Discussion Questions Exam 3

Allergy or autoimmunity

hypersensitivity

Competition between microorganisms that can protect us from disease.

Microbial Antagonism

Which white blood cell is associated with fighting off parasites?

Eosinophil

(T or F) A communicable disease is always contagious, but a contagious disease is not always communicable.

False

(T or F) B cells are effective against antigens inside of cells (bound antigens)

False

What do you call the innate form of protection where proteins stimulate cytolysis, opsonization and inflammation?

complement

Intact skin is a component of this line of defense

First line of innate immunity

A disease that is easily spread person to person

contagious

A contagious disease is always considered communicable but a communicable disease is not always contagious. Explain why this statement is true.

A contagious disease is defined as a disease that is easily spread from one host to another, like influenza. A communicable disease spreads from one host to another and can include such things like sexually transmitted diseases. A contagious disease is always considered communicable but a communicable disease is not always contagious. In simpler terms, this means if you can give something to someone, it doesn't mean it is easy to give it. However, if it is easy to give someone something, then you can obviously give it.

What is the difference between a hypersensitivity and a hyposensitivity? Name one of each.

A hypersensitivity is the overactivity of the immune system, while hyposensitivity is the under reactivity. Examples of hypersensitivity includes allergy and autoimmunity. An example of hyposensitivity can include having an undeveloped immune system due to a genetic issue. This can result in such health issues like AIDS.

In the complement fixation test a color change indicates what?

A negative result

Clumping of antigens

Agglutination tests

In the indirect ELISA what is collected from the patient?

Antibodies to pathogen

In the indirect fluorescent antibody test you must add these

Antigen and fluorescent anti-human antibody

Clonal selection?

Clonal selection is how an antigen stimulates a B cell to begin to produce antibodies. B cells have different types of antibodies on their surface as receptors that will attach to specific antigens. The antigen will select the correct B cell, and will only attach to the one that it fits. It will then have selected its clone and allow it to reproduce and make memory cells, followed by plasma cells. Those plasma cells will make the specific antibody that will work against the specific antigen and help to bind antigens and allow for phagocytosis.

A localized pathogen, or the toxins it produces, can spread to a secondary location

Focal

This antibody is found in mucus and body secretions

IgA

80% of serum proteins are these type

IgG

Difference between incidence and prevalence?

Incidence is the fraction of a population that contacts a disease during a specific time. Prevalence is the fraction of a population having a specific disease at a given time. These terms differ because prevalence is how many people have it regardless of when they got it. On the other hand, incidence is how many people just got it during the time period looked at.

Type of immunity resulting from having a specific disease

Naturally acquired active

Lattice formation is found with what test?

Precipitation test

immunodeficiency present at birth

Primary immunodeficiency

Place where pathogen originates. Its source.

Reservoir

What is Rh incompatibly and what are some possible consequences?

Rh incompatibility is a condition that develops when a pregnant woman has Rh negative blood and her baby has Rh positive blood. A possible consequence of Rh incompatibility includes Hemolytic disease. The mother's antibodies will attack any Rh positive blood, including the developing fetus if it is Rh positive. RhoGAM antiserum is a passive immunization for an Rh- mother with and Rh+ fetus used to prevent antibodies to be made. Other possible consequences from Rh incompatibility include developmental issues such as problems with mental function and movement.

why doesnt the adaptive immune system normally attack your own body tissues?

The adaptive immune system does not normally attack your own body tissue because a normal cell will not trigger a response by a cytotoxic T lymphocyte. However, a virus-infected cell or cancel cell produces abnormal antigens. MHC contains a unique combination of molecules from person to person enabling our body to recognize self and non-self.

Describe how the lymphatic system contributes to defense against pathogens.

The blood vessels are leaky and permeable. As blood flows through the body, we have accumulation of fluids that leak out of these blood vessels and into the tissue. This interstitial tissue is absorbed by the lymphatic capillaries and pumped back up. They are then filtered through lymph nodes which have white blood cells. These white blood cells will ingest any pathogen that may be in the fluid. Therefore, what comes up from the interstitial fluid will end up being cleaner and less contaminated.

How does normal flora benefit us?

The normal flora protect us from pathogens by occupying niches that pathogens might occupy. They also protect the host by producing acids and bacteriocins.

Name the three activation pathways of the complement system. What are the outcomes?

The three activation pathways of the complement system include the classic pathway, alternative pathway, and lectin pathway. The outcomes of the complement system include opsonization, cytolysis, and inflammation.

List three portals of entry, and describe how microorganisms gain access through each.

Three portals of entry include through the mucous membrane, skin, and the parenteral route. Microorganisms can gain access through the mucous membrane through the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, etc. Respiratory tract is the most common because we are always breathing. Microorganisms can gain access through the skin by burrowing under the skin and through skin on skin contact. Lastly, microorganisms can gain access through the parenteral route due to open cuts in skin and by breaking the skin. Microbes will then be able to colonize in those openings.

(T or F) The whole agent, attenuated vaccine gives a strong immune reaction

True

Includes blood group incompatibility

Type II hypersensitivity

Immune Complex reaction

Type III sensitivity

Contact dermatitis

Type IV hypersensitivity

Contributes to its ability to establish itself in the host and cause damage

Virulence factor

These act as receptors on B cells

antibodies

Provokes the production of antibodies

antigen

Lysozyme is a ______ barrier against microorganisms.

chemical

The signs include swelling and redness

inflammation

Protects eye from infection

lacrimal apparatus

This directly produces antibodies

plasma cells

The fraction of people that have the disease at a particular time

prevalence

The period of disease when the patient just starts to show mild signs and symptoms.

prodromal

Vulnerable to pathogen.

susceptible

A change in ones health that only the patient can detect

symptom