Digestive System and Metabolism Exam Study Guide (Pt. 7)

Of all the energy released in catabolism, about ________ percent is lost as heat warms the surrounding tissues. 80 20 60 10 40

60

Deficiency in what vitamin can result in a condition called scurvy? D C B1 B12 A

C

The USDA has an interactive food recommendation program online, called the DASH diet. Dietary Guidelines for Americans. MyPyramid. the Mediterranean Diet. ChooseMyPlate.

ChooseMyPlate.

The vitamin that is essential for the production of several clotting factors is vitamin A. B. C. K. E.

K.

The minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake, alert person is called basal metabolic rate. stasis. steady state. homeostasis. body mass index rate.

basal metabolic rate.

A high uric acid level (above 7.4 mg/dl) can lead to the painful condition known as lupus. anorexia nervosa. gout. rheumatoid arthritis. None of the answers is correct.

gout.

A balanced diet would include all of the following, except adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals. both fat soluble and fat insoluble vitamins. adequate substrates for the production of energy. essential amino acids and fatty acids. enough calories to produce 100 million trillion ATPs.

enough calories to produce 100 million trillion ATPs.

The vitamin that is a coenzyme in amino acid and nucleic acid metabolism is folic acid (folate). pyridoxine (B6). vitamin K. pantothenic acid. vitamin C.

folic acid (folate).

Obesity is defined as a body weight more than ________ percent above the ideal body weight for an individual. 5 15 10 20 30

20

At the Holy Frijoles restaurant, you order a burrito grande with extra sour cream and cheese and an order of tortilla chips with guacamole. You're very satisfied with your meal-it's a lot of food-and as you finish off the last of the chips, the satiety center in your ________ starts letting you know that you've had enough to eat now. mid-brain cerebellum medulla oblongata hypothalamus pons

hypothalamus

The energy content of foods is commonly given in units of carbohydrate. grams (also, g, or gms). kilocalories (also, kcal or Cal). degrees Celsius. ATP units.

kilocalories (also, kcal or Cal).

The hormone ________, which suppresses appetite and stimulates satiety, is released by adipose tissue. ghrelin estrogen neuropeptide Y leptin insulin

leptin

Of these — carbohydrates, lipids, or proteins — which releases the greatest amount of energy per gram during catabolism? (Module 23.15C) carbohydrates lipids proteins carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins all release the same amount of energy

lipids

A vitamin obtained from meat that is a coenzyme in amino acid and lipid metabolism is folic acid (folate). pyridoxine (B6). niacin. riboflavin. pantothenic acid.

pyridoxine (B6).

What heat transfer process accounts for about one-half of a person's heat loss when indoors? (Module 23.19B) conduction sensible perspiration insensible perspiration convection radiation

radiation

Resting energy expenditure is most directly determined by monitoring body temperature. respiration. body weight. heart rate. blood pressure.

respiration.

The vitamin that is part of coenzymes in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle is folic acid (folate). riboflavin. cobalamin. thiamine. niacin.

riboflavin.

Vitamin B2 is riboflavin. thiamin. ascorbic acid. retinol. folate.

riboflavin.

A deficiency in vitamin D would result in which of the following disorders? scurvy rickets pernicious anemia night blindness pellagra

rickets

Define thermoregulation. (Module 23.17C) the homeostatic control of energy expenditure the homeostatic control of energy intake the study of thermodynamics the study of the flow of energy the homeostatic control of body temperature

the homeostatic control of body temperature

What is basal metabolic rate? (Module 23.17B) the amount of heat generated by an awake, alert person the minimum resting energy expenditure of a sleeping person the maximum energy expenditure during exercise of an athlete the minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake, alert person the maximum energy expenditure during exercise of an average person

the minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake, alert person

Homeostatic control of body temperature is termed basal metabolic rate. thermoregulation. homeostasis. energetics. thermic monitoring.

thermoregulation.

The vitamin whose deficiency causes beriberi is riboflavin. folic acid (folate). niacin. thiamine. cobalamin.

thiamine.

Define balanced diet. (Module 23.15A) A balanced diet contains equal amounts of fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins. A balanced diet contains all of the nutrients needed to maintain homeostasis and prevent malnutrition. A balanced diet contains only healthy sources of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. A balanced diet contains equal amounts of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. A balanced diet contains all of the nutrients needed for energy expenditure without any excess nutrients that would be stored.

A balanced diet contains all of the nutrients needed to maintain homeostasis and prevent malnutrition.

How is heat loss different between conduction and convection? (Module 23.19C) Conduction is the direct transfer of energy through physical contact and convection involves heat loss as cooler air moves across the surface of the body. Conduction is the loss of heat by evaporation from sweat glands and convection is the loss of heat by evaporation from the skin. Conduction involves radiation, whereas convection involves evaporation. Conduction is the loss of heat by evaporation from the skin and convection is the loss of heat by evaporation from the alveolar surfaces of the lungs. Conduction involves heat loss as cooler air moves across the surface of the body and convection is the direct transfer of energy through physical contact.

