DMS| OBGYN| CH. 18 fetal age and size of 2nd and 3rd Trimester

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OFD

-Occipital frontal diameter -outer to outer edge of the middle of the frontal bone adn the occipital bone echoes

binocular measurement

-distance from the outer edges of the left and right fetal eyes

cephalic index

-ratio of the BPD to the OFD -used to determine if the shape of the TRV fetal skull can aloow a reliable BPD measurement

Normal conception usually takes place ____ after LMP.

2 weeks

Birth normally occurs ____ after LMP

40 weeks

biparietal diameter

AKA BPD Refers to the greatest transverse diameter of the head which extends from one parietal bone to the other.

brachycephalic

BPD is wide, FOD is short, CI is greater than normal

Which measurements are recommended to take for every exam as a minimum standard?

Head measurements (BPD and HC) Abdominal circumference at least one long bone extremity

APD

antero-posterior abdominal diameter

_____ determines biometric accuracy of a sonogram.

axial and lateral resolution

Which resolution has the least measurement error?

axial resolution

The difference between gestational age and conceptual age

calculation using LMP rather than date of conception

hockey stick or j view

confluence of the umbilical and portal veins in the fetal liver preferred view of the AC

superior to the AC measurement

fetal heart

inferior to the AC measurement

fetal kidneys

The AC measurement is more important for what?

fetal weight and health than fetal age

low birth weight and intrauterine growth restriction is associated with

higher incidences of neonatal morbidity and death

Reason early embryo measurements are more accurate

individual differences have not yet become evident

Variations in any single parameter's prediction in age will usually be:

less than give or take 10%

dolichocephalic

long and narrow head short BPD adn low CI

axial resolution involves:

measurements along the axis or path of the beam (A for axis and axial)

lateral resolution involves:

measurements transversely at right angles to the beam direction. (perpendicular)

femur length

most commonly used parameters and most reliable after 14 week's gestation

abdomen to head ratio

normally 1:1

all measurements of the AC are from:

outer skin lines

the femur is measured from what to what?

proximal end near the femoral neck to the distal epiphyses

abdominal circumference measurement

reflects the development of abdominal organs

What should be visible for a BPD measurement?

thalamus and cavum septi pellucidi

Multiple Fetal Parameter (MFP)

the average of BPD, HC, AC and FL that gives the most accurate estimation of fetal age

BPD measurement should be made perpendicular to:

the interhemispheric fissure (midline) and should include the thalamus.

the more measurements obtained and averaged, ___.

the more accurate the fetal age estimate

Obtain the AC at the level of:

the umbilical vein junction with the portal vein and perpendicular to the spine

Estimated date of confinement (EDC) Estimated delivery date (EDD)

two terms to indicate the expected birth date

Head circumference (HC) measurement

use the same image as BPD should include the cavum septi pellucidi, interhemispheric fissure and thalamus take the outer-to-outer axial measurement and the outer-to-outer frontal to occipital measurement


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