DNA

What makes the beginning of a new gene on DNA in eukaryotes?

AUG (start codon)

What are promoters?

The promoter region is the region of the DNA where the enzymes to create mRNA would attach and begin reading it

What is the function of proteins?

To make 3D structures and to communicate through chemical interactions

What is the error rate in DNA replication? What helps lower this error rate?

enzymes that proofread or "repair enzymes" lower the rates

What is the difference between a purine and a pyrimidine?

Different chemical shapes- why it can't bind with the same type

Where are amino acids found and how are they transported?

Found in the cytoplasm transported by tRNA

Who is responsible for determining the structure of the DNA molecule and in what year was this done?

Francis Crick and James Watson in 1953 determined the structure of the DNA molecule

Difference between proteins made by cytoplasmic ribosomes and ER ribosomes?

Free ribosome created proteins don't need as much packaging and process to become functional

How many hydrogen bonds link cytosine and guanine? adenine and thymine?

Guanine and cytosine have 3 bonds while adenine and thymine have 2 bonds

Name the four nitrogen bases on DNA

Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine, and Thymine

What enzymes help separate the 2 strands of nucleotides on DNA? What bonds do they break?

Helicase and polymerase break the hydrogen bonds

What base is missing in RNA and what other base replaces it?

In RNA, thymine is replaced by uracil.

How does the nucleotide sequence in one chain of DNA compare with the other chain of DNA?

It has complimentary base pairs

When a promoter binds to DNA, what happens to the double helix?

It opens up

How did Rosalind Franklin contribute to determining the structure of DNA?

Rosalind Franklin developed the first x-ray image of DNA and therefore was able to determine the basic dimensions of a DNA molecule

What is the genetic code and why is it important?

Set of instructions on how to make an organism

What determines how protein polypeptides fold into 3 dimensional structures?

The chemical interactions of the individual amino acids

Translation

The process of translating a sequence of messenger RNA to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis. starts when the ribosome attaches to the mRNA

Where does RNA polymerase bind to the DNA its transcribing?

The promoter region

What do promoters mark the beginning of on prokaryotic DNA?

The starting point of opening the circular DNA

What acts as the template in DNA replication?

The template strand

Why does DNA replication take place at many places on the molecule simultaneously?

There is a lot of different proteins that have to get made all at once.

When replication is complete, how do the 2 new DNA molecules compare to each other and the original DNA molecule?

They each have one original strand of DNA

Define transcription.

Transcription is the process in which one strand of DNA is copied and turned into a complimentary strand of RNA

What type of bonds holds the DNA bases together? Strong or weak?

Weak Hydrogen bonds-holds together because there are a lot

Can more than one ribosome at a time translate an mRNA transcript?

Yes multiple can attach because the mRNA doesn't dissolve until there are no ribosomes translating it

Name several things that can cause muatations

change in the structure of a chromosome: deletions duplications, inversions, and translocations.

The model of DNA is known as a _______ because it is composed of two _______ ______ chains wrapped around each other

double helix, complimentary nucleotide

Which type of RNA copies DNA's instructions in the nucleus?

mRNA

Name the 3 types of RNA

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

On DNA, a _____ base will always pair with a _______ base.

purine, pyrimidine

Which type of RNA is most abundant?

rRNA

What 2 things make up ribosomes?

rRNA and protein

What are ribosomes made of and where are they found?

rRNA, cytoplasm and endoplasmic reticulum

Proteins are synthesized at what organelle in the cytoplasm?

ribosome

In what part of a cell are proteins made?

ribosomes

Name the complimentary base pairs on DNA.

Adenine and thymine, Guanine and Cytosine

What sugar is found in DNA?

Deoxyribose

Name 3 parts of a DNA nucleotide

Deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, and the base

How many base pairs are in a full twist of a DNA molecule?

10 base pairs in each twist

How many binding sites are found on the ribosomes and what does each site hold?

2 binding sites, holds a point for the mRNA to attach

How many different kinds of amino acids make up proteins?

20 different kinds of amino acids

How many codons exist?

64 codons exist

What is a mutation?

A mutation is a mistake in the coding of DNA

What is a replication fork?

A set of enzymes unzip the DNA and copy the strands at the same time

Uracil will pair with what other on DNA?

Adenine

Name two purines

Adenine and Guanine

What makes up the "backbone" of the DNA molecule?

Alternating sugar and phosphate groups

What makes up the sides of a DNA molecule?

Alternating sugar and phosphate groups

What does tRNA transport?

Amino acids

Is DNA replicated before or after cell division?

Before, because in order for cells to divide, DNA must be replicated

Why must DNA be able to make copies of itself?

Cell division-needs another set of DNA to be able to make mRNA (a cheap copy) to send out of the nucleus in protein synthesis.

What is an anticodon and where is it found on tRNA?

Complimentary codon that matches up with a codon on mRNA- on the end of tRNA

Does replication of DNA begin at one end and proceed to the other?

Could begin anywhere on the strand of DNA and then it moves in one direction

Name two pyrimidines

Cytosine and Thymine

What is the first step that must occur in DNA replication?

DNA has to unwind before it separates

What is the function of DNA polymerases?

DNA polymerase builds new segments to pair with the separated strands of DNA

Define DNA replication

DNA replication: semi conservative replication

What is DNA's primary function?

DNA's function is to provide the instructions for life

What does DNA stand for?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

What makes up the "steps" of a DNA molecule?

Nitrogen bases

Are both strands of DNA copied during transcription?

No, only one

What is the most common form of DNA found in organisms?

Nuclear DNA

What are the repeating subunits called that make up DNA?

Nucleotides

_______ are joined to replicating strands of DNA by ______ bonds

Nucleotides, Hydrogen

What makes up proteins, what are the subunits called, and what bonds them together?

Polypeptide, amino acids, peptide bonds

Is RNA double or single stranded?

RNA is single stranded

What is RNA polymerase and tell its function

RNA polymerase: when the DNA is being read the RNA polymerase creates the strand of mRNA