Conduction is the direct transfer of energy through physical contact and convection involves heat loss as cooler air moves across the surface of the body.

Define energetics. (Module 23.17A) Energetics is the force generated by muscular contractions. Energetics is how much energy is derived from food. Energetics is the sum of all the energy created by nutrient breakdown in the body. Energetics is the balance of food intake with energy expenditure. Energetics is the study of the flow of energy and its change from one form to another.

Energetics is the study of the flow of energy and its change from one form to another.

Which hormone inhibits the satiety center and stimulates appetite in the short term? (Module 23.18A) Glucagon Insulin Ghrelin Neuropeptide Y Leptin

Ghrelin

Describe leptin and its effect on appetite. (Module 23.18B) Leptin is steroid hormone produced by adipose tissues during the breakdown of triglycerides and it stimulates appetite. Leptin is a hormone released by the pancreas that suppresses appetite. Leptin is a neurotransmitter that increases appetite. Leptin is a hormone released by the gastric mucosa that stimulates appetite. Leptin is a peptide hormone produced by adipose tissues during the synthesis of triglycerides and it signals satiety.

Leptin is a peptide hormone produced by adipose tissues during the synthesis of triglycerides and it signals satiety.

________ is an unhealthy state resulting from inadequate intake of one or more nutrients that becomes life-threatening as the deficiencies accumulate. Bulimia Malnutrition Anorexia Protein deficiency disease Kwashiorkor

Malnutrition

Briefly describe phenylketonuria (PKU). (Module 23.16B) PKU is the accumulation of uric acid crystals due to an inability to catabolize purines. PKU occurs as a result of inadequate protein intake. PKU is an eating disorder that involves excessive food consumption followed by purging. PKU is an inherited metabolic disorder resulting from an inability to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine. PKU is the accumulation of ketone bodies due to the breakdown of fatty acids and amino acids.

PKU is an inherited metabolic disorder resulting from an inability to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine.

Define protein deficiency disease, and cite an example. (Module 23.16C) Protein deficiency diseases are nutritional disorders resulting from a lack of one or more non-essential amino acids and PKU is an example. Protein deficiency diseases are nutritional disorders resulting from a lack of one or more essential amino acids and ketoacidosis is an example. Protein deficiency diseases are nutritional disorders resulting from a lack of one or more essential amino acids and gout is an example. Protein deficiency diseases are nutritional disorders resulting from a lack of one or more essential amino acids and PKU is an example. Protein deficiency diseases are nutritional disorders resulting from a lack of one or more essential amino acids and kwashiorkor is an example.

Protein deficiency diseases are nutritional disorders resulting from a lack of one or more essential amino acids and kwashiorkor is an example.

How might a lack of neuropeptide Y in the hypothalamus affect the control of appetite? (Module 23.18C) The appetite would likely increase. The appetite is unlikely to change because neuropeptide Y is not involved in appetite regulation. The appetite would likely decrease.

The appetite would likely decrease.

Define insensible perspiration. (Module 23.19A) The loss of water by radiation. The loss of water by direct transfer of energy through physical contact. The loss of water by evaporation from sweat glands. The loss of water by evaporation from the skin and alveolar surfaces of the lungs. The loss of water as cool air moves across the surface of the body.

The loss of water by evaporation from the skin and alveolar surfaces of the lungs.

A(n) ________ contains all of the essential amino acids. carbohydrate complete protein water-soluble vitamin fat-soluble vitamin essential fatty acid

complete protein

On a hot August day at the beach, the lifeguard jumped up and ran into the water, throwing a life-buoy to a troubled swimmer calling for help, and pulling her to safety. He was happy to help the swimmer, and once back on the beach, he realized that being in the water cooled him off a great deal. What form of heat transfer contributed to his feeling cooler? radiation evaporation convection conduction

convection

It's been 5 hours since you had breakfast and now you're thinking about trying the new Mexican lunch place that just opened up across the street. The more you think about it, the hungrier you get. Your increased hunger is the result of the ________ that your empty stomach is releasing into your bloodstream. pepsin ghrelin insulin leptin cholecystokinin (CCK)

ghrelin

The area of the brain that regulates body temperature is the pons. medulla oblongata. cerebral cortex. hypothalamus. pineal gland.

hypothalamus.

A(n) ________ is deficient in one or more of the essential amino acids. fat-soluble vitamin incomplete protein water-soluble vitamin complete protein

incomplete protein

Water from the alveolar surfaces of the lungs and from the skin surface is lost in what mechanism of heat balance? convection insensible perspiration conduction sensible perspiration

insensible perspiration

Impaired fat absorption in the intestine would interfere with the absorption of riboflavin. vitamin A. niacin. vitamin C. vitamin B12.

vitamin A.

Pellagra, an epithelial and mucosal deterioration, results from a deficiency in vitamin B9 (folic acid). vitamin B2 (riboflavin). vitamin B3 (niacin). vitamin K. vitamin D.

vitamin B3 (niacin).