Digestive System
The proximal end of the large intestine is characterized by a pouch-like structure called the .
cecum
Fatty acids and glycerol are products of the chemical digestion of _____.
lipids
The largest internal organ of the body is the .
liver
Secretin, cholecystokinin, and peptidases are secretions of the ______.
small intestine
The muscularis of the stomach consists of ______ layers.
3
Describe a hepatic lobule.
A hexagon-shaped tissue with a portal triad at each corner
Describe the cecum.
A rounded pouch located at the proximal end of the large intestine
Identify the structures of the digestive tract that are lined with stratified squamous epithelium. Select all that apply.
Anal canal Esophagus Mouth Oropharynx
Match the components of pancreatic juice with the correct function.
Bicarbonate ion matches Choice, To raise the pH of the small intestine To raise the pH of the small intestine Proteolytic enzymes matches Choice, Chemical digestion of proteins Chemical digestion of proteins Amylase matches Choice, Chemical digestion of polysaccharides Chemical digestion of polysaccharides Lipase matches Choice, Chemical digestion of fats Chemical digestion of fats Nuclease matches Choice, Chemical digestion of DNA and RNA Chemical digestion of DNA and RNA
The muscle that forms the majority of the lips is the and the muscle that forms the majority of the cheeks is the .
Blank 1: orbicularis Blank 2: oris Blank 3: buccinator
______ digestion breaks covalent bonds in organic molecules through the action of digestive enzymes.
Chemical
Identify the factors that stimulate production of pancreatic juices. Select all that apply.
Cholecystokinin Vagus nerve Secretin
Identify the duct leading from the gallbladder.
Cystic duct
Place the segments of the small intestine in the order of which food travels.
D J L
Select the effects of aging on the digestive system. Select all that apply.
Decreases in the amount of mucus secreted Decline in the liver's ability to detoxify chemicals
Identify the components of pancreatic juice. Select all that apply.
Enzymes to digest lipids Bicarbonate ions Enzymes to digest carbohydrates Enzymes to digest nucleic acids Enzymes to digest proteins
Identify the structures that are involved in deglutition. Select all that apply.
Esophagus Oropharynx Tongue
True or false: Most of the nervous control of the digestive system is through the parasympathetic nervous system.
False
Identify the primary products of the chemical digestion of lipids. Select all that apply.
Fatty acids Monoglycerides
Identify the functions of mucus secretion in the large intestine. Select all that apply.
Helps fecal matter stick together Protects intestinal lining Lubricates colon wall
What is the function of HCO3- when it is secreted by the large intestine?
It increases the pH of the feces, which are acidic because of bacterial secretions.
Identify the structures of the digestive tract that are lined with simple columnar epithelium. Select all that apply.
Large intestine Stomach Small intestine
Identify the parts of the pharynx that function in digestion. Select all that apply.
Laryngopharynx Oropharynx
Identify the largest internal organ of the body.
Liver
Identify the organs of the digestive system that are considered accessory organs. Select all that apply.
Liver Salivary glands Tonsils Pancreas Gall bladder
Identify the features of the small intestine that function to increase surface area and thus enhance digestion and absorption. Select all that apply.
Microvilli Circular folds Villi
Identify the secretions of the small intestine. Select all that apply.
Mucus Peptidases Secretin Disaccharidases Cholecystokinin
Identify the part of the pharynx that does not typically function in digestion.
Nasopharynx
Select the mechanisms that regulate the digestive system. Select all that apply.
Nervous mechanisms Chemical signals
Identify the major neurotransmitters that regulate the digestive system. Select all that apply.
Norepinephrine Acetylcholine Serotonin
Identify the process by which water is absorbed in the small intestine.
Osmosis
Identify the organ that consists of a head located within the curvature of the duodenum and a tail that extends to the spleen
Pancreas
Identify the structures that secrete lipase. Select all that apply.
Pancreas Lingual glands
Identify the three large, paired salivary glands.
Parotid Submandibular Sublingual
Identify the substances that aid in the chemical digestion of proteins. Select all that apply.
Peptidases Pepsin Carboxypeptidase Trypsin
Which are functions of the liver? Select all that apply.
Production of blood proteins including clotting factors Nutrient storage Conversion of amino acids to carbohydrates Detoxification of harmful substances Phagocytosis of worn out red and white blood cells Production of bile
Identify the types of movements that occur within the small intestine. Select all that apply.
Segmental contractions Peristaltic contractions
Name the outermost or most superficial layer of the organs in the digestive tract. Select all that apply.
Serosa Adventitia
Identify the organ of the digestive system that primarily functions as a storage and mixing chamber.
Stomach
Identify the structures where lipid digestion occurs. Select all that apply.
Stomach Small intestine
What is the primary function of the stomach?
Storage and mixing chamber
Identify the functions of the liver. Select all that apply.
Storage of glycogen, lipids, vitamins and minerals Phagocytosis Production of bile Synthesis of new molecules Interconversion of nutrients
Place the events of the cephalic phase of gastric regulation in order beginning from initiation of the cephalic phase.
T S Pa Po G
Identify the 4 muscles of mastication.
Temporalis Medial pterygoid Masseter Lateral pterygoid
Describe the effects of food intake on the stomach.
The rugae flatten and the stomach volume increases.
How does the muscularis of the stomach differ from the muscularis of the majority of the alimentary canal?
The stomach has 3 layers of muscle in the muscularis and the majority of the digestive tract only has 2 layers of muscle.
Describe the membranes that line the abdominal cavity.
These are serous membranes that secrete a serous lubricating fluid.
Identify the effects of aging on the digestive system. Select all that apply.
