeted them with false ads constantly.

Machine Learning

The scientific study of algorithms and statistical models that computer systems use to perform a specific task without using explicit information. Explicit: Can be easily explained to people and captured in a computer program Tacit: Knowledge we are not aware of, Difficult to transfer verbally and to a computer, Transmitted through experience Examples: learning a new language, riding a bike Speech recognition- Siri, Alexa, Hello Barbie

Algorithm

A set of process rules for a computer to follow (machine learning), in order to analyze large amounts of data. Produce artificial intelligence systems that perform tasks usually performed by humans. K-Means Clustering Algorithm -Association Rule Mining Algorithm Linear Regression Algorithms- Logistic Regression Algorithms Support vector machine (SVM)- AdaBoost Google - PageRank Algorithm

GIS-Geographic Information System:

A system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present spatial or geographic data. GIS applications are tools that allow users to create interactive queries, analyze spatial information, edit data in maps, and present the results of all these operations

Why does Chris Anderson say that Big Data is the end of theory?

Anderson was referring to the ways that computers, algorithms, and big data can potentially generate more insightful, useful, accurate, or true results than specialists or domain experts who traditionally craft carefully targeted hypotheses and research strategies. we no longer need to speculate and hypothesise; we simply need to let machines lead us to the patterns, trends, and relationships in social, economic, political, and environmental relationships.

Describe the impact that big data has on one area of human life.

Big Data in health has helped with data analytics, it has become much more possible and fast to find genomes linked to disease in people's cell This knowledge can be used to prevent or reduce risk of disease in future patients. By using algorithm data analytics, it can aid medical research, diagnostics, and preventative medicine Healthcare professionals can utilize Remote Patient Monitoring (RPM) programs to receive data from their patients according to Health Intelligence If a hospital can track the health of patients recently discharged it can monitor whether or not a patient is sticking to the care plan provided for them and it can send alerts to the patient if the data gathered indicates that the patient is at risk

Transformation (Murray)

The computer's ability to represent all media as 1s and 0s gives it the power to shape-shift environments and processes. People interacting with computers can transform their identities as they navigate through digital space. Kaleidoscope Narratives: Complex, interwoven stories with many plot lines. Some unresolved.

Describe China's Social Credit System.

China's social credit system is basically neighborhood watch and there are people who calculate a score and turn it in to the chinese gov, if your score is low you can't ride certain trains or even take a plane and you have to pay your way to a better score and publicly do the right thing.

What are some of the limitations of big data? Provide one example.

Correlation is not causation. Some correlations are pure chance and may not hold up over time. Insight is still important. Privacy concerns, Automation.

Big Data:

Data sets so huge in volume, variety or velocity that they cannot be analyzed or visualized by regular computing tools Limitations- Correlation is not causation. Some correlations are pure chance and may not hold up over time. Insight is still important. Privacy concerns, Automation.

What does the phrase "from additive to expressive forms" mean?

Every new medium first adopts the form of a previous medium "Additive" forms combine two existing forms.

Who was ELIZA?

In 1966, Joseph Weizenbaum invents ELIZA, a natural-language computer program (bot) designed to mimic a psychoanalyst.

Echo Chamber

Is an environment where a person encounters only opinions or beliefs that reinforce their own existing views. Only getting the news from news outlets that coincide with your beliefs. Can limit information on important issues. Surrounded by false information because you are only receiving one side of the story

Sock Puppet

It is a fictional identity created by someone to support some point of view or a particular opinion about something. Acts as a third party that is not related to the person who creates it. During the U.S election, Moscow's Internet Research Agency paid young people to create fake profiles and use them to promote Pro-Trump and Pro-Putin opinions.

Misinformation & Disinformation

Misinformation: Incorrect or misleading info without malice Disinformation: False information deliberately and often convertly spread in order to influence public opinion

Crowdsourcing

Obtaining work, info or opinions from large groups of people who submit their data via the internet, social media or smartphone apps. It established a relationship creating loyalty and lets businesses collect a vast array of skills and expertise without the cost of in-house employees

Open Data/Open Source

Open data: Open data is the idea that some data should be freely available to everyone to use and republish as they wish, without restrictions from copyright, patents or other mechanisms of control. Open Source: Open-source software is a type of computer software in which source code is released under a license in which the copyright holder grants users the rights to study, change, and distribute the software to anyone and for any purpose.

What are Murray's four properties of digital environments?

Procedural Participatory Encyclopedic Spatial

Procedural

Relating to an established or official way of doing something. 4 essential properties of digital components: Spacial, encyclopedic, procedural and participatory with immersive and interactive in the middle Eliza was brought to life by the procedural power of the computer.

What was the name of the first computer game?

Spacewar

Filter Bubble

Ways to combat this is turning off ads, delete search history and download browser extension Your personalized algorithm is created which prompts advertising agencies to target you. State of intellectual isolation that can result from personalized searches when a website algorithm selectively guesses what information a user would like to see based on information about the user, such as: ○ Location ○ Past-click behavior ○ Search history

Correlation

a mutual relationship or connection between two or more things.

Metadata

a set of data that describes and gives information about other data.

Participatory

allowing an interactor to manipulate, contribute to, and have an effect upon digital content and computer processing Social media is an example

Encyclopedic (Murray)

containing very high capacity of information in multiple media formats)

Twitter Firehose

handled by two data providers, GNIP and DataSift, which have tight relationships with Twitter. Similar to the streaming API, the Firehose consists of an agreement between an end user and distributors of the Firehose (GNIP or Datasift) on what tweets the end user should receive in near real-time

How can unfair discrimination enter into big data sets?

historically, fewer people of color have been granted mortgages, due to discrimination. Data mining efforts that base lending decisions on past decisions will have discrimination based on race built into the system. Technological redlining occurs when algorithms produce inequitable outcomes and replicate known inequalities, leading to the systematic exclusion of Blacks, Latinos, and Native Americans. If bias exists in the data, it is replicated in the outcome. Forms of Discrimination•Accidental or involuntary•Direct, voluntary•Victims/Targets of Discrimination•Vulnerable groups & populations•Larger populations

General Data Protection Regulation

is a legal framework that sets guidelines for the collection and processing of personal information. it's a government mandated systemization that allows residents of the EU (European Union) to know what information is being stored on the internet and whether its safe or not. In April of 2019, Google was fined a total of $57 million dollars for not abiding by the restrictions of the GDPR in France.

Network Analysis

is a set of integrated techniques to depict relations among actors and to analyze the social structures that emerge from the recurrence of these relations. The basic assumption is that better explanations of social phenomena are yielded by analysis of the relations among entities.

Augmented Reality:

is an interactive experience of a real-world environment where the objects that reside in the real world are enhanced by computer-generated perceptual information, sometimes across multiple sensory modalities, including visual, auditory, haptic, somatosensory and olfactory

Noise (as applied to data)

is data with a large amount of additional meaningless information in it called noise. This includes data corruption and the term is often used as a synonym for corrupt data. It also includes any data that a user system cannot understand and interpreted correctly.

UX/UI-User interface design or user interface engineering

is the design of user interfaces for machines and software, such as computers, home appliances, mobile devices, and other electronic devices, with the focus on maximizing usability and the user experience

Psychometrics

is the field of study concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement, which includes the measurement of knowledge, abilities, attitudes, and personality traits

Agent/Agency (Murray)

is the power to make changes Navigation: the movement through virtual landscapes can be pleasurable in itself. Problem solving: Games and simulations give people an opportunity to solve problems without consequences. Constructivism: Constructivism is an education philosophy that believes in letting people construct their own knowledge of the world through experiencing and creating things.

Sentiment Analysis

refers to the use of natural language processing, text analysis, computational linguistics, and biometrics to systematically identify, extract, quantify, and study affective states and subjective information.

Artificial Intelligence

sometimes called machine intelligence, is intelligence demonstrated by machines, in contrast to the natural intelligence displayed by human

Immersive

technology that attempts to emulate a physical world through the means of a digital or simulated world by creating a surrounding sensory feeling

Digital Divide

the gulf between those who have ready access to computers and the Internet, and those who do no

The Right to Be Forgotten

to have negative private information about a person to be removed from internet searches and other directories under some circumstances

Virtual Reality

to three-dimensional, user-controlled, simulated experiences that can be similar to or entirely different from real life. This is achieved by immersion and interactivity Oculus quest is an example

Internet Of Things

was coined by entrepreneur Kevin Ashton, one of the founders of the Auto-ID Center at MIT. Anything that connects to and shares data through the internet 1. Device Connection 2. Data Sensing 3. Communication 4. Data Analyses 5. Data Value 6. Human Value