Thinning of tooth enamel Decrease in mucus production Reduction in motility
True or False: The masseter and temporalis are muscles that move the mandible during mastication.
True
True or False: Throughout the digestive tract, the muscularis consists of 2 layers of muscles, except the stomach, which has 3 layers.
True
True or False: Water absorption in the small intestine occurs as a result of osmosis.
True
True or false: Both nervous and chemical mechanisms play an important role in regulating the digestive system.
True
The salivary glands, tonsils, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas are organs of the digestive system.
accessory
The majority of ion absorption occurs as a result of _____.
active transport
The ______ part of the tongue is freely moveable.
anterior
Permanent teeth replace milk or teeth.
baby
The muscle in the cheeks is the ______.
buccinator
The sphincter is between the esophagus and the stomach and the sphincter is between the stomach and the small intestine.
cardiac pyloric
The large intestine consists of the _____, and the anal canal.
cecum, colon, rectum
The taste, smell, or thought of food stimulates gastric secretions by activating the ______ phase of gastric regulation.
cephalic
The saclike structure on the inferior surface of the liver is the .
cholecyst
Stomach contents are called ______.
chyme
The semi-fluid material within the stomach that is a mixture of ingested food and gastric secretions is called .
chyme
The submucosa consists of ______ tissue.
connective
The elimination of semi-solid waste products from the body is called ______.
defecation
The tongue, oropharynx and mouth are all involved with swallowing or .
deglutition
Feces are eliminated from the body by the process of .
elimination
The majority of nervous stimulation of the digestive system comes from the _______.
enteric nervous system
The structure within the mediastinum, anterior to the vertebrae and posterior to the trachea is the .
esophagus
During stomach filling the rugae _______.
flatten and allow the stomach to increase in volume
Large food particles are physically broken down into smaller food particles by digestion.
mechanical
The esophagus is in the ______.
mediastinum
The movements of the small intestine include segmental contractions which ______ intestinal contents and peristaltic contractions which ______ intestinal contents.
mix, propel
Chemical digestion of starch due to secretion of enzymes occurs in the ______. Select all that apply.
mouth small intestine
Acetylcholine, norepinephrine and serotonin are ______ that affect digestive tract ______.
neurotransmitters, motility
The majority of lipase is secreted by the _____.
pancreas
Teeth found in the adult mouth are called ______ teeth whereas teeth that are lost during childhood are called milk or ______ teeth.
permanent, deciduous
Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and pepsin all aid in the chemical digestion of ______.
proteins
The adventitia or is the outermost layer of structures in the digestive system.
serosa
The abdominal cavity is lined by membranes which produce a thin, lubricating film.
serous
The chemical digestion of the disaccharides occurs in the ______.
small intestine
The majority of ion absorption occurs in the ______.
small intestine
The majority of lipid digestion occurs in the ______.
small intestine
Cholecystokinin, secretin and the vagus nerve all ______ the release of pancreatic juices.
stimulate
The layer of the digestive tract that consists of connective tissue containing nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, small glands, and a network of nerve cells is the .
submucosa
The layer of the digestive tract that is a thick layer of connective tissue containing nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics and glands is the _____.
submucosa
The muscularis of the stomach consists of _____ layers; however, the muscularis of the majority of the digestive tract consists of _____ layers.
three, two
The large muscular organ that occupies most of the oral cavity proper is called the .
tongue
The oral cavity is divided into two regions: the _____, which is the space between the lips or the cheeks and the teeth and the ______, which lies medial to the teeth.
vestibule, oral cavity proper
The hepatic lobule is a _____ -sided structure with a(n) _____ triad at each corner and a central vein located in the center of each lobule.
6, portal
The three sections of the small intestine, listed in order as food passes through, are the , the , and then the .
Blank 1: duodenum Blank 2: jejunum Blank 3: ileum
The strong and infrequent peristaltic contractions that move contents of the large intestine longer distances are called .
Blank 1: mass Blank 2: movements
The 3 large paired salivary glands are the , , and .
Blank 1: parotid Blank 2: sublingual Blank 3: submandibular
Match the parts of the stomach with the correct description.
Cardiac sphincter matches Choice, Constrictor between the esophagus and the stomach Constrictor between the esophagus and the stomach Pyloric sphincter matches Choice, Constrictor between the stomach and the small intestine Constrictor between the stomach and the small intestine Body matches Choice, Largest part of the stomach Largest part of the stomach Fundus matches Choice, The rounded superior portion of the stomach The rounded superior portion of the stomach Pyloric part matches Choice, Funnel shaped part of the stomach Funnel shaped part of the stomach
Identify the structures that chyme will pass through, starting with the small intestine and ending with elimination.
L Ce Co R A
Identify the strong and infrequent peristaltic contractions that move contents longer distances within the large intestine.
Mass movements
Match the layer of the digestive tract with the correct description.
Mucosa matches Choice, Consists of an epithelial lining, a layer of connective tissue referred to as lamina propria and a thin layer of muscle Consists of an epithelial lining, a layer of connective tissue referred to as lamina propria and a thin layer of muscle Muscularis matches Choice, Throughout most of the digestive tract, this tunic consists of two layers of smooth muscle: an inner circular layer, and an outer longitudinal layer Throughout most of the digestive tract, this tunic consists of two layers of smooth muscle: an inner circular layer, and an outer longitudinal layer Serosa matches Choice, Consists of a thin layer of connective tissue and simple squamous epithelium Consists of a thin layer of connective tissue and simple squamous epithelium Submucosa matches Choice, Consists of a thick layer of connective tissue containing nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics and glands Consists of a thick layer of connective tissue containing nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics and glands
True or False: Villi and microvilli of the small intestine serve to increase surface area to allow for greater digestion and absorption.
True